SILENT PILING TECHNOLOGIES

FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION IN INDONESIA

Er. Dr. GOH Teik Lim

1 INTRODUCTION
Thunder reigns in Indonesia. It sounds like bombs are dropping. And, it has been
going on for years. The noise level denies the peaceful image of the country. This
great commotion is nothing more than the normal pile driving activities in urban cities
and there are a lot of them going on all over the world. Design codes place limits on
the noise and vibration created by these piling activities. Protection measures such
as issuing fines and to a larger extend, imposing „stop work order‟ by local authorities
have been directed to unmindful contractors. These steps are taken to prevent human
disturbance and damage to nearby buildings during the execution of construction works
on site.

According to the 1996 Japanese White Paper, the Japanese Ministry of Environment
has established seven types of environmental pollution from the construction industry,
namely air pollution, water and earth contamination, bad odour, noise, vibration and
ground subsidence. Out of these seven pollutants, noise contributes to the highest
percentage of complaints received from the public. As shown in Fig. 1, about 40% of
public complaints are due to noise while close to 10% are due to vibration
generated during construction. It is clear that the noise and vibration problems at
construction site are serious management problems that must be tackled during the
planning and construction stages.

Fig. 1 Public complaints from construction activities

Besides the environmental concern, the use of conventional piling system requires a
large construction corridor and relies on flat working platform to sit their machines.
Often, the entire set up of these bulky machineries occupies a large working space
which can easily cause major disruption to the existing daily activities (e.g. traffic
flows) as illustrated in Fig. 2.

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 Fig. 2 Traffic flows obstructed during construction activities

The rapid development in robotics technology and machine automation has led to
revolutionary change in design, function and capability of construction machinery.
Advanced machinery has been designed to improve work safety with less human
dependent and more environmental friendly. However, one area that has not fully
benefited from the technological wave of automation is the construction
methodology as evidenced by the increased number of public complaints during
the execution of construction works. This is an insoluble dilemma faced by planners
and practising engineers in major cities all over the world.

2 WHAT IS PRESS-IN PILING?

The press-in method is a non-dynamic method for the installation of pre-formed
piles. The technique uses hydraulic rams to push piles into the ground and is
presented as a „silent‟ or „vibration-free‟ method. The idea of pressing a pile into the
ground by static force is not a new concept, but it has taken sometime to develop a
machine that is capable of consummating this idea. One of the earliest pile jacking
machines was developed in China (Li et al., 2003). The machine size is usually
massive and its set up often requires a large flat ground area at site (Fig. 3). Weights
are unloaded and re-loaded from the machine each time when the piling location is
changed, unless a sliding rail system is used. This type of jacking machine has
become increasingly popular especially for single point foundation pile in noise and
vibration sensitive areas.

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 Fig. 3 Jacked Piling Machine based on Counter Weight System

2.1 Press-in Machine derived from Reaction Principle

The size of press-in machine has to be massive if the reaction force is obtained
solely from the machine weight. To develop a relatively small and compact lightweight
machine which has the sufficient penetration force, shaft friction of previously installed
piles is used to derive the reaction force (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 Press-in Piling based on Reaction Principle

In 1967, Akio Kitamura founded Giken Seisakusho in Kochi, Japan to develop this
idea, and in 1975, the first press-in machine based on the reaction principle was
produced. This press-in machine derives from a truly simple arrangement; gripping
previous installed piles to press-in subsequent piles and at the same time, allowing
the press-in machine to self-walk along the pile top. The press-in machines which
are commonly used in the construction site are now better known as the „Silent Piler‟
(Fig. 5).

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 Fig. 5 U Sheet Pile and Tubular Giken Silent Piler

Innovations in material usage have resulted in a whole series of machines, allowing

various piles in different shapes and materials to be pressed-in, such as U, Z, H,
tubular steel sheet piles and concrete sheet piles (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Variation of Sheet Pile Materials

2.2 Self-walking Mechanism of the Silent Piler

The Silent Piler consists of three distinct parts linked together by a sliding rail and
mast (Fig. 7). The upper and lower parts of the machine slide horizontally on the rail
of the lower body. The lower body normally has three or four clamping claws to
hold the body on the piles by gripping the previously installed piles tightly. The part
attached to the upper body that grip the pile is referred to as the „chuck‟. It moves
vertically up and down along the mast of the upper body. This moving function
allows the static pile driving to be carried out, which eliminate the noise and vibration.
Half-way through the press- in operation, the clamping claws of the lower body release
the piles. The body of the Silent Piler is lifted up by the hydraulic jack. The whole body
is then held by the chuck on the pile. The lower body finally moves forward along the
rail and sits on the piles back.

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 Fig. 7 Self walking on piles

2.3 The GRB Non-staging System

In 1982, the Giken Reaction Base (GRB) System was developed in conjunction with
the Press-in Method to allow non-staging piling activities to proceed in sensitive areas,
above water and on slope embankment. The GRB System incorporates the press-in
equipment (Silent Piler) with a power pack, a crane with reaction clamping mechanism
(Clamp Crane), and a pile transport unit (Pile Runner). The piles are loaded onto the
pile transport unit, which runs on top of the installed pile wall, to the crane and
subsequently, it will be pitched and placed into the chuck of the Silent Piler (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8 Systemized GRB equipments

This systemized approach allows piling works to continue over water without the need
for barges, along sloped embankments without the need for external staging and in
very tight confined spaces, which conventional operations could not gain access.
2.4 Piling in Hard Ground

In certain hard ground conditions, cobbles and stones may be present to create
very difficult piling conditions. It is almost impossible to use conventional pile
driving technique to force the long flimsy sheet pile into such ground. Often, the
sheet pile is forced deliberately; causing the interlocks and pile toe to damage. To
solve this difficulty for hard ground piling conditions, auxiliary techniques either by
the water jetting or integral auguring systems are used simultaneously with the
standard press-in procedure.

Water Jet System

The water jet system uses high pressure of water jet to reduce the pressure
bulb of the ground temporarily during the press-in operation. Water jetting is effected
by means of high-pressure flexible hose supplied from a reel system atop the Silent

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 Piler (Fig. 9). This special high pressure water blasts a small diameter of water stream
which works in three ways: it creates a pilot hole through hard strata, allowing piles
to push the heavier particles such as gravel out of the way; and it lubricates the pile
to temporarily reduce skin friction interaction between the soil and the pile.

Fig. 9 Press-in Method with integrated water jetting system

Super Crush System

The Press-in Method with integral auguring implements the press-in piling with
simultaneous auguring, allowing the jack-in force to advance the pile through a small
influence zone created by the augur. The augur itself breaks up hard ground and
removes small amounts of soil (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10 Press-in Method with integrated auguring system

3 PILING INDUCED NOISE AND GROUND VIBRATIONS

Noise pollution created during pile driving can present a health hazard to site
operatives and cause annoyance to neighbours. British Standard BS5228 (1992)
provides guidance on acceptable noise levels during construction. In urban areas,
the noise level should not exceed 75 dB at the outside of a noise sensitive building,
with a lower limit of 70dB to be applied in rural areas. Table 1 compares the noise

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 level of conventional piling equipment with the Silent Piler.

Table 1 Typical ambient and piling-induced noise levels

Environment (Selby, 1997) Noise level (dB)
Inside a metro train 90-100
Inside a city bus 80-90
Street corner traffic 70-80
Conversational speech 60-70
Business office 50-60
Suburban living room 40-50
Library 30-40
Piling machinery (from BS5228) Noise source level (dB)
Double acting diesel hammer (37 kJ) 135
Double acting air hammer (5.6 kJ) 134
Enclosed drop hammer (3 tonnes) 98
Hydraulic drop hammer (60 kJ) 121
Giken Seisakusho ‘Silent Piler’ Observed noise (dB)
Power pack (loudest component) 75 @ r = 1m (Selby, 1997)

Piling-induced ground vibrations can lead to human disturbance and structural

damage. The draft Eurocode 3 provides guidelines for acceptable human exposure to
ground vibrations depending on the length of the construction period and threshold for
structural damage (Fig. 11).

Fig. 11 Maximum acceptable vibrations – human disturbance & structural damage

Head & Jardine (1992) have assembled database of previously published

measurements of ground vibrations during dynamic piling in Fig. 12, plotted on same
axes as used in Fig. 11. By overlaying these figures, the distance from the piling
operation at which ground vibrations fall below the Eurocode thresholds can be found.
White et al. (2002) reported field measurements taken from sites in New Orleans
(USA) and Utrecht (Netherlands), clearly indicated a 10-50 times reduction in ground
vibrations when Silent Piler was used as compared to conventional dynamic piling
methods (Fig. 12).

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 Fig. 12 Measured ground vibrations during dynamic and press-in piling

4 PILING UNDER TIGHT WORKING CONDITIONS

Urbanization is proceeding rapidly in all major cities without much regard to future
infrastructure and pockets of land have been left underdeveloped. Some cramped areas
such as narrow streets between existing buildings are not able to be developed
considering the difficulties of construction machine in gaining access. Silent Piler has
been designed to work within these tight working conditions (Fig. 13), allowing marginal
lands to be developed instead of leaving them to waste.

Fig. 13 Solving difficulties in narrow access areas

Total Utilization of Available Land

The cost for land is extremely high for any development in major cities. It is therefore
important to optimize the usage of land and avoid the creation of dead space. In such
case, retaining wall has to be installed right up against boundaries. This is currently
impossible using the conventional approach. With introduction of Zero Piler, retaining
wall can now be installed adjacent to existing structures (Fig. 14). As a result, more
underground space can be used for development (Fig. 15).

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 Fig. 14 Retaining wall installed with zero clearance to adjacent existing structure

Fig. 15 Increased land space for underground development

Solving Overhead Obstruction

Under overhead restrictions such as under existing structures, a bridge and high tension
cables, piling works can proceed smoothly using the press-in piling method (Fig. 16).
This is simply because the press-in point is located close to ground level.

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 Fig. 16 Overhead clearance during pile installation

5 ONE STEP APPROACH USING PRESS-IN PILING TECHNOLOGY

The press-in machine was initially conceptualized for piling works in areas where
the conventional vibratory techniques caused excessive settlement and in cities where
noise regulations have restricted the use of pile hammers. More supporting equipments
have been developed subsequently in order to provide a complete solution to the overall
planning of the construction works.

Environmental protection has been one of the key elements during the development
stage of all the press-in machineries. This is to ensure that all machineries that
are being introduced into the construction site will not cause substantial disturbance
to the environment and inconvenience to the public. Systemized machineries have
been developed in accordance with the concept of eliminating temporary works during
construction. This concept is so called the “One-step Approach”, allowing sequence
of construction works to progress in a single process. The approach has been
adopted in many construction projects worldwide and several of its application will be
elaborated in the following sections. The concept of the “One-step Approach”, for
example in a road widening project (Fig. 17) will be described in more details here.

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 Fig. 17 Typical example of “One-step Approach” using the footing-less concept

As shown, the “One-step Approach” synchronises the construction process into a

single sequence of events in which the bulk of temporary works are eliminated, allowing
the construction works to proceed in a narrow construction corridor without encroaching
onto nearby structures or services. A subset of the “One-step Approach” would be the
case of retaining structures, in which a conventional design would require
excavation, the installation of a footing and backfilling (a “footing-based approach”,
consisting of three steps) whereas the “One-step Approach” would be a construction
solution of an implant cantilevered pile wall (a “footing-less approach”), installed by the
press-in piling technique in a single process. Table 2 compares “One-step
Approach” with other conventional construction techniques, which are still commonly
adopted in the construction industry.

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Table 2 Comparison of “One-step Approach” with conventional construction techniques
for a typical road widening project

The above table shows that the three alternative construction techniques are
either unfeasible
(because they encroach onto the neighbouring roads or structures through pollution
or temporary works) or uneconomic (because they require a large amount of temporary
works, which will take longer time to complete). The use of prefabricated structural
materials has also been emphasized in the concept of “One-step Approach” to
minimise the polluted spoil from being removed from the ground as required by the cast-
in situ concrete pile system. Furthermore, the delivery of concrete and removal of spoil
material take place at installed position which causes obstruction to the traffic flow.
Ultimately, the energy consumption will be much higher. This typical example clearly
demonstrates the superiority of the concept of One-step Approach in addressing the
environment concern and social problems faced by public during construction.

5.1 One-step Approach for Road Construction

In conventional road construction, slopes are being cut and filled to form flat ground for
road paving. However, soil or rock mass on sloping ground has tendency to move
downward under the influence of gravity, causing tragedy of massive landslide onto the
road with live traffic (Fig. 18).

Fig. 18 Landslide and its mechanism

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Introducing a retaining wall on slope prevents the soil from caving in because the
insertion of a new wall element into the ground will intercept the potential slip circle. The
area occupied by the slope can now be excavated to form a new additional lane for
the traffic to flow. This concept has been increasingly adopted for road widening
projects in urban environment as an effective method to optimize the land utilization
(Fig. 19).

Fig. 19 Implant retaining wall for road widening works

Nevertheless, constructing a retaining wall on slope is a tedious process.

Besides the sloping characteristic of ground, the working space is usually limited as
there are continuous traffic flows on the adjacent side. Conventional piling methods will
require massive temporary staging to be fabricated and removed during construction.
Consequently, the use of implant retaining wall on sloping ground for road construction
becomes extremely difficult. Nowadays, this construction problem can be easily solved
using the GRB non-staging piling system offered by the press-in technology (Fig. 20).

Fig. 20 Comparison between Conventional Approach with GRB Non-staging System

This innovative GRB non-staging piling system has been adopted for a major road
widening project in Yokohama, Japan (Fig. 21). The project site is surrounded by
residential housing and thus, construction works have been carried out in an
environment with strict noise and vibration limits. The construction works have
successfully been accomplished without causing too much disruption to the existing

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heavy traffic flows of 130,000 cars per day.

Fig. 21 Press-in piling on sloped embankment

5.2 One-step Approach for Bridge Foundation Works

Replacing old bridges with new ones can often take place in rural environment where
traffic flow is insubstantial and the land is inexpensive. However in densely populated
urban area, re-development of old and narrow bridge becomes necessary
considering the scarcity of land and unacceptable economical influence for the road
closure during the construction stage (Fig. 22).

Fig. 22 Re-development of aging bridge

New enlarged bridge piers and its foundation are to be constructed in strict overhead
working condition above water. It is tedious and almost impossible if conventional
piling system is adopted. However, using the press-in piling technology, equipment can
be designed to allow piling works to be performed below the bridge without any
disturbance to traffic above. This will ensure that the original functionality of the bridge is
maintained (Fig. 23).

Fig. 23 Press-in piling works below old bridge

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5.3 One-step Approach for Rail Renovation Works

Construction of cut-and-cover tunnels for railway lines in urban area has always posed
great challenges to contractors due to the constraint of working space. Often, the
construction works has to be carried out in a tight corridor where the area is not even
adequate to house a crane. Hence, press-in piling technology has eased this concern
with the development of small, compact and lightweight machines with the GRB non-
staging system (Fig. 24).

Fig. 24 Press-in piling works for underground railway tunnels

Within the range of construction accidents, the incidence of falling material or

equipment is increasing, majority caused by the construction system itself. This means
that there is always potential of an accident occurring under any conditions due to the
inherent nature of piling method itself. Due to these feared accidents, construction
activities close to railways are permitted to progress only at night after the last train and
before the first train begins its operation on the next day. Therefore, the actual working
hours are very limited and naturally, the work takes a longer time to complete.
To solve this problem, the principles of the equipment and method have to be changed
to ensure that even a small possibility of accident will not occur. With the press-
in piling technology, all equipments can grasp on pre-installed piles for ultimate stability.
Utilizing this stable system adjacent to railway tracks (Fig. 25), roads and structures, piling
works can safely be carried out 24 hours a day with total peace of mind.

Fig. 25 Press-in piling works adjacent to existing railway tracks

5.4 One-step Approach For Coastal Infrastructures

Due to ever increasing number of ships calling at the ports all over the world, it
became necessary to expand the berth facility. The expansion of port will ensure fast,
continuous and simultaneous loading and unloading of passengers and cargos.
However, due to cramp space at the harbour vicinity area during construction, it would
be very difficult to adopt the conventional off-shore piling system which has to rely on

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temporary staging.

Alternatively, press-in piling technique can be used considering that it has the ability
to self-walk efficiently over previous installed piles, allowing subsequent piles to
be hydraulically jacked-in accurately into the ground above the water (Fig. 26).

Fig. 26 Press-in piling works above water for construction of port and harbour
Without such innovation, in this case the ability to eliminate the time consuming
temporary works

(i.e. staging), it will have been difficult to materialise the function of port and
harbour as soon as possible. The press-in technology has been applied
successfully in coastal infrastructures development, for example in a cargo berth
expansion project in Batangas, Philippines (Fig. 27).

Fig. 27 Completion of General Cargo Berth construction in Batangas, Philippines

5.5 One-step Approach for Underground Parking System

Convenient parking near transportation nodes, shopping complexes, office towers and
other densely populated areas is critical to urban development. However, construction
of parking facilities is often restrictive in urban areas due to lack of space and
the concern of noise and vibration during construction stage. Ideally, providing
parking areas at strategic location will reduce traffic congestion by permitting commuters
the access to public transportation system. Hence, underground parking systems with
large intake capacity as shown in Fig. 28 have been considered.

Fig. 28 Shafts functioning as foundation piles and underground parking system

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 Big shafts are constructed using press-in machine to form permanent wall in circular
shape (Fig. 29). These shafts can be used as large bearing piles, acting as the
foundation to support the superstructure above. The inner space of the shaft is then
utilized for an automated mechanical underground parking system, so called the „Eco-
Park‟ (for car parking) or „Eco-Cycle‟ (for bicycle parking).

Fig. 29 Construction of shaft using press-in piling

This is inline with the concept of vertical development in contrary to the current horizontal
development. In the case of the concept of horizontal development, all infrastructures
(e.g. parking, storage, waste disposal activities, etc.) are built above ground. This will
provoke chaos if all these facilities are functioning at the same time. Therefore, the
urban city should be planned efficiently to incorporate cultural elements on the
ground surface. Infrastructures for functional needs should be built below ground
while sufficient working space and amenities are located above ground through
development of high rise buildings. With such systematic arrangement, more space at
ground level can be freed up for cultural activities.

6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR FUTURE PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURES

Infrastructures that are constructed for use in public are generally considered
as “Permanent Structures” where the main emphasis is to build strong and durable
structures with a higher factor of safety. These structures are mainly reinforced concrete
and expected to remain permanently with not much flexibility. Recently, such permanent
structures have been demolished as the requirements (e.g. purpose, location and
function) have changed. Vast energy and time have been spent to destroy such strong
and durable structures and consequently, noise, vibration, exhaust gas and industrial
waste are emitted. Considering the advancement of science and technology, the
concept of public infrastructures has to be seriously reviewed to cater for the ever
changing cultural requirements.

If the concept of “Provision of Necessity” is fixed, satisfactory results cannot be achieved

due to the fact that the improvement in our daily needs is a continuous process. Public
facilities will be meaningless if they are not well suited to the new requirements.
Therefore, the current phrase of “Permanent Structure” has to be redefined to a new
phrase called the “Functional Structure”. Hence, “Functional Period” is the duration in
which the structure can perform its intended function for a specific time. With this new
concept, the construction methods of the structure will be different from before.

Functional structures shall satisfy the current requirements and flexible enough to
accommodate future adjustments once the purpose, location and function of the
structure are changed. Hence, it is important to consider this aspect during the
design stage so that built structure can easily be removed once its functional needs
have been changed. This is the basic concept of “Design of Functional Structures”

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which allows a designer to take into consideration the re-cycling aspect of
removable materials during the demolition phase of a structure. It will allow future
public infrastructures to be designed based on function and not only on the strength
itself, providing full flexibility in accordance to current and future requirements.

Therefore, the construction method adopted shall be flexible to cater for both the
construction and removal stages. Most suitable construction materials shall be selected
and installed so that the future demolition works for future functional structures can
be done easily and systematically. Hence, specialized methodology for each
sequence of works can be configured as shown in Fig. 30.

Fig. 30 Life Cycle of Functional Structures

7 CONCLUSIONS

If we analyse all the parties involved in any construction works, we can categorize them
into three main groups: the client, the contractor and the general public. The ideal
situation is when all three parties are in agreement and satisfied with the successful
outcome of the construction works. Problems arise when one of the parties becomes a
victim of imbalance in this relationship. The conventional construction methods based
upon principles that “more is paid for less efficient work” are no longer appropriate to
present-day society. Universally acceptable construction methods must embody the
„Five Construction Principles‟ which are summarised as follows: -

o Environmental Protection – construction work should be environmentally friendly and

free from pollution.
o Safety – construction work has to be carried out in safety and comfort with a method
implementing the highest safety criteria.
o Speed – construction work should be completed in the shortest possible period of
time to realise its function
o Economy – construction work must be done rationally with an inventive mind to
overcome all constraints at the lowest cost.
o Aesthetics – construction work must proceed smoothly and the finished product
should portray cultural and artistic flavour.

With the adoption of silent piling technologies, solutions are now made available to
allow difficult construction works to proceed in urban settings. More importantly, it
ensures a sustainable construction in complying with the public desire.

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REFERENCES

BS5228 (1992). Part 4: Noise control on construction and open sites, code of practice
for noise and vibration control applicable to piling operations. British Standards
Institute, London.
Eurocode 3 (1992). Design of steel structures. Chapter 5, Piling. DD ENV 1993-1-
1:1992 (draft).
Goh, T.L., Nishimura, H., Nozaki, Ikeda, T. & Motoyama, M. (2004). The Use
of Environmental Friendly Press-in Piling Technology in the Construction of
Transportation Infrastructures. Proc. of 3rd Asia Pacific Conference on
Transportation and the Environment.
Goh, T.L. & K. S. Li (2004), Installation of Embedded Retaining Wall by Press-in Piling.
Proc. of Symposium on Deep Excavation, Hong Kong.
Goh, T. L., Carter, M. W. T., Richardson, R., Ikeda, T. & Motoyama, M. (2004).
Press-in Piling: A Construction Solution for Cut & Cover Tunnels. ITA2004, World
Tunnel Congress, Singapore.
Goh, T. L., Shiomi, T., Yamamoto, M., Ikeda, T. & Motoyama, M. (2004). Press-in
Piling: A Solution for Road Construction. 6th Malaysian Road Conference, KL.
Goh, T.L., Shinoda, Y., Hino, I. & Carlito, M. C. (2004), Press-in Piling: A Solution for
General Batangas Cargo Berth Construction. Int. Conf. on Coastal Infrastructure
Development, Hong Kong.
Li, K. S., Nick Ho, C. L., Tham, L. G. & Lee. P. K. K. (2003). Case Studies of Jacked
Piling in Hong Kong. Published by Centre for Research & Professional
Development & The University of Hong Kong.
Selby, A. R. (1997). Control of vibration and noise publication. Brochure publication,
BritishSteel.
White, D., Finlay, T., Bolton, M. & Bearss, G. (2002). Press-in Piling: Ground vibration
and noise during piling installation. ASCE Special Publication 116.

Makalah ini disampaikan dalam rangka diseminasi informasi melalui Seminar HAKI.
Isi makalah sepenuhnya merupakan tanggung jawab penulis, dan tidak mewakili pendapat HAKI.

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