12/30/2019 Test: Earth Science -- Exogenic Processes | Quizlet

NAME

99 Written questions

1. occurs when there are chemical changes in at least some of the composition of the rock

A surface or near-surface process that is not influenced by high temperature or pressure

2. the difference in elevation between two places creates slopes

3. - occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral, causing it to expand
-certain types of clay expand through this process

4. the lateral extension and fracturing of coherent mass due to the plastic flow of its underlying material

5. relief
slope stability
fragmentation and weathering

6. happens when the materials are saturated and move downslope as a viscous fluid

7. processes by which sediments are moved along from the source to where they are deposited

8. - turbulent streams can carry large sediments like boulders and cobbles during flood, forming thick gravel and boulder layers
- Conglomerates

9. movement of fine particles like silt or clay

10. most common erosion agent

11. Mechanical/Physical
Chemical

12. the downslope movement of coherent materials along a well-defined surface of rupture called sliding surface

13. ENVIRONMENT when a stream enters the flat area at the base of the mountain, it primarily loses its energy and decreases in
velocity, results to a landform called alluvial fan

14. -strong erosive power and carry large angular sediments such as boulders and cobbles
-Forms V-shaped valleys

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15. Dissolution
Hydrolysis
oxidation
hydration
biological weathering

16. formed by the accumulation of silts

17. carry the finer sediment components, ranging from sand to clay to a submarine fan

18. - occur in roots of plants, when fungi and lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals and the nutrients are taken in by
these organisms
- there are also certain type of bacteria that consume certain minerals

19. soil loss

dryness
deterioration of soil structure
deterioration of soil nutrient & productivity losses
air pollution

20. the balance between the downslope force caused by gravity and the resistance force due to friction

21. primarily composed of sand- to boulder-size sediments

22. move sediments toward the ocean

23. usually dry ; rapid to extremely rapid

24. weathering
erosion
transportation
deposition

25. fall
topple
slide
spread
flow
complex

26. permanent body of ice

27. where glaciers and ice are found

High altitudes, polar regions

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28. 1. Burial process

2. Compaction process
3. Cementation process
4. Lithification process

29. - erosion in the coastline caused by

wave action

- it wears away the rocks, forming cliffs and arches

- the eroded sediments are mostly rounded grains and the smaller sand-sized grains form a beach

30. as the river enters the sea, it separated into many branches called

31. when salt solutions accumulate in the pore spaces and fractures of the rocks, and as it crystallizes it pushes apart the
surrounding grains and weakens the rock, causing it to disintegrate when exposed to wind or rain

32. - separation and removal of weathered and unweathered rocks and soil from its substrate

33. produced by well-sorted sand

34. siliceous shells

35. involves extremely rapid movement of materials

36. tidal currents transport sands along the coastline

37. - the reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rock, forming oxides
- oxidation of iron-bearing minerals like biotite and pyrite produce iron oxide (hematite) and iron hydroxide (goethite)

38. moderate to very rapid

39. removing soil and transporting it

40. the sediments coming from rivers are also transported along the shoreline via

41. where turbidite deposit/sequence is formed

42. rolling or dragging of large grains aided by the push of smaller grains

43. layer formed when the materials are laid down

44. where a pile of sediments, ranging from clay to boulder-size, mixed together can be found

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45. the widely accepted classification of mass wasting is produced by__________________ and modified by __________________

46. wind
glacier
tide
gravity

47. occurs when a rock is exposed to high temperature such as a forest fire; its outer layer expands due to baking, as it cools the
outer layer contracts, causing the surface to break-off into sheets

48. are slow-moving and commonly carry an assortment of pebbles, sand, silt, and mud

49. bouncing of sand grains as they are picked-up, carried along, and dropped repeatedly

50. when a river enters the sea, it empties its load in a delta, which extends to the shallow coastal area

51. As rock moves over a rock, it acts like a bulldozer; the rocks and soil at the surface are scraped off and grinded against a
mixture of ice and rocks. It moves slowly but erodes downward rapidly, forming U-shaped valleys.

dominant in high altitude mountains

52. gravity
wind
ice
water

53. - occurs when water reacts with the minerals and breaks them down
- the process occurs faster in slightly acidic water
-the common rock forming minerals like, amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar all react with water and form various types of clay
minerals

54. where the supply of sediments is limited, marine organisms like coral reefs develop where the water is fairly warm, clear, and
full of nutrients

55. millions of tons of sediments are picked-up and transported everyday along rivers, coasts, and in deep oceans around the
world

56. predominantly fine materials

57. in a mixture with various grain sizes, the large sediments are called

58. Bed consist of one or two similar grain size

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59. wind
glacier
water
mass wasting or mass movement

60. when rocks split into onion-like sheets parallel to the surface

61. - Streams carrying sediments deposit coarse sediments on lake margins, only silt and clay are deposited from suspension in
deeper parts of the lake
- Shale

62. Wind carries sand and silt materials

63. Process which binds together the individual grains

64. - happens in certain minerals which are dissolved in water

- halite (NaCl) dissolves rapidly in pure water while calcite (CaCO3) dissolves rapidly in acidic water like rainwater
- limestone (composed of calcite) undergoes this process and develop caves through time

65. movement of soluble minerals (salts)

66. Extremely rapid

Very rapid
Rapid
Moderate
Slow
Very slow
Extremely slow

67. includes the free fall movement, bouncing and rolling of materials on a slope

68. very fine calcite shells

69. glacial
mountain stream
mountain front
desert
lake (lacustrine)
river (fluvial)
delta
beach
shallow marine
shallow water carbonate
deep marine

70. animals burrowing can also push open cracks and move rock fragments

human activities such as digging and blasting

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71. in a mixture with various grain sizes, the surrounding fine-grained sediments are referred to as

72. Grain size consists of a mixture of very fine and very coarse grains

73. the physical breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changing its composition

74. climate and weather

75. when water inside the fractures of rocks experience freezing and thawing, causing the joints to expand and grow resulting to
pieces of rocks to detach

76. very slow to extremely slow

77. - commonly occurs in flat, bare areas or dry, sandy, and loose soils
- it detaches soil particles and transports them by wind

78. the forward rotation out of the slope of a soil or rock mass

79. subsystems

80. formed by well-sorted and well-rounded sand grains

81. small individual streams

82. composed of sand and mud

83. on-site breakdown of rock and its eventual transformation into sediments

84. the process in which sediments settle out of the transporting medium

85. distribution of grain size in a layer

86. - downslope movement of rock, soil, ice due to gravity

- occurs when the balance between the resisting force and downslope force is disrupted

87. abrasion, plucking, scouring, and dissolution

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88. Exfoliation
Frost Wedging
Root Wedging
Salt Wedging
Thermal Expansion
Burrowing
Digging and Blasting

89. traction
saltation
suspension
solution

90. Slope failures from the steep slopes of submarine canyons generate submarine landslides which create sediments of varying
sizes.
- Chalk
- Chert

91. the area where sediments are deposited are called

92. the process of compaction, cementation, and recrystallization

93. combination of several types of movement could occur

94. The mud and silt removed from the shoreline and from river mouths are transported by tidal currents and deposited in quieter
waters below the wave zone

95. - sediments from solutions

- formed when temporary lakes in the desert dry-up

96. occurs when joints expand due to plants growing on rock surface thereby prying it open

97. - intact rock is held together by chemical bonds within minerals, by mineral cement, and by interlocking of grains
- fragmented rock is held only by friction between fracture planes or by weak electrical charges between grains

98. predominantly coarse soil materials

99. - vibrations from earthquake

- changes in slope, angle, load, and slope support make a slope unstable
- stability of slope depends on the composition of rocks.

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