Valve Sizing Reference Guide

VALVE
SIZING
REFERENCE
GUIDE
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 1 of 43 10/10/2008
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Valve Flow Terminology......................................................................................................................... 4
The Sizing Process................................................................................................................................ 5
Operating Conditions ................................................................................................................. 5
Fluid Properties .......................................................................................................................... 5
Rangeability ............................................................................................................................... 5
Cv and Flow Sizing Formulas ..................................................................................................... 6
CV Formulas for Liquid Flow
CV Formulas for Vapor Flow
CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow
Flow Velocity Formulas .............................................................................................................. 7
Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow
Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................. 8
Conversion to Cg and Cs ........................................................................................................... 9
Seat Leakage ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Actuator Sizing .................................................................................................................................... 12
P Tables................................................................................................................................. 13
Actuator Air Volume ................................................................................................................. 26
Application Guide for Cavitation, Flashing and Compressible Flow Services ....................................... 27
Liquid Flow ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Cavitation ................................................................................................................................. 27
Cavitation Definition
Cavitation Countermeasures
Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Cavitation Service........................................... 28
Cavitation Avoidance
Cavitation Tolerant
Cavitation Containment
Cavitation Prevention
Application Summary.................................................................................................... 28
The Cavitation Phenomena .......................................................................................... 29
Fluid and Pressure Profiles
Choked Flow and Incipient Cavitation
Cavitation Damage
Flashing .......................................................................................................................... 30
Flashing Definition
Flashing Countermeasures
Body Material
Trim Selection
Application of Norriseal 2700A Valves in Flashing Service ........................................... 31
Body Material
Trim Selection
The Flashing Phenomena............................................................................................. 31
Liquid Flow Velocity - Body Material......................................................................................... 31
Compressible Flow Noise .................................................................................................................... 32
Compressible Flow Noise Discussion
Compressible Flow Noise Countermeasures
Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Compressible Flow Applications................................. 32
Standard Trims
DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims
Compressible Flow Velocity Limits
Two Stage Trims and Backpressure Orifices
The Compressible Flow Noise Phenomena.............................................................................. 33
TABLES
Table 1-Trim Rangeability...................................................................................................................... 6
Table 2-Cg & Cs Conversion Factors .................................................................................................... 9
Table 3-Fluid Properties ...................................................................................................................... 10
Table 4-FL Factors ............................................................................................................................... 11
Table 5-Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters ............................................................................... 12
Table 6-Allowable Seat Leakage Classes............................................................................................ 12
Table 7-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 9 Actuator....................... 14
Table 8-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 12 Actuator..................... 15
Table 9-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 16 Actuator..................... 16
Table 10-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 18 Actuator................... 17
Table 11-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 9 Actuator .................... 18
Table 12-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 12 Actuator .................. 19
Table 15-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Plug Control Trim, 12, 16 & 18 Actuators............................. 22
Table 16-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.9 Actuator ................................................... 23
Table 17-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.12 Actuator ................................................. 24
Table 18Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.16 Actuator .................................................. 25
Table 19-Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate .......................................... 26
Table 20-Liquid Flow Velocity Limits.................................................................................................... 31
Table 21-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2200/2220 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control................ 35
Table 22-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2275A Unbalanced Modified Percentage Plug Control ................. 35
Table 23-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2400/2420 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control................ 36
Table 24-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control.......................... 36
Table 25-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Linear Cage Control ....................................... 37
Table 26-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control ..................... 37
Table 27-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB I Cage Control .......................................... 38
Table 28-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB II Control................................................... 38
Table 29-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced CAV II Cage Control....................................... 39
Table 30-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Modified Percentage Plug Control .................. 39
Table 31-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Plug Control ........................... 40
Table 32-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Unbalanced Modified Percent Plug Control.................... 40
FIGURES
Graph 1-Pressure Drop Profile ............................................................................................................ 41
Graph 2-Liquid Flow Relationship with Pressure Drop ......................................................................... 42
Graph 3-CAV II Flow Noise Attenuation............................................................................................... 42
Graph 4-Pressure Profiles, Single Stage and Three stage Trims ........................................................ 43
Graph 5-DB I & DB II Flow Noise Attenuation...................................................................................... 43
INTRODUCTION variable such as fluid pressure, fluid level,
Q
A Control Valve performs a special task, flow rate or temperature C V  where
controlling the flow of fluids so a process P
can be controlled. In addition to controlling Q=Flow rate and P=pressure drop across
the flow, a control valve may be used to the valve. See pages 5 and 6 for the
shut off flow. A control valve may be equations for liquid, gas, steam and two-
defined as a valve with a powered actuator phase flow. The CV value increases if the
that responds to an external signal. The flow rate increases or if the P decreases.
signal usually comes from a controller. The A sizing application will have a Required CV
controller and valve together form a basic while a valve will have a Rated CV. The
control loop. The control valve is seldom valve’s rated CV must equal or exceed the
full open or closed but in an intermediate required CV.
position controlling the flow of fluid through
the valve. In this dynamic service FL: The FL, Liquid Pressure Recovery
condition, the valve must withstand the Coefficient, is a dimensionless constant
erosive effects of the flowing fluid while used to calculate the pressure drop when
maintaining an accurate position to the valve’s liquid flow is choked. Increasing
maintain the process variable. the pressure drop when the flow is choked
will not increase the flow rate. The FL is the
A Control Valve will perform these tasks square root of the ratio of valve pressure
satisfactorily if it is sized correctly for the drop to the pressure drop from the inlet
flowing and shut-off conditions. The valve pressure to the pressure of the vena
sizing process determines the required CV, contracta. See page 5 for the FL equation.
the required FL, Flow Velocities, Flow The FL factor is an indication of the valve’s
Noise and the appropriate Actuator Size vena contracta pressure relative to the
outlet pressure. See Graph 1. If the FL
VALVE FLOW TERMINOLOGY were 1.0, the vena contracta pressure
would be the same as the valve’s outlet
CV: The Flow Coefficient, CV, is a pressure and there would be no pressure
dimensionless value that relates to a recovery.
valve’s flow capacity. Its most basic form is
As the FL value becomes smaller the vena
contracta pressure becomes increasingly Vena Contracta: The vena contracta is
lower than the valve’s outlet pressure and where the jet of flowing fluid is the smallest
the valve is more likely to cavitate. A immediately downstream of the trim's
valve’s Rated FL varies with the valve and throttle point. At the vena contracta, the
trim style, it may vary from .99 for a special fluid's velocity is the highest and the fluid's
multiple stage trim to .60 for a ball valve. pressure is the lowest.
Rated FL: The Rated FL is the actual FL Vapor Pressure: A fluid's vapor pressure is
value for a particular valve and trim style. the pressure where the fluid will change
from a liquid to a vapor. The liquid will
Required FL: The Required FL is the FL change to a vapor below the vapor
value calculated for a particular service pressure and a vapor will change to a liquid
condition. It indicates the required FL above the vapor pressure. The vapor
needed to avoid choked flow. If the Rated pressure increases as the temperature
FL is less than the Required FL, the liquid increases.
flow will be choked with cavitation.
Choked Flow: Liquid flow will become accurately calculate the CV, flow velocity
choked when the trim's vena contracta is and flow noise. The program will also show
filled with vapor from cavitation or flashing. messages when unusual conditions occur
Vapor flow also will become choked when such as cavitation, flashing, high velocity or
the flow velocity at the vena contracta high noise. The results from Norriseal’s
reaches sonic. A choked flow rate is Valve Sizing Program are only one element
limited, a further decrease of the outlet of the valve selection process. Knowledge
pressure does not increase flow. Choked and judgment are also required. This
flow is also called critical flow. manual will give the user some of the sizing
basics.
Cavitation: Cavitation is a two stage liquid
flow phenomena. The first stage is the The liquid, gas and steam CV calculation
formation of vapor bubbles in the liquid as methods, in this manual, are in accordance
the fluid passes through the trim and the with ISA 75.01 and the gas and steam flow
pressure is reduced below the fluid's vapor noise calculations are in accordance with
pressure. The second stage is the collapse ISA 75.07.01. These two ISA Standards
of the vapor bubbles back to a liquid as the are in agreement with IEC-534. These
fluid passes the vena contracta and the standards have worldwide acceptance as
pressure recovers and increases above the the state of the art in CV and Flow Noise
vapor pressure. The collapsing bubbles determination.
are very destructive when they contact
metal parts and the bubble collapse may OPERATING CONDITIONS
produce high noise levels.
The most important part of Valve Sizing is
Flashing: Flashing is similar to cavitation obtaining the correct flowing conditions. If
except the vapor bubbles do not collapse, they are incorrect or incomplete, the sizing
as the downstream pressure remains less process will be faulty. There are two
than the vapor pressure. The flow will common problems. First is having very
remain a mixture of vapor and liquid. conservative conditions that overstate the
CV and provide a valve less than ½ open at
maximum required flow. The second is
Laminar Flow: Most fluid flow is turbulent.
stating only the maximum flow condition
However, when the liquid flow velocity is
that has minimum pressure drops and not
very slow or the fluid is very viscous or
stating the minimum flow conditions with
both, the flow may become laminar. When
high pressure drops that often induce
the flow becomes laminar, the required CV
cavitation or have very high rangeability
is larger than for turbulent flow with similar
requirements.
conditions. The ISA sizing formulas adjust
the CV when laminar flow exists.
Fluid Properties
Table 3 lists many fluid properties needed
THE SIZING PROCESS for valve sizing. These fluid properties are
The first sizing step is to determine the in Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program’s
required CV value for the application. Next database and do not need manual entry.
determine if there are unusual conditions
that may affect valve selection such as Rangeability: Rangeability is the ratio of
cavitation, flashing, high flow velocities or maximum to minimum controllable CV. This
high flow noise. The valve sizing process is also sometimes called CV Ratio or
will determine the proper valve size, valve Turndown. The maximum flow for Norriseal
trim size , valve trim style and actuator size. valves is at maximum travel. The minimum
Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program will controllable CV is where the Flow
Characteristic (CV vs. Travel) initially CV AND FLOW SIZING FORMULAS
deviates or where the valve trim cannot
maintain a consistent flow rate. The Trim’s The following formulas are for information
rangeability is not always the useable range and for understanding the sizing process.
as seat erosion may be a governing factor. Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program is
A valve with a significant pressure drop at recommended for the calculation process.
low flow rates should not be used to throttle Flow noise equations are not listed below
near the seat for extended periods of time. as they are highly complex and should only
be made on our verified computer program.
The rangeability values, listed in Table 1, Formulas are shown both for calculation the
apply to the rated CV, not the required CV. CV when the flow rate is known and for
For example, an application may require a calculating the flow when the CV is known.
maximum CV of 170. A 4” Equal
Percentage Trim may be selected that has CV Formulas for Liquid Flow
a maximum CV of 195. Using the
rangeability value for this trim, the minimum P1  P2
CV is 195/100=19.5, not 170/100=17. Required FL 
P1  PV FF
Valve applications subject to pressures PV
FF  0.96  0.28
from nature, such as gas and oil PC
production, are usually sized for full flow at
about 80% open as the pressure may be If the Rated FL is larger than the Required
unknown when the valve is sized and the FL:
pressure may vary with time. Gf P1  P2
Q
CV  or Q  C V FP FR
Those valve applications with fairly FP FR P1  P2 Gf
consistent inlet pressures, such as process
control and power applications are usually When the Rated FL is smaller than the
sized at full travel. The valve specifier Required FL, choked flow exists in the vena
usually includes a fair margin of safety in contracta limiting the flow.
the stated sizing conditions. If the valve
supplier includes additional safety, such as If the Rated FL is smaller than the Required
full flow at 80% open, the valve may be at FL:
full flow at less than ½ travel giving poor Q Gf
performance. CV 
FP FL Rated  P1  FF PV
Table 1 - TRIM RANGEABILITY or
Rang P1  FF PV
Valve Trim Q  CV FP FL ( Rated )
ability Gf
Equal Percent - Balanced Cage Control 100:1
Linear - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 P for choked flow  F P1  FFPV   psi
2
L
Quick Opening - Balanced Cage Control 30:1 P for incipient cavitation  K C P1  PV   psi
DB I - Balanced Cage Control 100:1
DB II & CAV II - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 (See discussion in “Choked Flow and
Modified Percent - Balanced Plug Control 50:1 Incipient Cavitation” section)
Modified Percent - Unbalanced Plug Control 25:1
V Control Ball 300:1
CV Formulas for Vapor Flow FLOW VELOCITY FORMULAS
P1  P2 Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow

x Limit x  xT
P1
k x Liquid Flow Velocity through the Valve:
FK  Y  1 0.408 Q
14
. 3 FK x T VV   Ft./ Sec.
Db2
If the flow rate is in volumetric units, SCFH,
then Liquid Flow Velocity through the Pipe:
Q G gT Z 0.408 Q
CV  VP   Ft./ Sec.
1360 F P P1 Y x DP2
or
Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow
x
Q  1360 C V F P P1 Y
G gT Z Downstream Specific Volume for a Gas
10.72 T Z
Vapor: V2   Ft.3 /Lb.
M P2
If the flow rate is in mass flow units, Lb./Hr.,
W
C V  Downstream Specific Volume for Steam:
63 . 3 F P Y x P1  1 V2  Refer to Keenan & Keyes’ Steam
then or
Tables
W  63 . 3 C V FPY x P1  1
Vapor Flow Velocity through the Valve:
To convert SCFH to Lb./Hr.: 3.06W V2 0.234QGg
VV    Ft. / Min.
W=0.0764 Q Gg = Lb./Hr. DV2 DV2
Vapor Flow Velocity through the Pipe:
Specific Gravity of a Vapor 
3.06W V2 0.234QGg
Molecular Weight of the Vapor VP    Ft. / Min.
DP2 DP2
Molecular Weight of Air Sonic Velocity of a Vapor Fluid:
VSONIC  4650 P2 V2  Ft./Min.
CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow
Pressure Drop for liquid phase = Vapor FlowVelocity,VV orVP

Mach Number: 
 Pf  FL2 P1  FF PV  VSONIC
Pressure Drop for vapor phase =

 Pg  FK x T P1
ff = weight fraction of total flow as liquid
fg = weight fraction of total flow as vapor
W ff fg
CV  
63.3 FP PF  1f Pg  1g Y 2
Nomenclature Subscripts:
CV = Valve Flow Coefficient. 1 = Inlet conditions
DB = Inside Diameter of Valve Body Outlet 2 = Outlet conditions
= Inches. See Table 5. v = Valve
DP = Inside Diameter of Outlet Pipe = p = Pipe
Inches. f = Liquid
FF = Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor: g = Vapor
Fk = Ratio of specific Heats Factor. b = Body
FL = Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor.
FL Required = The FL factor to avoid
Choked Flow.
FL Rated = The FL factor rated for individual
Trim Styles. See Table 4.
FP = Piping Geometry Factor, If the valve
size and pipe size are equal us 1.0, if
not refer to ISA 75.01 section 4.3.
FR = Reynolds Number Factor, Normally =
1.0 but varies with very slow fluid
velocities or very viscous fluids. Refer
to ISA 75.01 section 4.4.
Gf = Specific Gravity of a Liquid relative to
water at 60 F.
Gg = Specific Gravity of a Vapor relative to
air at 60 F 14.7 PSIA.
k = Ratio of specific Heats. See Table 3.
KC = Cavitation Index. See Table 4.
M = Molecular Weight. See Table 3.
P1 = Valve Inlet Pressure (psia).
P2 = Valve Outlet Pressure (psia).
PC = Fluid’s Critical Pressure (psia). See
Table 3.
PV = Fluid’s Vapor Pressure (psia).
Q = Volumetric Flow Rate:
Liquids (GPM) Vapor (SCFH)
T = Fluid Temperature in Degrees
Rankine. R = F + 460.
V2 = Specific Volume of vapor, either gas
or steam = Ft.3 / Lb.
W = Mass Flow Rate = Lb./Hr.
x = Pressure Drop Ratio.
xT = Maximum Pressure Drop Ratio,
varies with Trim Style. See Table 4.
Y = Fluid Expansion Factor for vapor flow.
Z = Compressibility Factor for vapor flow.
Usually 1.0. Refer ISA Handbook of
Control Valves, 2nd Edition, pages
488-490.
 = Specific Weight = Lb./Ft.3
Flow velocity of a vapor, gas or steam, Conversion to Cg and Cs
physically cannot exceed sonic velocity or Not all valve suppliers use the ISA sizing
Mach 1.0. Vapor flow is physically limited coefficient and may use a Cg or Cs value
at sonic velocity and becomes choked. The instead. The ISA CV coefficient can be
choked sonic limitation may apply either at converted to Cg or Cs using these
the valve trim or at the valve body’s outlet. equations.
When the flow rate increases with the
velocity at the valve’s outlet at sonic, the C g  C V  conversion factor 
valve’s outlet pressure will rise increasing
the fluid density and allowing a higher flow C V  conversion factor 
rate still limited at sonic velocity. When a Cs 
20
sizing program shows a Valve MACH Cg
Number exceeding 1, the inputted outlet CV 
pressure is incorrect. Increase P2 until the
 conversion factor 
MACH number equal 1.0. This determines C s  20
CV 
the valve’s outlet pressure that develops to  conversion factor 
increase the fluid density sufficiently for the
fluid to flow out of the valve at sonic
velocity. The specifier may write a lower Table 2 - Cg Conversion Factors
pressure that may occur further Valve
downstream after the piping system causes General DB I DB II
Size
additional pressure drops. 1” 32.3 35.1 30
1.5” 32.7 37.8 30
The ISA noise prediction formulas for vapor
2” 32.6 38.8 30
flow loses accuracy at Mach numbers
3” 32.2 38.1 30
larger than .33.
4” 33.5 38.9 30
6” 34.8 N/A 30
8” 35.6 N/A 30
Table 3 - FLUID PROPERTIES
Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Ratio of
Name Form Weight Pressure Temperature specific
of Liquid Heats
Fluid Gas M Pc psia Tc (F) k
Acetylene G 26.038 905.04 95.27 1.26
Air G 28.966 546. 79 -220.99 1.4
Ammonia L G 17.031 1637.48 270.59 1.31
Argon G 39.948 706.34 -188.23 1.668
Benzene L G 78.114 713.59 552.11 1.08
Butane G 58.124 529.39 274.91 1.1
Butanol L 74.123 639.62 553.55
Butene-1 G 56.108 583.4 295.6 1.11
Butylene Oxide L 63.6
Butadiene L 54.092 652.5 339 1.12
1-Butene L 56.108 583.4 295.6 1.11
n-Butane G 58.1243 551.1 305.7 1.1
Isobutane G 58.124 529.10 274.90 1.11
n-Butanol L 638.3
Isobutylene L 56.108 580.5 292.6 1.12
Carbon Dioxide L G 44.01 1070.38 87.71 1.295
Carbon Monoxide L G 28.01 507.63 -220.45 1.395
Carbon Tetrachloride L 153.82 661.37 541.85 1.067
Chlorine L G 70.906 1116.79 291.29 1.355
Chlorobenzene L 112.559 655.62 678.32 1.1
Chloroform L 119.38 786.11 505.13
Chloroprene L 616.5
Cyclobutane L 56.108 723.24 367.82 1.14
Cyclohexane L 84.162 590.30 536.45
Cyclopentane L 70.135 654.15 460.88 1.11
Cyclopropane L 42.081 797.71 256.37
Crude Oil L
Ethane L G 30.07 707.79 90.05 1.18
Ethanol L 46.069 925.34 469.49 1.13
Ethylbenzene L 106.168 523.2 651.1 1.072
Ethyl Chloride G 64.515 754.20 369.05 1.13
Ethyl Oxide L 1052.2
Ethylene L G 28.054 732.44 49.91 1.22
Ethylene Glycol L 62.069 1117.2
Triethylene Glycol L
Freon 11 L G 137.37 635.00 338.00 1.14
Freon 12 L G 120.92 596.90 234.00 1.14
Freon 22 L G 86.48 716.00 204.80 1.18
Helium G 4.003 33.36 -450.33 1.66
Heptane G 100.205 396.8 512.7 1.05
Hydrazine L 32.045 2132.06 716.09
Hydrogen L G 2.016 188.55 -399.73 1.412
Hydrogen Bromide L 80.912 1240 193.76 1.4
Hydrogen Chloride L G 36.461 1205.27 124.79 1.41
Hydrogen Floride L 20.006 941.30 370.49
Hydrogen Iodide L 127.91 1205.27 303.35
Hydrogen Sulphide G 34.076 1296.64 229.91 1.32
Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Ratio of
Name Form Weight Pressure Temperature specific
of Liquid Heats
Fluid Gas M Pc psia Tc (F) k
Isoprene L 532.1
Methane L G 16.043 667.17 -116.77 1.31
Methanol L 32.042 1153.05 463.01
Methyl Chloride L G 50.49 968.85 289.67 1.2
1-Methylchloride L 84.922 889.08 458.33
O-Methylene Chloride L 910.9
Napthalene L 128.17 587.40 887.45
Natural Gas G 19.5 670 -80 1.27
Neon G 20.179 400.30 -379.75 1.667
Nitric Oxide L G 30.006 941.30 -135.67
Nitrogen L G 28.013 493.13 -232.51 1.4
Nitrogen Dioxide L 46.006 1479.8 316.52 1.29
Nitrous Oxide L G 44.013 1050.08 97.61
n-Nonane G 128.259 335.1 610.6 1.04
n-Octane G 114.23 362.60 456.35 1.05
Oxygen L G 31.999 730.99 -181.39 1.397
Pentane G 72.151 488.78 385.61 1.07
Phenol L 94.113 889.56 789.56 1.09
Propane L G 44.097 617.86 205.97 1.13
n-Propanol L 751.3
Propene G 42.1 661 198 1.14
Propylene L 42.081 667.17 197.51 1.154
Propyl Oxide L 714.7
Sea Water/Brine L 18 3200 705.47 1.33
Sulfuric Acid L
Sulfur Dioxide L G 64.059 1142.90 315.59 1.29
Sulfur Trioxide L 80.058 1190.7 423.8
Tolulene L 92.141 587.40 609.53 1.06
Water L G 18.015 3208.24 705.47 1.335
M-Xylene L 106.168 514.4 650.9 1.072
O-xylene L 106.168 540.8 674.7 1.049
P-xylene L 106.168 510 649.5 1.073
Table 4 - FL, KC & XT Factors

FL
Valve Trim Style KC XT
Rated
CAV II Cage Control .94 .80 
DB I Cage Control   .75
DB II Cage Control   .75
Plug Control (Flow Up) .90 .65 .70
Ported Cage Control (Flow Up) .90 .65 .70
Ported Cage Control (Flow Down) .90 .65 .75
Butterfly Valve .65 .30 .38
V Control Ball Valve .57 .22 .25
 = No value for vapor flow  = No value for liquid flow
Table 5 - Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters
Nominal ANSI Pressure Class
Body Size 150 300 600 900 1500 2500
1 1.06" 1.06" 1.06" 1.00" 1.00" 1.00"
1.5 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.50"
2 2.06" 2.00" 2.00" 2.00" 2.00" 1.75"
3 3.00" 3.00" 3.00" 3.00" 2.69" 2.69"
4 4.00" 4.00" 4.00" 4.00" 3.69" 3.44"
6 6.00" 6.00" 6.00" 5.75" 5.75" 5.50"
8 8.00" 8.00" 8.00" 7.62" 7.25" 7.00"
SEAT LEAKAGE
The Fluids Control Institute (FCI) Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2 establishes a Valve’s allowable seat
Leakage Rate. The standard recognizes five degrees of seat tightness.
Table 6 - ALLOWABLE SEAT LEAKAGE CLASSES

Maximum Seat Test Test Relative Seat
Leakage Class
Leakage Fluid Pressure Tightness
Class II 0.5% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 1.0
Class IIA (Norriseal) 0.2% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 2.5
Class III 0.1% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 5.0
Class IV 0.01% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 50
0.0005 ml /min/inch Max Operating
Class V Water 300,000
of trim size/ P(PSI) P
Class VI About 0.9 ml/min  Air 50 PSI 600,000
 Leakage rate varies by valve size, Refer to the Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2.
Norriseal offers Class IIA (Norriseal), Class IV, Class V & Class IV
The Relative Seat Tightness is at a 50 P. For example, a Class IV leakage rate is 1/50
as much as Class II
Class VI is for resilient seated valves; the other classes are for metallic seats.
ACTUATOR SIZING
The actuator sizing process matches our condition. The flowing conditions also
actuator’s force output with our valve trim’s require an adequate match between the
required stem forces. The result is the actuator and trim forces but the shut off
maximum obtainable pressure drop at the condition is dominant and determines the
different seat leakage classes. The allowable.
process considers the valve’s shut off
UA  UnbalancedArea  BalancedTrim   Cage ID   Seat ID  2 2
  4  = In 2
2  
UA  UnbalancedArea  UnbalancedTrim   Seat ID   = In
2
4
CL  Seat Contact Load   Seat ID   Load Factor  = Lb./In. of circumference
Load Factors vary with seat leakage class
PF = Packing Friction (Teflon Packing)= 25 Lb.
PF = Packing Friction (Grafoil Packing)= (Stem Dia.) (P1) (Packing Height) (.15)
PF for Grafoil Packing friction should never be less than 25 Lb.

RF  Plug Seal Ring Friction   Cage ID  2      Cage ID   Seal Groove
2 2 
4
 0.03 P 
Direct Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Actuator Press.- Final Spring Pressure)
Reverse Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Initial Final Spring Pressure)
The “Initial Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem begins to move.
The “Final Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem reaches full travel.
 Actuator Output  PF  RF  CL
Allowable P   For Balanced Trim Flow to Close
UA
Allowable P 
 Actuator Output  PF  CL  For Unbalanced Trim Flow to Open
UA
P Tables
The following eleven tables contain The allowable pressure drop cannot exceed
calculated P pressures, in psi, using the the Body’s ANSI pressure rating.
above formulas. The first four tables are
for No. 9, 12, 16, & 18 actuators and valves The table’s first column for direct acting
with balanced trim and Teflon packing, the actuators is the air supply pressure to the
second four are with Grafoil packing.. The actuator. A 3-15 psi actuator spring is
four Grafoil packing tables show lower assumed. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
allowable due to the significantly higher direct actuator, add 15 to the pressure in
friction with Grafoil packing. The last three the first column.
are for unbalanced trims with No. 9, 12 &
16 actuators. The table’s first column for reverse acting
actuators is the initial pressure
The difference in the allowable P corresponding to the amount of
pressures for the Seat Leakage Classes compression in the actuator’s spring when
requires different seat contact forces. A the valve is closed. The “Initial air pressure
lower leakage rate, except for Class VI, is is actuator diaphragm pressure when the
obtained by increasing the net seat contact valve begins to open. The final air pressure
force. Leakage Classes IV & VI (resilient is determined by adding 12 psi to the initial
seat) share the same contact forces and air pressure of a 3-15 psi spring and by
allowable pressures even though their adding 24 psi to the initial air pressure of a
leakage rates are quite different. 6-30 psi.
Table 7
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air Supply Leakage
Trim Size
Pressure Class
1” 1.5” 2” 3” 4”
18 II 94 23
18 IV & VI
18 V
20 II 312 223 175 92
20 IV & VI 59
20 V
22 II 529 423 370 278 144
22 IV & VI 277 82
22 V
24 II 747 623 564 465 296
24 IV & VI 494 282 165
24 V
27 II 1,074 923 855 744 523
27 IV & VI 821 583 457 233
27 V
30 II 1,400 1,223 1,147 1,024 751
30 IV & VI 1,147 883 748 513 197
30 V 10
33 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979
33 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425
33 V 336
36 II 1,944 1,724 1,633 1,490 1,130
36 IV & VI 1,691 1,383 1,234 979 577
36 V 554
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Reverse Actuator
Initial Air Leakage
Pressure* Class Trim Size
1” 1.5” 2” 3” 4”
3 II 94 23
3 IV & VI
3 V
6 II 421 323 273 185 68
6 IV & VI 168
6 V
9 II 747 623 564 465 296
9 IV & VI 494 282 165
9 V
12 II 1,074 923 855 744 523
12 IV & VI 821 583 457 233
12 V
 The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15
has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 and 12 psi
initial pressures.
Table 8
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
18 II 421 323 273 185 68
18 IV & VI 168
18 V
20 II 856 723 661 558 372
20 IV & VI 603 382 262 47
20 V
22 II 1,291 1,123 1,050 931 675
22 IV & VI 1,038 783 651 420 121
22 V -
24 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979
24 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425
24 V 336 -
27 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434
27 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880
27 V 989 251
30 II 3,032 2,725 2,604 2,422 1,890
30 IV & VI 2,779 2,384 2,205 1,911 1,336
30 V 1,642 851 410
33 II 3,685 3,325 3,187 2,981 2,345
33 IV & VI 3,432 2,984 2,788 2,470 1,791
33 V 2,295 1,452 993 171
36 II 4,120 3,725 3,575 3,354 2,649
36 IV & VI 3,867 3,385 3,177 2,843 2,095
36 V 2,730 1,852 1,382 543

TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 12 Reverse Actuator
Initial Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure* 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
3 II 421 323 273 185 68
3 IV & VI 168
3 V
6 II 1,074 923 855 744 523
6 IV & VI 821 583 457 233
6 V
9 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979
9 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425
9 V 336
12 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434
12 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880
12 V 989 251
 The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-
15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
Table 9
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
18 II 887 752 689 584 393
18 IV & VI 634 411 290 73
18 V
20 II 1,633 1,438 1,355 1,224 914
20 IV & VI 1,380 1,097 956 713 360
20 V 243
22 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434
22 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880
22 V 989 251
24 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955
24 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401
24 V 1,735 937 494
27 II 4,244 3,840 3,686 3,461 2,735
27 IV & VI 3,992 3,499 3,288 2,950 2,181
27 V 2,854 1,966 1,493 650
30 II 5,364 4,869 4,686 4,420 3,516
30 IV & VI 5,111 4,529 4,287 3,908 2,962
30 V 3,973 2,996 2,492 1,609 470
33 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297
33 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743
33 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250
36 II 7,229 6,585 6,351 6,017 4,817
36 IV & VI 6,976 6,244 5,952 5,506 4,263
36 V 5,839 4,711 4,157 3,207 1,777

TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Reverse Actuator
Initial Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
3 II 887 752 689 584 393
3 IV & VI 634 411 290 73
3 V
6 II 2,006 1,781 1,688 1,543 1,174
6 IV & VI 1,753 1,440 1,289 1,032 620
6 V 616
9 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955
9 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401
9 V 1,735 937 494
12 II 4,244 3,840 3,686 3,461 2,735
12 IV & VI 3,992 3,499 3,288 2,950 2,181
12 V 2,854 1,966 1,493 650
Table 10
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8”
18 II 1,447 1,266 1,189 1,064 784 333 177
18 IV & VI 1,194 926 790 553 230
18 V 56 56
20 II 2,566 2,296 2,188 2,023 1,564 759 500
20 IV & VI 2,313 1,955 1,789 1,512 1,010 300 24
20 V 1,176 422
22 II 3,685 3,325 3,187 2,981 2,345 1,185 824
22 IV & VI 3,432 2,984 2,788 2,470 1,791 726 348
22 V 2,295
24 II 4,804 4,354 4,186 3,940 3,126 1,611 1,147
24 IV & VI 4,551 4,014 3,787 3,429 2,572 1,152 671
24 V 3,414 2,481 1,992 1,129 79
27 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297 2,250 1,632
27 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743 1,791 1,156
27 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250
30 II 8,161 7,443 7,183 6,816 5,468 2,889 2,117
30 IV & VI 7,909 7,102 6,785 6,305 4,914 2,430 1,641
30 V 6,771 5,569 4,990 4,006 2,421 363
33 II 9,840 8,987 8,682 8,255 6,639 3,528 2,602
33 IV & VI 9,587 8,646 8,283 7,744 6,085 3,069 2,127
33 V 8,450 7,113 6,489 5,444 3,592 1,002
36 II 10959 10,016 9,681 9,213 7,419 3,954 2,926
36 IV & VI 10706 9,675 9,283 8,702 6,866 3,495 2,450
36 V 9,569 8,143 7,488 6,403 4,373 1,428 309

 Initial Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8”
3 II 1,447 1,266 1,189 1,064 784 333 177
3 IV & VI 1,194 926 790 553 230
3 V 56
6 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955 972 662
6 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401 513 186
6 V 1,735 937 494
9 II 4,804 4,354 4,186 3,940 3,126 1,611 1,147
9 IV & VI 4,551 4,014 3,787 3,429 2,572 1,152 671
9 V 3,414 2,481 1,992 1,129 79
12 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297 2,250 1,632
12 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743 1,791 1,156
12 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250
Table 11
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
18 II 94 23
18 IV & VI
18 V
20 II 299 223 175 92
20 IV & VI 59
20 V
22 II 453 381 343 275 144
22 IV & VI 274 82
22 V
24 II 607 527 487 415 290
24 IV & VI 428 278 165
24 V
27 II 838 747 702 625 471
27 IV & VI 659 498 407 233
27 V
30 II 1,070 967 918 835 653
30 IV & VI 891 718 623 451 197
30 V 10
33 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834
33 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393
33 V 316
36 II 1,455 1,333 1,277 1,185 955
36 IV & VI 1,376 1084 982 801 514
36 V 470

Initial  Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
3 II 94 23
3 IV & VI
3 V
6 II 376 308 271 185 68
6 IV & VI 168
6 V
9 II 607 527 487 415 290
9 IV & VI 428 278 165
9 V
12 II 838 747 702 625 471
12 IV & VI 659 498 407 233
12 V
Table 12
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
18 II 376 308 271 185 68
18 IV & VI 168
18 V
20 II 684 601 559 485 350
20 IV & VI 505 351 262 47
20 V
22 II 993 894 846 765 592
22 IV & VI 813 644 551 381 121
22 V
24 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834
24 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393
24 V 316
27 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197
27 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756
27 V 778 251
30 II 2,226 2,066 1,996 1,884 1,560
30 IV & VI 2,047 1,816 1,701 1,500 1,118
30 V 1,241 694 373
33 II 2,689 2,505 2,427 2,304 1,922
33 IV & VI 2,510 2,256 2,132 1,920 1,481
33 V 1,704 1,134 804 171
36 II 2,997 2,798 2,714 2,583 2,164
36 IV & VI 2,818 2,549 2,419 2,200 1,723
36 V 2,012 1,427 1,092 474

GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Reverse Actuator
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
3 II 376 308 271 185 68
3 IV & VI 168
3 V
6 II 838 747 702 625 471
6 IV & VI 659 498 407 233
6 V
9 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834
9 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393
9 V 316
12 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197
12 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756
12 V 778 251
Table 13
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
18 II 706 622 579 505 368
18 IV & VI 527 372 284 73
18 V
20 II 1,235 1124 1072 985 782
20 IV & VI 1,056 875 777 601 341
20 V 243
22 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197
22 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756
22 V 778 251
24 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611
24 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170
24 V 1,307 757 435
27 II 3,085 2,882 2,797 2,663 2,233
27 IV & VI 2,906 2,633 2,502 2,280 1,792
27 V 2,100 1,511 1,174 554
30 II 3,878 3,635 3,536 3,383 2,855
30 IV & VI 3,699 3,386 3,241 2,999 2,414
30 V 2,893 2,264 1,913 1,274 428
33 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477
33 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036
33 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050
36 II 5,200 4,891 4,768 4,582 3,892
36 IV & VI 5,021 4,642 4,473 4,198 3,451
36 V 4,215 3,520 3,145 2,473 1,465

Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4"
3 II 706 622 579 505 368
3 IV & VI 527 372 284 73
3 V
6 II 1,499 1,375 1,318 1,224 990
6 IV & VI 1,320 1,126 1,023 841 548
6 V 514
9 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611
9 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170
9 V 1,307 757 435
12 II 3,085 2,882 2,797 2,663 2,233
12 IV & VI 2,906 2,633 2,502 2,280 1,792
12 V 2,100 1,511 1,174 554
Table 14
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8”
18 II 1,103 998 949 865 679 311 175
18 IV & VI 924 749 654 481 230
18 V 56
20 II 1,896 1,752 1,688 1,584 1,301 671 455
20 IV & VI 1,717 1,502 1,393 1,201 859 283 24
20 V 911 381
22 II 2,689 2,505 2,427 2,304 1,922 1,031 735
22 IV & VI 2,510 2,256 2,132 1,920 1,481 643 323
22 V 1,704 1,134 804 171
24 II 3,482 3,259 3,166 3,023 2,544 1,391 1,015
24 IV & VI 3,303 3,009 2,871 2,639 2,103 1,003 603
24 V 2,497 1,887 1,543 914 79
27 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477 1,930 1,435
27 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036 1,542 1,023
27 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050
30 II 5,861 5,519 5,384 5,181 4,410 2,470 1,854
30 IV & VI 5,681 5,270 5,089 4,798 3,969 2,082 1,443
30 V 4,876 4,148 3,761 3,072 1,983 336
33 II 7,050 6,649 6,492 6,260 5,343 3,010 2,274
33 IV & VI 6,871 6,400 6,197 5,877 4,902 2,622 1,862
33 V 6,065 5,278 4,870 4,151 2,916 876
36 II 7,843 7,403 7,232 6,980 5,965 3,369 2,554
36 IV & VI 7,664 7,153 6,937 6,596 5,524 2,982 2,142
36 V 6,858 6,031 5,609 4,871 3,538 1,236 290

Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8”
3 II 1,103 998 949 865 679 311 175
3 IV & VI 924 749 654 481 230
3 V 56
6 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611 851 595
6 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170 463 183
6 V 1,307 757 435
9 II 3,482 3,259 3,166 3,023 2,544 1,391 1,015
9 IV & VI 3,303 3,009 2,871 2,639 2,103 1,003 603
9 V 2,497 1,887 1,543 914 79
12 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477 1,930 1,435
12 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036 1,542 1,023
12 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050
Table 15
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING
FLOW UP, Direct Actuators, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Leakage Trim Size
Supply
Class No 12 Direct Actuator No 16 Direct Actuator No 18 Direct Actuator
Pressure
1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8"
II 1160 990 630 410 1980 1700 1080 700 2970 2550 1610 1060 650 300
18
IV 580 530 290 190 1000 910 500 320 1500 1370 750 480 320 90
II 1290 1100 700 460 2200 1890 1200 780 3300 2830 1790 1170 720 330
20
IV 970 890 490 310 1660 1520 840 530 2490 2280 1250 800 540 150
II 1410 1210 770 500 2420 2080 1310 860 3640 3110 1970 1290 800 360
22
IV 1360 1240 680 430 2330 2130 1170 740 3490 3200 1760 1120 750 220
II 1540 1320 840 550 2640 2260 1430 940 3970 3400 2150 1410 870 400
24
IV 1750 1600 880 560 2990 2740 1500 960 4490 4110 2260 1440 970 280
II 1740 1490 940 620 2970 2550 1610 1060 4460 3820 2420 1580 980 450
27
IV 2330 2130 1170 740 3990 3650 2010 1280 5990 5480 2260 1910 1290 370
II 1930 1650 1050 680 3300 2830 1790 1170 4960 4240 2690 1760 1090 500
30
IV 2910 2660 1460 930 4990 4570 2510 1590 5990 5480 2260 2390 1610 460
II 2120 1820 1150 750 3640 3110 1970 1290 5450 4670 2960 1940 1190 550
33
IV 3490 3200 1760 1120 5990 5480 3010 1910 5990 5480 2260 2390 1610 550
II 2250 1930 1220 800 3860 3300 2090 1370 5780 4950 3140 2050 1270 580
36
IV 3880 3550 1950 1240 6650 6090 3340 2130 5990 5480 2260 2390 2150 620
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27
psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING
FLOW UP, Reverse Actuators
Initial * Trim Size
Leakage
Air
Class No 12 Direct Actuator No 16 Direct Actuator No 18 Direct Actuator
Pressure
1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8"
II 1160 990 630 410 1980 1700 1080 700 2970 2550 1610 1060 650 300
3
IV 580 530 290 190 1000 910 500 320 1500 1370 750 480 320 90
II 1350 1160 730 480 2310 1980 1250 820 3470 2970 1880 1230 760 350
6
IV 1160 1070 590 370 2000 1830 1000 640 2990 2740 1500 960 650 180
II 1540 1320 840 550 2640 2260 1430 940 3970 3400 2150 1410 870 400
9
IV 1750 1600 880 560 2990 2740 1500 960 4490 4110 2260 1440 970 280
II 1740 1490 940 620 2970 2550 1610 1060 4460 3820 2420 1580 980 450
12
IV 2330 2130 1170 740 3990 3650 2010 1280 5990 5480 2260 1910 1290 370
 The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The
spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.
Table 16
ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure .125” .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
18 II 6,199 2,684 1,470 618 327 128 62
18 IV & VI 5,560 2,257 1,150 404 167 21
18 V 2,679 337
20 II >10000 5,220 2,896 1,251 684 286 151
20 IV & VI >10000 4,792 2,576 1,038 524 180 71
20 V >10000 2,872 1,136 78
22 II >10000 7,754 4,322 1,885 1,040 445 240
22 IV & VI >10000 7,328 4,002 1,672 880 338 160
22 V >10000 5,408 2,562 712 160
24 II >10000 >10000 5,748 2,519 1,397 603 329
24 IV & VI >10000 9,863 5,428 2,306 1,237 496 249
24 V >10000 7,943 3,988 1,346 517 16
27 II >10000 >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463
27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383
27 V >10000 >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23
30 II >10000 >10000 >10000 4,420 2,466 1,078 597
30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 9,706 4,207 2,306 972 517
30 V >10000 >10000 8,266 3,247 1,586 492 157
33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730
33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650
33 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290
36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,005 3,358 1,475 819
36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,792 3,198 1,368 739
36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,832 2,478 888 379

TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Reverse Actuator
Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure .125” .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
3 II 6,199 2,684 1,470 618 327 128 62
3 IV & VI 5,560 2,257 1,150 404 167 21
3 V 2,679 337
6 II >10000 6,487 3,609 1,568 862 365 196
6 IV & VI >10000 6,060 3,289 1,355 702 259 116
6 V >10000 4140 1,849 395
9 II >10000 >10000 5,748 2,519 1,397 603 329
9 IV & VI >10000 9,863 5,428 2,306 1,237 496 249
9 V >10000 7,943 3,988 1,346 517 16
12 II >10000 >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463
12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383
12 V >10000 >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23
Table 17
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
18 II 6,487 3,609 1568 862 365 196
18 IV & VI 6,060 3,289 1355 702 259 116
18 V 4,140 1,849 395
20 II >10000 6,461 2,836 1,575 682 374
20 IV & VI >10000 6,141 2,626 1,415 576 294
20 V 9,210 4,701 1,663 695 96
22 II >10000 9,313 4,104 2,288 999 552
22 IV & VI >10000 8,993 3,890 2,128 893 472
22 V >10000 7,553 2,930 1,408 413 112
24 II >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730
24 IV & VI >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650
24 V >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290
27 II >10000 >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998
27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918
27 V >10000 >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558
30 II >10000 >10000 9,174 5,140 2,267 1,265
30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 8,961 4,980 2,160 1,185
30 V >10000 >10000 8,001 4,260 1,680 825
33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,210 2,742 1,532
33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 6,050 2,635 1,452
33 V >10000 >10000 9,902 5,330 2,155 1,092
36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,923 3,059 1,711
36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 6,763 2,952 1,631
36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 6,043 2,472 1,271

Leakage
Air Trim Size
Class
Pressure .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
3 II 6,487 3,609 1,568 862 365 196
3 IV & VI 6,060 3,289 1,355 702 259 116
3 V 4,140 1,849 395
6 II >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463
6 IV & VI >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383
6 V >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23
9 II >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730
9 IV & VI >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650
9 V >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290
12 II >10000 >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998
12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918
12 V >10000 >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558
Table 18
Leakage
Supply Trim Size
Class
Pressure .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
18 II 6,665 2,926 1626 705 387
18 IV & VI 6,345 2,713 1466 598 307
18 V 4,905 1,753 746 118
20 II >10000 5,099 2,848 1,248 692
20 IV & VI >10000 4,886 2,688 1,114 612
20 V 9,794 3,926 1,968 662 252
22 II >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998
22 IV & VI >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918
22 V >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558
24 II >10000 9,445 5,293 2,335 1,303
24 IV & VI >10000 9,232 5,133 2,228 1,223
24 V >10000 8,272 4,413 1,748 863
27 II >10000 >10000 7,127 3,150 1,762
27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 6,967 3,043 1,682
27 V >10000 >10000 6,247 2,563 1,322
30 II >10000 >10000 8,960 3,964 2,220
30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 8,800 3,858 2,140
30 V >10000 >10000 8,080 3,378 1,780
33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 4,779 2,678
33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 4,673 2,598
33 V >10000 >10000 9,913 4,193 2,238
36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 5,323 2,984
36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,216 2,904
36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,736 2,544

Leakage
Air Class Trim Size
Pressure .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000
3 II 6,665 2,926 1,626 705 387
3 IV & VI 6,345 2,713 1,466 598 307
3 V 4,905 1,753 746 118
6 II >10000 6,186 3,460 1,520 845
6 IV & VI >10000 5,973 3,300 1,413 765
6 V >10000 5,013 2,580 933 405
9 II >10000 9,445 5,293 2,335 1,303
9 IV & VI >10000 9,232 5,133 2,228 1,223
9 V >10000 8,272 4,413 1,748 863
12 II >10000 >10000 7,127 3,150 1,762
12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 6,967 3,043 1,682
12 V >10000 >10000 6,247 2,563 1,682
Actuator Air Volume
Valve applications may need to determine the amount of air, gas or liquid to actuate an
actuator to its rated travel. The first segment of Table 18 is the 2700A Actuator Air Chamber
Volumes at initial travels and at final travel. The choice of final travel depends on the size of
the valve trim. The required added air to actuate the actuator is the amount of air, of gas, to
be added to the atmospheric pressure in the actuator and may be calculated from the
following equation or found in the last four segments of Table 18.
(Actuator Volume) (Actuator Air Pressure)

Req'd Added Air to Actuate =  Std Ft 3
(14.7)
Table 19 - Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate
2700A Actuator Air Chamber Volume (Cubic Feet)
Actuator Travel
Size 0” 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4”
9 0.035 0.046 0.048 0.052
12 0.053 0.073 0.077 0.086 0.094 0.104 0.119
16 0.076 0.109 0.116 0.132 0.146 0.167 0.192
18 0.371 0.477 0.512 0.547 0.615 0.731
Required Added Air to Actuate at 18 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)

Actuator Travel
Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4”
9 0.056 0.059 0.064
12 0.089 0.094 0.105 0.115 0.128 0.146
16 0.133 0.143 0.161 0.179 0.205 0.235
18 0.584 0.627 0.669 0.754 0.895

Actuator Travel
Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4”
9 0.075 0.078 0.086
12 0.119 0.126 0.140 0.154 0.170 0.195
16 0.178 0.190 0.215 0.239 0.273 0.313
18 0.779 0.837 0.892 1.005 1.193

Actuator Travel
Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4”
9 0.093 0.098 0.107
12 0.149 0.157 0.175 0.192 0.213 0.244
16 0.222 0.238 0.269 0.299 0.341 0.391
18 0.974 1.046 1.115 1.256 1.491

Actuator Travel
Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4”
9 0.112 0.117 0.128
12 0.179 0.189 0.210 0.230 0.255 0.292
16 0.267 0.285 0.322 0.359 0.410 0.469
18 1.169 1.255 1.338 1.507 1.790
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR Method 1: Cavitation avoidance: Cavitation
CAVITATION, FLASHING AND can be avoided by selecting a valve style that
has FL (rated) values greater than required
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW SERVICES
for the application. This is an especially
Valve applications involving cavitation, useful advantage of globe valves over ball
flashing and noise reduction of and butterfly valves. Norriseal's options are
compressible flow require special sizing the use of the CAV II that has a higher FL
and application considerations and, in value than the standard port and cage
most cases, special trims are required. control trims.
This guide discusses these phenomena
with a definition, a list of possible Cavitation can also be avoided with the
countermeasures, instructions on installation of an orifice plate downstream of
application of Norriseal's 2700A Trims, the valve that shares the pressure drop. The
and a technical discussion of the valve's pressure drop is reduced to the point
phenomena. Cavitation and flashing are of avoiding damaging cavitation. The
in the "Liquid Flow" Section and downstream orifice plate also should be
compressible flow noise reduction is in the sized to avoid damaging cavitation. This
"Compressible Flow Noise" Section. may not be suitable for applications with a
wide flow range as the low flow condition
Liquid Flow may put the entire pressure drop on the
valve.
Cavitation and flashing applications
require accurate prediction to determine Method 2: Cavitation Tolerant: Standard
when they occur and proper valve trim designs can tolerate mild cavitation
selection to supply the best trim for the applications. These applications will have
application. increased flow noise from the mild cavitation
but should not have damage from cavitation.
Cavitation
Cavitation Definition Method 3: Cavitation Containment: A trim
Cavitation is a two stage phenomena with design that allows cavitation to occur but in a
liquid flow. The first stage is the formation harmless manner can be effective in
of vapor bubbles in the liquid as the fluid preventing cavitation damage and reducing
passes through the trim and the pressure cavitation noise. Cavitation containment
is reduced below the fluid's vapor designs are limited to cavitation applications
pressure. The second stage is the of moderate intensity.
collapse of the vapor bubbles back to
liquid as the fluid passes the vena Method 4: Cavitation Prevention: A trim
contracta and the pressure recovers and design that takes the pressure drop in
increases above the vapor pressure. The several steps or stages can avoid the
collapsing bubbles are very destructive formation of cavitation. These trim designs
when they contact metal parts and the are more expensive than other methods but
bubble collapse may produce high noise may be the only alternative in the more
levels. severe cases of cavitation. Graph 4 shows
how a three stage trim can eliminate
cavitation that would occur in a single stage
Cavitation Countermeasures
trim. The total pressure drop is taken in
There are several ways to deal with three stages instead of one. Notice none of
cavitation. the vena contracta pressures of the three
stage trim are below the vapor pressure.
Critical Pressure Drop Ratio to determine the
Application of Norriseal Trims in SPL Attenuation Value from Graph 3.
Cavitation Service Subtract the SPL Attenuation Value from the
predicted flow noise level for standard trims.
Cavitation Avoidance: The Plug Control Notice the CAV II trims will reduce flow noise
and Cage Control 2700A trims both have even when there is no cavitation. The flow
relatively high FL values and can avoid noise calculation for CAV II trim is automatic
choked flow at significantly high pressure with Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program.
drops. The CAV II trim, with a higher FL
value, will avoid cavitation with a 10% The CAV II trim will make multiple small
higher pressure drop than the Plug or cavitation plumes that will not as readily
standard Cage Control Trims. cause erosion damage and will generate less
noise than a trim with plug or cage port
Cavitation Tolerant: All of our 2700A control. The CAV II trim is used only in the
Cage Control Trims are tolerant to flow down direction.
cavitation service where the FL (required)
exceeds the FL (rated) and the inlet Cavitation Prevention: Special trims with
pressure is 50 psig or less for standard two or three stages can be designed for the
materials or 200 psig or less with stellited 2700A valve to suit a particular application.
valve seat and plug's guide & seat. At this These trims will cost significantly more than
inlet pressure, the severity of cavitation the other trims discussed but will be
will be small enough to use any Cage applicable in conditions beyond the others.
Control Trim in the flow down direction. Consult with Application Engineering for
multiple stage applications.
The unbalanced Plug Control Trims with
tungsten carbide or ceramic materials can Application Summary
withstand cavitation up to an inlet
pressure of 2000 psig. These trims will If FL(required) is less than FL(rated):
not reduce noise. Oversized bodies are No special considerations are required.
recommended to avoid body erosion.
If FL(required) is greater than FL (rated)
Cavitation Containment: The 2700A and P1 is 50/200/2000 psig or less:
CAV II trims are appropriate where the FL Use any Cage Control Trim in the Flow down
(required) exceeds .94 and the inlet direction. If P1 is 50 psig or less or stellited
pressure is 1000 psig or less and the valve seat, guide and cage if P1 is between
pressure drop is 500 psi or less. 200 and 50 psig. Unbalanced Plug Control
Trims with carbide or ceramic materials may
For a FL(required) between .90 and .94, be used up to a 2000 psig inlet pressure.
cavitation will be avoided. Above a FL of
.94, the flow will cavitate but the CAV II If FL (required) is between .90 and .94 and
trims will not be damaged by cavitation in the standard 2700A Cage Control Trims
these conditions. See table 4 for FL have choked flow:
values of Norriseal trims. Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down
direction to avoid choked flow.
The flow noise from cavitation will be
reduced by the amount shown in Graph 3. If FL (required) is greater than .94, P1 is
Determine the Critical Pressure Drop 1000 psig or less and the pressure drop is
Ratio by dividing the actual pressure drop 500 psig or less:
by the critical pressure drop. Use the
Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down CHOKED FLOW AND INCIPIENT
direction. CAVITATION -
The liquid flow rate will increase as the
If the application is outside of the pressure drop increases. However, when
above options: cavitation vapor bubbles form in the vena
Consult with the Application Engineer. contracta, the vapor bubbles will increasingly
restrict the flow of liquid until the flow is fully
The Cavitation Phenomena choked with vapor. This condition is known
as "choked flow" or "critical flow".
FLUID AND PRESSURE PROFILE -
A control valve creates a pressure drop in When the flow is fully choked, the flow rate
the fluid as it controls the flow rate. The does not increase when the pressure drop is
profile of the fluid pressure, as it flows increased. Graph 2 shows these flow
through the valve, is shown in Graph 1. relationships. The flow curve begins in the
The fluid accelerates as it takes a chart's lower left corner with fully liquid flow.
pressure drop through the valve's trim, It
The relationship of flow to P1  P2 is linear
reaches its highest velocity just past the
throttle point, at a point called the vena until cavitation begins to form at the point of
contracta. The fluid is at its lowest incipient cavitation. As more cavitation
pressure and highest velocity at the vena forms, the more the flow curve bends until it
contracta. Past the vena contracta the is horizontal and fully choked with the flow
fluid decelerates and some of the not increasing with additional pressure drop.
pressure drop is recovered as the
pressure increases. For globe valves, the The larger the FL factor, the greater the
pressure difference from the inlet pressure pressure drop that can be taken before
P1 to the vena contracta pressure PVC is choked flow occurs. Note in table 4 that ball
about 125% of the P1 to P2 pressure drop. and butterfly valves have a relatively low FL
The pressure in the vena contracta is not and Norriseal's CAV II trim will produce
of importance until it is lower than the higher flow rate without choking than
fluid's vapor pressure. Then the fluid will standard Cage or Plug Control Trims.
quickly form vapor bubbles and, if the
pressure increases above the vapor The point of "Incipient Cavitation" can be
pressure, the vapor bubbles instantly predicted with the P incipient in the
collapse back to liquid. This is cavitation. equation in the “CV Formulas for Liquid Flow”
It will occur when the vapor pressure, using the KC factor. Values for KC are shown
shown as "PV Cavitation" in Graph 1, is in table 4. Cavitation will begin at the point
more than the vena contracta pressure of "Incipient Cavitation" and increase in
but less than the outlet pressure, P2. intensity to the point of choked flow.
When the Vapor pressure, shown as "PV Cavitation at point of "Incipient Cavitation" is
Liquid" in Graph 1, is less than the vena not damaging and is almost undetectable.
contracta pressure, there is full liquid flow At some point between incipient and choked,
with no cavitation. the cavitation may damage most trim styles.
Cavitation in control valves can have four The location of the "Damage" point varies
negative effects; with trim style and material. A larger KC is
 Restricts fluid flow preferred so the incipient cavitation range to
choked flow is as small as possible.
 Causes severe vibrations
 Erodes metal surfaces
As the point of damaging cavitation is not
 Generates high noise levels.
easily defined, sizing and application
methods use the Critical Pressure Drop significantly elevated flow noise in addition to
and the Required FL to rate trims for vibration.
cavitation service. The KC value is not
used for trim selection only flow noise The cavitation bubbles will form a vapor
prediction. plume in the liquid. The larger the plume,
the noisier the flow and the more likely it is to
CAVITATION DAMAGE - cause erosion damage. The size of the
Cavitation damage problems are more plume is dependent on trim style and
likely to occur with water flow as water has severity of cavitation. The CAV II Trim with
a well defined vapor pressure and the many small orifices will have significantly
vapor bubble collapse is instantaneous. smaller vapor plumes with less noise and a
Hydro-carbon fluids have a less precise reduced damage potential than a standard
vapor pressure and are often a compound trim.
with several vapor pressures. Cavitation
damage with hydro-carbon fluids is usually There is not much positive to say about
less severe than water as the bubble cavitation. Valves improperly applied or
collapse is not as sudden and can be without adequate cavitation protection can
cushioned by other vapors. However the lead to early failure.
vibration and flow noise problems remain.
FLASHING
The fluid's inlet pressure is proportional to
the amount of energy available to cause Flashing Definition -
cavitation damage. Higher inlet pressures Flashing is a one stage phenomena
will produce more intense and more somewhat similar to cavitation. The
damaging cavitation. The amount of difference is the downstream pressure does
cavitation is related to the degree the not recover enough to be above the fluid's
required FL exceeds the rated FL. As the vapor pressure. The vapor bubbles in the
required FL exceeds the rated FL, the liquid do not collapse and they remain in the
amount of cavitation increases. A valve fluid as vapor. Generally only part of the
with a rated FL of .90 in an application fluid vaporizes so the resulting flow
requiring a FL of .96 will have more downstream of the valve is two phase, vapor
cavitation than an application requiring and liquid. Flashing is similar to cavitation in
.92. There will be more cavitation but not some respects but is not quite as severe.
more flow! There are means to prevent or retard
cavitation but not flashing! If the valves
The generation and implosion of the vapor outlet pressure is below the vapor pressure,
bubbles will cause vibration to the valve's flashing will occur regardless of the valve's
Plug that may cause wear between the trim. When the Vapor pressure, shown as
Plug and Cage or Guide and can cause "PV Flashing" in Graph 1, is greater than the
Stems to break. outlet pressure, there is flashing flow.
The implosion of the bubbles when near Flashing Countermeasures -

or on a metal surface can generate There are several measures that should be
extremely high shock stresses in the metal made in flashing applications.
surface that usually damages the metal
with severe erosion of the metal. This Body Material: The flashing process can
phenomena, when severe, can destroy cause body erosion that may reduce the
trims within hours! The generation and body's wall thickness to less than required by
implosion of the vapor bubbles will cause codes. The fluid in the valve body
downstream of the trim is highly turbulent as sonic velocity, the liquid droplets can
as a two phase flow mixture of vapor and cause severe erosion the valve body and the
liquid. The turbulent mixture can easily downstream pipe. The flashing process is
erode body materials, such as carbon highly turbulent with the liquid impacting the
steel, that may not have sufficient erosion valve trim at high velocity. The effects of the
resistance. turbulent flashing liquid can cause trim
instability if it impacts the control surfaces of
Trim Selection: Avoid the use of the Plug. For this reason, Plug Control Trim
Balanced Plug Control Trim in flashing is not suitable for flashing service. The CAV
applications as the flashing process may II Cage will distribute the flashing process
make the trim unstable. High pressure into a large number of small jets reducing the
drops in flashing service is best served total turbulence and reducing the vibration
with a cage control trim with multiple small effects on the Plug and the erosion effects to
orifices, CAV II, that reduce the trim's the body. Often flashing service will be in
vibration from the fluid's turbulence the flow down direction through an angle
style body. The object is the get the flashing
through the valve without significant contact
APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL with the body. As Norriseal does not have a
VALVES IN FLASHING SERVICE angle body, our best solution is flow down
through the CAV II using the trim's small
Body Material: The flashing process can holes to reduce the total turbulence and
cause body erosion that may reduce the protect the body. Flashing service with
body's wall thickness to less than required pressure drops less than 50 PSI will have
by codes. Severe flashing service should less severe turbulence so the standard Cage
have stainless steel or Chrome-Moly Control Trims with flow down will be suitable.
(WC6) bodies, Carbon steel may not be
suitable.
LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY - BODY
Trim Selection: If the pressure drop is MATERIAL
50 PSI or less, standard Cage Control
Trim is suitable. Plug control Trim is not High liquid flow velocities in valve bodies can
recommended for flashing service. For cause metal erosion even though there may
pressure drops greater than 50 psi, CAV II be no cavitation or flashing. Liquid flow
Trim or Unbalanced Plug Control Trims velocity in valve bodies should be limited to
with tungsten carbide or ceramic are the velocities shown in Table 6 to avoid flow
recommended. erosion. The body's flow velocity, for liquid
flow, can be calculated. The body flow
THE FLASHING PHENOMENA velocity at the smallest flow passage, usually
the body inlet or outlet, should not exceed
Liquids in flashing service undergo a the velocities in Table 20.
transformation from all liquid flow to two
phase flow of flashed vapor and the Table 20
remaining liquid. The liquid will flash until LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY LIMITS
thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved Application Limits
with the vapor fully saturated. Often the Body Pressure Drop Infrequent
majority of the volume will be vapor and Material > 500 PSI < 500 PSI < 2% of time
some of the remaining liquid will be Carbon Steel 30 Ft/Sec 40 Ft/Sec 50 Ft/Sec
suspended as droplets in the vapor. As Stainless or
45 Ft/Sec 60 Ft/Sec 90 Ft/Sec
WC6 (Cr-Mo)
the velocity of the vapor can reach as high
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE control valve. At maximum flow the valve
and orifice plate can have about the same
Compressible Flow Noise Discussion - pressure drop and generate less noise than
Flow noise from compressible flow is a taking the total drop across the valve alone.
major application consideration. The flow At lower flow rates, the noise from flow
noise must be accurately predicted and through the valve will probably be less than
the appropriate valve trim chosen to meet at full flow even though the valve's pressure
the customers requirements and assure drop increases as the pressure drop across
good valve operation. the fixed orifice plate decreases. The
backpressure orifice plate may be in the form
Compressible flow noise is generated by of a cylindrical diffuser. The backpressure
fluid turbulence, the more turbulence the orifice device also should be sized for flow
more noise. Fluid turbulence is increased noise.
by higher flow rates and by a higher fluid
pressure drop through valve trim. As the Two Stage Trim: A two stage valve will
valve's pressure drop reaches the critical reduce flow noise beyond the noise
condition and the speed of sound is reduction of the DB I and DB II trims. The
reached in the flow stream's vena two stage trim is similar to two DB II trims
contracta, shock waves are produced that one inside of the other. The inner stage
increases the noise level above that takes the majority of the pressure drop with
produced by turbulence alone. the outer stage acting as a diffuser to reduce
flow turbulence.
Compressible Flow Noise
Countermeasures - APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL
There are several methods to reduce
compressible flow noise. TRIMS IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
APPLICATIONS
Multiple Orifice Trims: A trim with a high Low noise considerations should be applied
number of small flow orifices will produce when the predicted noise level exceeds the
less flow noise than a trim of equal flow customers requirement or when the noise
capacity with either four or one flow level exceed 110 dBA. Flow noise in excess
orifices. The small holes produce smaller of 110 dBA can permanently damage a
flow jets that generate proportionally less person’s hearing and the noise induced
noise as the small holes are less efficient vibrations can damage the valve’s trim and
in converting mechanical power to instrumentation mounted on the valve.
acoustical power than large holes.
Norriseal's DB I and DB II trims have Standard Trims: Calculate the flow noise
multiple small orifices and are significant for the specified conditions. The standard
quieter than standard plug or cage control Plug Control, flow up, or the Cage Control,
trims. flow down, may meet the customer's noise
requirements or our 110 dBA limit. In this
Backpressure Orifice: The flow noise case no further measures are required
increases rapidly with increased pressure providing the downstream flow velocity is not
drop especially when the critical pressure excessive.
drop is exceeded. However if the total
pressure drop can be shared by two DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims: The
devices, the flow noise can be significantly DB I and DB II trims will reduce compressible
reduced. This can be accomplished with flow noise in the flow up configuration.
a fixed orifice plate downstream of a
Determine the predicted flow noise for Norriseal’s Application Engineering for
standard cage control trim. Calculate the applications with DB II that have predicted
valve's pressure ratio by dividing the noise values above the required limit.
upstream pressure by the downstream
pressure, both psia, and determine the THE COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE
"Noise Attenuation Value" from Graph 5. PHENOMENA
To determine the aerodynamic flow noise
with DB I and DB II trims, subtract the A control valve's purpose is to create a
"Noise Attenuation Value" from the pressure drop, the pressure drop creates
predicted flow noise for standard cage fluid turbulence and the turbulence
control trim. Graph 5 shows noise generates flow noise. The resultant flow
attenuation for both the DB I slotted cage noise is inevitable but can be minimized by
and the DB II drilled hole cage. Noise trim and valve selection.
attenuation for the DB I cage is less than
the DB II but the cost of a DB I is also less Flow noise produced by a valve will be
than the DB II. Choose the cage style transmitted through the wall of the
appropriate for the application. The DB I downstream pipe. Very little noise will come
cage is not available in trim sizes larger through the valve body wall as the area of
than 4". The flow noise calculation for DB the pipe's wall is larger than the pipe's wall
I and DB II trim is automatic with thickness.
Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program.
High flow noise from compressible flow
Compressible Flow Velocity Limits: If presents two problems. Mechanical
flow noise is being controlled, the flow vibrations from excessive noise levels can
velocity in the valve body and downstream quickly destroy the trim and also may
piping should be limited to 1/3 sonic damage accessories mounted on the valve's
velocity for DB II and 1/2 sonic velocity for actuator. The major problem from high flow
DB I trims. Higher velocities will generate noise is hearing damage to people in the
significant flow noise in the pipe even vicinity of the valve. OSHA has established
though a low noise trim is installed. noise limits that vary from 115 dBA to 85
Applications with low outlet pressures can dBA depending on the length of daily
readily have high downstream velocities. exposure. the 115 dBA is for 15 minutes
Sonic velocity at the valve's outlet can exposure and 85 dBA is for an 8 hour
produce flow noise as high as 135 dBA as exposure. The usual requirement is 85 dBA
the shock waves from the sonic velocity as it is difficult to limit a person's exposure.
will propagate downstream as the pipe Ear protection can help protect a person's
acts as a megaphone! The body's flow hearing, but with today's legal liability rulings,
velocity, for compressible flow, can be the owner of the process is liable for people's
calculated using the body outlet diameter hearing damage even if they exceed posted
from Table 5. exposure times and do not use provided ear
protection. We should be concerned if the
Two Stage Trims and Backpressure predicted noise level exceeds 110 dBA even
Orifices: Two stage trims and if the customer does not impose a limit. Flow
backpressure orifices require special noise exceeding 110 dBA, for any significant
analyses and designs not available as time can damage the valve trim and
standard. The use of two stage trims and accessories.
downstream orifices may reduce the flow
noise an additional 10 dBA beyond the Norriseal uses both ISA's CV formulas from
reduction of the DB II Trim. Consult ISA 75.01 and ISA's Control Valve
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction formulas were written to fit the test data. In the 1980's
from ISA 75.07.01. ISA 75.07.01 was ISA developed a theoretical noise prediction
published in 1989 and has become method, with the combined input from many
recognized as the best compressible flow valve companies, that is more accurate than
noise prediction method. The major the previous empirical methods. The ISA
control valve companies, Fisher and noise prediction method applies only to
Masoneilan, had developed, in the 1960's, standard plug or cage control trims. Low
empirical noise prediction techniques flow noise designs require an additional
based on laboratory test data. Formulas factor to be subtracted from the ISA value.
Table 21 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2200/2220 Globe Body, Modified Percentage &
Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
Body Trim
Size Size Quick
Modified Percentage
Open
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 1.68
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 3.82
1” 0.500” .557 1.11 1.68 2.26 2.92 3.62 4.30 4.98 5.43 5.60 5.60
0.750” .752 1.57 2.43 3.42 4.58 6.08 7.93 9.71 10.6 11.0 11.6
1.000” .983 2.01 3.40 6.12 8.90 11.7 13.5 14.4 15.1 15.4 15.4
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 1.68
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 3.75
2” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 6.08
0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9 13.0
1.000” 1.01 2.02 3.08 4.67 6.96 10.3 13.7 15.4 16.7 17.1 23.0
Table 22 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2275A Globe and Angle Bodies, Modified Percentage &
Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Globe Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
Trim
Body Quick
Size Modified Percentage
Size Open
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100
0.062” .016 .026 .033 .038 .043 .048 .058 .072 .086 .100 .096
0.125” .050 .073 .088 .111 .155 .258 .324 .367 .389 .407 .446
1’ 0.250” .487 .588 .617 .693 .802 .940 1.08 1.22 1.33 1.36 1.40
0.375” .724 .901 1.04 1.41 2.27 2.74 3.05 3.25 3.38 3.45 3.51
0.500” .887 1.13 1.82 3.45 4.24 4.70 4.98 5.14 5.18 5.22 5.90

Angle Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
Trim
Body Quick
Size Modified Percentage
Size Open
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100
0.062” .010 .017 .025 .034 .045 .055 .065 .077 .092 .109 .109
0.125” .031 .046 .068 .133 .204 .269 .328 .377 .402 .415 .421
1’ 0.250” .505 .579 .612 .659 .753 .885 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.34 1.38
0.375” .707 .978 1.26 1.53 2.00 2.48 2.92 3.23 3.44 3.52 3.59
0.500” .725 1.15 1.98 3.05 4.10 5.11 5.70 5.93 6.08 6.18 6.20
Table 23 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2400/2420 Globe Body, Modified Percent,
Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70
0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08
0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9
2”
1.000” 1.05 2.10 3.21 4.86 7.24 10.7 14.3 16.0 17.4 17.8
1.250” 1.60 3.17 6.42 9.78 13.2 16.6 20.1 23.8 27.1 29.8
1.500” 2.02 3.51 7.60 12.0 16.3 20.7 24.4 27.8 31.0 34.0
1.750” 2.14 3.81 8.09 12.6 16.9 21.2 25.7 30.5 34.6 38.1
Table 24 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .675 2.20 6.68 11.0 15.1 17.8 19.7 20.6 21.1 21.6
1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.7 23.0 28.2 33.2 36.9 39.1
1.5”
1.5” 1.06 6.02 15.2 24.5 33.4 40.0 43.4 45.6 46.9 47.5
1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6
2” 1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 37.2 47.5 56.4 62.7 66.7 69.4
2” 2.03 9.34 24.8 40.5 52.8 59.4 64.2 67.6 69.8 71.3
1” 6.75 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6
1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 39.9 53.1 61.4 67.0 70.9 73.7
3”
2” 2.03 9.34 25.4 41.6 57.5 69.6 78.6 83.6 85.9 88.1
3” 4.63 14.5 37.2 65.4 86.0 100 109 114 117 119
1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6
1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 39.9 53.1 66.5 75.2 81.0 84.9
4” 2” 2.03 11.9 28.2 49.8 70.6 85.3 94.9 102 106 110
3” 5.47 21.6 48.1 77.1 104 124 139 148 153 155
4” 12.4 40.8 85.6 128 159 179 193 199 201 203
4” 14.7 50.2 108 165 220 258 282 295 302 305
6”
6” 37.9 114 210 287 344 384 406 415 419 422
6” 37.9 119 223 325 430 500 537 561 573 578
8”
8” 95.9 257 434 596 713 777 818 833 837 841
Table 25 - Flow Coefficients, CV,2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced Linear Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.43 11.3 14.3 16.9 18.6 19.6
1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 16.4 20.7 25.0 29.2
1.5”
1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 27.7 34.5 39.8 43.5 45.5
1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 16.4 20.9 25.6 30.2
2” 1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 28.8 37.2 46.0 54.8 61.3
2” 1.51 4.87 11.0 20.3 30.9 41.5 50.2 57.0 61.4 64.8
1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.5 14.7 22.6 27.8 33.1
1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 29.8 40.5 50.9 58.4 63.0
3”
2” 1.51 4.87 11.9 22.8 34.4 46.1 57.6 69.0 76.9 81.5
3” 3.23 8.30 19.6 37.6 55.8 73.7 88.9 101 110 117
1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 17.4 22.6 27.8 33.1
1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 30.4 42.4 54.2 65.5 72.1
4” 2” 1.51 7.61 14.6 25.6 39.9 54.6 67.8 78.2 87.5 94.1
3” 3.60 12.4 25.7 44.3 64.9 85.8 106 122 135 145
4” 8.57 21.2 42.7 68.5 94.0 120 145 168 184 195
4” 11.7 31.5 66.8 103 139 175 210 246 271 284
6”
6” 19.6 55.8 104 152 200 248 296 339 369 391
6” 24.8 75.2 140 203 266 331 393 457 502 523
8”
8” 55.3 125 224 324 422 521 618 705 752 790

Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .308 .565 1.21 2.63 4.83 8.16 12.4 15.5 17.8 18.9
1” .308 .565 1.21 2.63 5.06 8.40 13.0 17.9 22.7 27.3
1.5”
1.5” .400 .813 2.36 4.86 8.49 15.1 22.7 30.3 35.5 39.2
1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 13.4 18.9 24.4 29.9
2” 1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 27.9 39.2 49.7 57.5
2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 53.0 58.5 62.0
1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 14.6 20.3 26.3 32.2
1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 28.0 39.3 50.7 61.7
3”
2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 55.4 68.0 77.2
3” .906 3.31 7.72 15.4 27.7 46.8 70.1 93.7 108 116
1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 14.6 20.3 26.3 32.2
1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 28.9 42.4 55.3 63.8
4” 2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 55.4 70.9 82.1
3” .906 4.03 9.25 17.3 29.2 49.0 77.0 106 131 142
4” 2.83 9.09 19.5 33.9 52.0 79.8 119 159 185 195
4” 5.34 9.84 18.5 38.6 65.6 107 155 206 249 269
6”
6” 6.84 19.6 40.1 69.6 107 163 244 325 360 378
6” 11.8 23.1 43.2 78.8 139 223 310 399 472 508
8”
8” 18.1 44.1 86.9 143 221 346 494 642 728 756
Balanced DB I Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .480 1.85 5.25 8.61 11.9 14.6 16.6 17.9 18.6 18.8
1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.0 17.1 21.0 24.7 27.5 29.8
1.5”
1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 27.4 34.1 38.3 40.8 42.4 43.9
1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.0 17.1 21.4 26.0 29.9 32.3
2” 1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 27.4 34.5 41.1 47.2 51.5 54.8
2” 1.78 7.50 18.7 29.6 40.7 49.9 55.7 59.1 61.1 61.9
1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.2 17.3 22.0 27.4 32.0 35.4
1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 28.6 38.5 49.1 56.2 61.5 65.8
3”
2” 1.78 7.5 18.7 32 44.5 56.2 66.6 75.1 81.3 85.3
3” 3.04 12.7 30.2 49.6 67.6 82.4 93.5 102 108 112
1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.2 17.3 22.0 27.4 32.0 35.4
1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 29.4 39.7 49.4 57.8 65.1 70.3
4” 2” 1.78 7.5 18.7 32.0 44.8 57.6 69.7 80.5 89.4 95.8
3” 4.25 15.8 33.9 52.4 71.4 89.8 108 124 137 147
4” 10.4 38.9 77.5 111 134 150 160 166 172 178
6” 4” 9.18 36.1 72.4 108 145 181 215 237 251 262

Balanced DB II Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .475 1.59 4.71 7.80 10.9 14.0 16.1 17.5 18.2 18.6
1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.13 11.5 14.8 18.1 21.5 24.8 28.2
1.5”
1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 27.4 32.2 36.2 39.7 42.0
1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.3 25.7 29.1
2” 1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 27.7 33.3 38.9 44.5 49.9
2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.2 47.8 53.6 57.5 60.1 61.5
1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.4 26.8 31.6
1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 28.2 34.8 42.0 49.4 56.6
3”
2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.2 49.4 59.8 70.5 78.7 83.8
3” 1.71 9.93 24.5 38.8 53.3 66.0 77.5 87.2 94.6 100
1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.4 26.8 31.6
1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.5 29.1 36.5 44.7 52.8 60.9
4” 2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.3 50.1 60.8 71.7 82.3 92.9
3” 4.47 13.7 27.2 41.2 55.8 70.0 84.2 96.9 107 115
4” 7.01 28.1 50.4 72.9 94.2 114 129 141 151 160
2” 9.09 32.4 60.4 87.4 115 142 170 195 213 224
6”
3” 23.9 67.3 117 166 215 258 292 318 337 351
4” 24.9 69.2 118 166 220 271 317 357 385 405
8"
6” 47.3 131 220 305 389 462 524 574 611 644
Balanced CAVII Cavitation Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” .453 1.18 4.12 7.12 10.1 13.2 15.8 16.9 17.7 18.5
1” .453 1.18 4.59 8.45 12.6 16.5 20.2 23.5 26.1 27.9
1.5”
1.5” .890 2.67 8.58 14.5 20.5 26.7 31.5 35.2 38.0 40.2
1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0
2” 1.5” .890 2.67 9.00 15.7 22.2 28.8 35.3 41.2 45.7 49.3
2” 1.55 7.69 17.9 28.2 38.6 46.2 51.9 55.8 58.7 61.3
1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0
1.5” .890 2.93 10.0 17.0 23.8 30.7 37.0 42.7 47.6 51.9
3”
2” 1.55 7.70 18.8 30.0 41.2 51.8 58.8 64.0 68.6 73.0
3” 1.66 9.88 23.7 37.4 51.0 63.1 73.0 80.9 87.0 91.7
1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0
1.5” .890 2.93 10.0 17.0 23.8 30.7 37.0 42.7 47.6 51.9
4” 2” 1.55 7.70 20.7 32.1 42.7 52.6 60.7 67.0 72.6 76.7
3” 4.04 15.7 30.6 45.1 58.2 69.7 80.0 88.6 96.0 104
4” 6.40 26.8 48.3 69.9 88.7 103 115 126 136 146
4” 8.82 31.4 55.9 80.0 105 129 150 166 178 186
6”
6” 21.8 66.9 115 163 207 239 266 289 309 328
6” 28.2 77.2 127 176 227 274 320 353 375 390
8”
8” 45.4 128 213 297 371 428 478 523 565 603
Table 30 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,

Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” 1.17 2.29 3.82 6.65 10.9 15.2 17.7 19.3 20.2 20.5
1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.1 25.2 30.5 34.1 36.0
1.5”
1.5” 3.13 6.06 9.68 17.7 28.8 40.0 47.2 51.6 54.0 54.8
1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1
2” 1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 24.9 33.6 44.0 53.4 59.5
2” 5.01 11.0 20.3 33.8 48.9 61.4 67.2 69.5 70.8 71.6
1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1
1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 26.2 35.6 46.2 57.0 65.1
3”
2” 5.01 9.85 16.6 30.6 47.2 62.9 77.0 88.8 96.4 101
3” 6.15 14.9 27.7 52.5 80.3 104 118 124 128 129
1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1
1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 26.2 37.9 50.6 62.1 67.4
4” 2” 6.2 11.5 20.9 37.1 53.1 70.3 82.1 93.8 104 110
3” 14.8 29.0 44.1 59.1 80.6 111 135 151 166 172
4” 14.8 23.2 38.3 71.5 114 148 177 196 207 211
2” 6.2 11.5 20.9 37.1 53.1 70.3 82.1 93.8 104 110
3” 14.8 29.0 44.1 67.2 96.6 126 155 181 195 210
6”
4” 15.4 31.3 57.5 101 145 190 234 272 294 316
6” 19.8 40.1 76.7 128 192 252 312 352 378 400
4” 15.4 31.3 66.6 117 168 220 271 315 340 366
8” 6” 26.8 54.2 99.7 175 252 329 406 471 510 548
8” 36.3 75.2 138 242 375 522 641 723 780 805
Table 31 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Quick Opening,
Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1” 1” 8.83 14.0 17.4 19.2 20.2 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9
1” 10.9 20.6 27.1 31.7 34.9 37.3 38.9 39.8 40.3 40.5
1.5”
1.5” 13.2 26.4 37.2 44.3 49.1 52.4 54.2 54.8 55.3 55.9
1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2
2” 1.5” 18.4 33.4 46.9 56.5 60.9 62.3 63.7 64.4 64.6 65.0
2” 19.6 38.7 55.2 62.7 65.6 67.5 68.8 70.0 71.3 72.8
1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2
1.5” 18.4 33.4 46.9 57.7 66.9 73.9 77.3 79.9 81.4 81.9
3”
2” 19.6 38.7 59.9 74.5 88.3 97.0 100 103 104 105
3” 27.5 54.5 81.8 102 115 122 126 127 129 130
1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2
1.5” 18.4 33.4 51.1 63.7 70.5 78.1 83.2 87.7 90.5 92.5
4” 2” 26.8 45.7 64.5 77.8 92.3 101 107 114 119 122
3” 27.5 55.9 93.5 131 153 168 178 182 186 187
4” 30.4 64.5 103 142 175 195 204 210 212 213
2” 26.8 49.1 72.2 90.8 106 116 123 128 130 132
3” 27.5 55.9 103 149 180 199 212 219 225 229
6”
4” 55.0 111 166 221 270 298 312 316 318 320
6” 55.2 117 189 271 333 374 406 427 440 444
4” 55.0 111 166 221 277 321 345 357 363 369
8” 6” 75.7 160 259 372 457 513 557 586 604 609
8” 90.3 217 354 505 631 725 797 841 872 885
Table 32 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,

Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body Trim
Size Size
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70
1” 0.500” .557 1.11 1.68 2.26 2.92 3.62 4.30 4.98 5.43 5.60
0.750” .752 1.57 2.43 3.42 4.58 6.08 7.93 9.71 10.6 11.0
1.000” .983 2.01 3.40 6.12 8.90 11.7 13.5 14.4 15.1 15.4
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70
1.5” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08
0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9
1.000” 1.01 2.02 3.08 4.67 6.96 10.0 13.0 14.7 15.5 16.3
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70
2” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08
0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.53 6.57 8.49 10.8 15.0 12.9
1.000” .964 1.92 3.14 5.07 9.68 11.9 14.9 17.2 19.3 20.9
0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43
0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70
3” & 4” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08
0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.53 6.57 8.49 10.8 15.0 16.2
1.000” .964 1.92 3.14 5.07 9.68 11.9 14.9 17.2 19.3 20.9

Valve Sizing Reference Guide

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VALVE

P1  P2 Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow

Pressure Drop for liquid phase = Vapor FlowVelocity,VV orVP

Pressure Drop for vapor phase =

ff = weight fraction of total flow as liquid

fg = weight fraction of total flow as vapor

Table 4 - FL, KC & XT Factors

Table 6 - ALLOWABLE SEAT LEAKAGE CLASSES

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM

(Actuator Volume) (Actuator Air Pressure)

Required Added Air to Actuate at 18 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)

Required Added Air to Actuate at 24 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)

Required Added Air to Actuate at 30 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)

Required Added Air to Actuate at 36 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)

The implosion of the bubbles when near Flashing Countermeasures -

Flow Coefficient (CV)

Table 24 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

Table 25 - Flow Coefficients, CV,2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

Table 26 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

Table 28 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

Table 30 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,

Table 32 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,

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