WELCOME TO CLASS

XII
ORCHID COLLEGE
 Volumetric Analysis:
Equivalent weight:
The eq. wt. of an element is the
number of parts by weight of that
element which combines or displaces
directly or indirectly 1.008 parts by
weight of hydrogen or 8 parts by
weight of oxygen or 35.5 parts by
weight of chlorine.
In other words, equivalent weight is the
chemically equal amount. Just for example,
23 gm sodium, 8 gm oxygen and 1.008 gm
hydrogen are chemically equal amount
although they have different mass.
Eg.
1USD = 70 IC = 110 NC
They all have same buying capacity in the
international market.
Formula to calculate Equivalent weight:
Eq. wt. of acid = molecular weight/ basicity
Eq. wt. of base = molecular weight/ acidity
Eq. wt. of salt = molecular wt./ total charge on
cation or anion
 Eq. wt. of element = atomic wt/ valency
 eq wt. of oxidising agent = mol. Wt/ change in
O.N
 Here basicity of the acid is the number of
replacable hydrogen present in the molecular
formula. For example, basicity of sulphuric acid is
2 since it has two replacable hydrogen.
Gram equivalent weight: Equivalent weight has no
unit . If equivalent weight is expressed in gram,
called gram equivalent weight.
No of gram equivalent = given wt. (W)/eq.wt (E)
Calculate the equivalent weight of
i. HCl ,NaOH, H2SO4, Na2CO3, CaCO3 , H3PO4
KMnO4 in acid medium.
KMnO4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + 3[O]
Here change in oxidation number of Mn = 7-2=5
Eq. wt. of KMnO4 = M/5= 31.5
Eq wt of KMnO4 in different medium,
BNA =135 ABN=513
Calculate the equivalent weight wt of , H3PO4
in the given reaction.
2NaOH + H3PO4 → Na2PO4 + 2H2O
Question to think:
Calculate the eq wt. of the following
H3P03, , HCOOH, CH3COOH, Ca(OH)2
 Ways to express concentration:
i. Gram per litre strength(gm/litre):
It indicates how many grams of solute is present per
litre of the solution.
Mathematically,
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
Strength(gm/l)=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
Strength(gm/l) = x 1000
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
ii. Normality(N): Normality of the solution indicates
how many no of gram equivalent of solute is present
per litre of the solution.
Mathematically,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑚.𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Normality =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑚.𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
normality = x 1000
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
𝑊
Normality(N)= x 1000
𝐸 𝑋 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
W = VEN/1000
Normal solution (N): If 1 gm eq of solute is
present per litre of the solution, it is called
normal solution.
Decinormal solution (0.1N or N/10): If 0.1 gm
eq of solute is present in one litre of the
solution, it is called decinormal solution.
Centinormal solution(0.01N or N/100)
Seminormal solution (0.5N or N/2)
iii. Molarity(M): It indicates how many gram
moles of solute present per litre of solution.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity(M) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Molarity = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
x 1000
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑊)
Molarity (M) = 𝑀𝑜𝑙.𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑤 𝑥 𝑉
x 1000
W = VMwM/1000
 Numerical :
1. How much sodium carbonate is required
to prepare 250 ml decinormal solution.
2. 4 gm NaOH is present in 200 ml
solution. Calculate the concentration of
the solution in terms of
 normality
Molarity
Strength( gm/l)
iv. Molality(M): It indicates how many moles
of solute is present per kg ( 1000gm) of
solvent.
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• Molality =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• Molality = x 1000
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
• Molality = X 1000
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑋 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Q.

Which of the following concentration term is

not affected by change in temp.
a. Normality
b. Molarity
c. Molality
d. None of the above
v. Percentage strength: it indicates how many parts of
the solute is present per 100 parts of the solution.
Percentage strength is expressed in three ways;
I. weight - volume relation(%w/v): it shows how
many grams of solute is present per 100 ml of
solution.
II. weight-weight relation(%w/w)
III. volume- volume relation(%v/v)
If nothing is specified in % strength you may use one
according to your wish/needed.
Q. Find the normality of 5 % NaOH solution.
 to calculate normality we should use w/v
relaiton,
By the definition of 5 % (w/v) solution,
5 gm NaOH is present per 100 gm of solution.
We know,
W =VEN/1000
N= 1.25N ?
Relationship between Normality and Molarity:
We know,
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑚 𝑒𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• Normality =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑊𝑡.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
Normality =
𝐸 𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
Strength(gm/l) = normality x eq. wt. (i)
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑤𝑡.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity =
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡. 𝑋 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
Strength(gm/l) = molarity X mol. Wt. (ii)
From equation i and ii , we have
Normality x eq. wt. = molarity x molecular wt.
molarity x molecular wt
Normality =. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑡.
• Normality = molarity x n
Where,
n = basicity for acid
= acidity for base
= valency factor
1. Which has higher concentration beteween?
I. O.1M and 0.2N H2SO4
II. 4 gm/ litre and 0.01N NaOH
2. Convert 20 cc 0.3M H3PO4 into normality
3. What is the relation between gm perlitre
strength and percentage strength.
Standard solution:
The solution whose concentration is known is called
standard solution. eg O.1M NaOH solution, 0.05 N
HCl solution
Primary standard solution: The substance whose
solution of particular strength can be prepared
directly by dissolving the calculated weight of
substance in certain volume of solution is called
primary standard substance and such solution is
called primary standard solution. Eg oxalic acid
solution.
Requisites for a substance to be a primary standard:
a. They should have high molecular and eq.wt.
b. They should be available easily in ultra pure form.
c. They should be non-volatile, non-toxic, non-
hygroscopic nature.
d. They should be highly soluble in water.
e. The concentration of the solution shouldn’t be
changed on storage.
Secondary standard solution:
The substance whose solution of particular
concentration can’t be prepared directly by
dissolving its calculated amount in required
volume but whose solution can be standardized
with the help of primary standard solution is
called secondary standard substance and
corresponding solution is called secondary
standard solution. eg HCl solution
Normality factor (f):
To prepare the primary standard solution, we have to
dissolve calculated amount of solute in required volume
of solution. But, it is very difficult to weigh the
calculated weight exactly. If we take the wt. different
from the theoretical wt., concentration of the solution
will differ by certain amount which is called normality
factor.
The ratio of actual wt. taken to the theoretical wt. of the
substance is to be taken is called normality factor.
Normality factor=weight taken / weight to be taken
The normality factor when multiplied with approximate
concentration gives exact concentration.
Titration:
The process of determining the unknown concentration
of the solution with the help of another standard
solution and indicator is called titration.
Titrand: The solution whose concentration is to be
determined.( generally in titration flask)
Titrant: The standard solution with the help of which
concentration of titrand is determined.( generally in
burette)
Indicator:
The chemical substance which indicates whether the
given substance is acid, base or neutral by certain change
in colour is indicator. The indicator indicates end point by
certain change in colour during tiration. eg
phenolphthalein.
Instruments used in titration:
End point:
The neutralization point as shown by the colour
change of the indicator during titration is called
end point.
Equivalence point:
The theoretical end point at which equal
number of gram equivalents of acid and base
(titrant and titrand) are exactly neutralized is
called equivalence point.
Titration error:
The difference between end point and equivalence point
is called titration error. By using the suitable indicator in
acid base titration, titration error can be minimized.
Acidimetry:
The process of determining the concentration of acid
with the help of the standard solution of base is called
acidimetry.
Alkalimetry:
The process of determining the concentration of base by
using the standard solution of acid is called alklimetry.
Principle of volumetric analysis:
The volumetric analysis is based on principle of
chemical equivalent. It means that chemical
substance reacts with one another in equivalent
proportion. This implies that one gram equivalent of
a substance exactly reacts with one gram equivalent
of another.
At end point in acid base titration,
No of gram eq. of acid = no of gram eq. of base
N1V1 =N2V2
 NEB/2071
What mass of 90% pure CaCO3 is required to
neutralize 2 litre decinormal solution of HCl?
Solution: Let X gm of 90% CaCO3 =10g
Since CaCO3 neutralizes 90X/100 = 10
HCl solution, X = 11.11 gm
No of gm. Eq. of CaCO3 =
no of gm.eq of HCl
W(pure)/ E = N X V(litre)
W/50 = 0.1 X 2
W=10 gm