1. Calculate the force of water jet acting on semispherical blade of Pelton turbine.

The turbine is
rotating, rotational speed is 320 rtm⋅min-1. Inner radius of blade curvature is 4 cm, diameter of
blade wheel D1 = 1,1 m. Discharge Q = 27 ls-1 outflows from the nozzle with diameter 30 mm.
Correction coefficient of blades should be ψ = 0,94.

Sol.
Velocity of water with regard to the nozzle:

Peripheral velocity of
wheel:

Relative velocity:

Force on one blade caused by one nozzle - for

a system of hemispherical blades:

Force acting on one blade is then

2. A Pelton wheel having semi-circular buckets functions under a head of 150 m and consumes
50
liter per second of water. If 60 cm diameter wheel turns 600 revolutions per minute, make
calculations for the power available at the nozzle and the hydraulic efficiency of the wheel.
Presume coefficient of velocity Kv is unity and friction factor at bucket as 0.95.

Sol.
Q= 50 lit/s 0.05 m3
/s
H= 150 m
Kv 1
 diameter 60 cm 0.6 m3
/s
speed 600 rpm
jet deflect through 180 °
K (assume) 0.95
73575
Power available in the nozzle= *ρgQH
velocity of jet V= 54.25 m/s *V1=Vw1 =Kv√(2gH)
Tangential velocity of the wheel u = 18.85 m/s * u=πDN /60
blade to speed ratio , ρ=u/V 0.35
Φ= 0 °
hydraulic efficiency ηh= 0.884 * ηh=2(ρ-ρ^2)(1+KcosΦ)
3. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and is supplied with water at the rate of
750 lit/s under a head of 35 m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an angle 160º, find the
power and the efficiency of the turbine neglecting friction in bucket. Take the coefficient of
velocity as 0.98.

u1= 12 m/s
Q= 750 lit/s
H= 35 m
flow deflects = 160 °
coefficient of velocity Kv = 0.98 * flow ratio
ρ= 1000
blade outlet angle Φ = 20 °

V1 = 25.68 m/s
*V1=Vw1 =Kv√(2gH)
Vr1 = 13.68 m/s * V1-U1
Vr2 = 13.68 m/s * neglecting friction, K=1,
Vr1=Vr2
Vw2=Vr2cosΦ-u2 0.86 m/s
Work done at runner / sec = 238832.78 Nm/se *ρQ(Vw1+Vw2)*u1
c
Power developed = 238.83 kW
Power input = 257.51 kW
η= 0.927
4. In a hydroelectric power plant, water available under a head of 250 m is delivered to the
power house through three pipes having 2500 m length. Through these pipes, friction loss is
estimated to be 20 m. The project is required to produce a total shaft output of 13.25 MW by
installing a number of single jet Pelton wheels whose specific speed is not exceeding 38.5. It
is given as wheel speed is 650 rpm, ratio of bucket to jet speed is 0.46, overall efficiency of
the wheel is 85 %, nozzle Cd is 0.94 and Kv is 0.97. Pipe friction coefficient is also given as
0.005. Determine (i) the number of Pelton wheel to be used (ii) jet diameter (iii) diameter of
the supply pipes.

head available= 250 m

friction loss = 20 m
specific speed= 38.5
wheel speed= 650 rpm
Total shaft output= 13.25 MW
Kv= 0.97
ratio of bucket to jet speed = 0.46
overall efficiency ηo= 85 %
Cd= 0.94
friction factor= 0.005
pipe length= 2500 m

Net available head= 230 m

Power available= 2814.6 kW (from specific speed)
Number of Machines= 4.71 kW 5 approx 5
velocity of jet V=Kv(2gH)^0.5= 65.16 m/s
tangential /periferal velocity of bucket u= 29.97 m/s
Diameter of the wheel D= 0.881 m (from u=pi*D*N/60)
m3
Discharge through each wheel, Q= 1.38 /s (Power available from turbine,
P=γQHη)
jet diameter, d= 0.167 m (from Q=Cd(2gH)^0.5*area of jet)
total discharges from machines= 6.91 m3/s
discharges per pipe= 2.3 m3/s
diameter of the pipe = 0.274 m (from darcy weisback
equation hf=flV^2/(2gd)=>
 d=16*flQ^2/(2g*pi^2))

5. It is desired to generate 1000 kW of power. Survey reveals that 450 m of static head and a
minimum flow of 0.3 m3/s are available. Comment whether the task can be accomplished by
installing a Pelton when that turns 1000 revolutions per minute and has an efficiency of 80 %.
Further design Pelton wheel (i.e. width, depth, radial length and number of bucket) by
assuming suitable data for coefficient of velocity, speed ratio and velocity coefficient for the
jet.
Power to be developed = 1000 kW
Static head = 450 m
Q= 0.3 m3/s
Pelton wheel speed 1000 rpm
ηo = 80 %
Assume
coeff of vel Kv = 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)
speed ratio Ku = 0.46 (0.45 to 0.47)
Cd= 0.94

Design pelton wheel

P= 1059.48 kW possible
Velocity of jet V = 92.08 m/s
Tangential velocity of wheel u = 43.22 m/s
D= 0.826 m
Nozzle diameter d= (m=D/d=11 to 15) 0.0658 m
Water flow rate throug
turbine design Q = Cd*sqrt(2gH)*pi/4
width of bucket = 3.5 (3 to 4 )times jet diameter d 23 cm
Depth of bucket = 1 (0.8 to 1.2 )times jet diameter d 7 cm
length of bucket = 2.5 (2 to 3 ) times jet diameter d 16 cm
no of bucket z= 21.28 approx
 6. The head at the base of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is 640 m. The outlet vane
angle of the bucket is 15 o . The relative velocity at the outlet is reduced by 15 %
due to friction along the vanes. If the discharge at outlet is without whirl find
the ratio of bucket speed to the jet speed. If the jet diameter is 100 mm while the
wheel diameter is 1. 2 m, find the speed of the turbine in rpm, the force
exerted by the jet on the wheel, the Power developed and the hydraulic
efficiency. Take C v =0.97.
H = 640 m; = 15o; Vr1 = 0.85 Vr2; Vw2 = 0 ; d = 100 mm; D = 1. 2 m;
Cv = 0.97; Ku = ?; N = ?; Fx = ?; P = ?; h = ?
We know that the absolute velocity of jet is given by
V = Cv 2 = 0.97 2 = 109.74 m/s
Let the bucket gspeed be u 10
H 
Relative velocity at inlet = Vr1 = V1-
640 u = 109.74- u
Relative velocity at outlet = Vr2 = (1 -0. 15)Vr1 = 0. 85 (109.74- u) But
V r 2 cos = u ; 0. 85( 109 .74 -u ) cos 15

Hence u =
49.48 m/ s But
πDN and
u=
60
hence
7. A PELTON wheel turbine is having a mean runner diameter of 1.0 m and is running
at 1000 rpm. The net head is 100.0 m. If the side clearance is 20° and discharge is 0.1
m 3 /s, find the power available at the nozzle and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
8. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the
rate of 700 lps under a head of 30 m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
160°. Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of
the turbine.
Assume the
coefficient of
nozzle as 0.98.
9. Design a Pelton wheel for a head of 80m. and speed of 300 RPM. The Pelton wheel
develops 110 kW. Take co-efficient of velocity= 0.98, speed ratio= 0.48 and overall
efficiency = 80%.
10. It is desired to generate 1000 kW of power and survey reveals that 450 m of static head and a
minimum
flow of 0.3
m3 /s are
available. Comment whether the task can be accomplished by installing a Pelton
wheel run at 1000 rpm and having an overall efficiency of 80%.Further, design the
Pelton wheel assuming suitable data for coefficient of velocity and coefficient of drag.
11. Air is exhausted from a room with atmospheric pressure of P1 = 0.1 mPa via a
uniform diameter pipeline d = 500 mm into the atmosphere P2 = 0.1 mPa. Fan flow rate
is Q = 2000 m3/h, power consumption - N = 1.1 kW, while shaft rotation speed n is 1000
rpm. The measurements have shown that pressure drop in the suction line is Ps = 60 Pa,
in the discharge line – Pd = 80 Pa. For measurement purposes air density ρ is assumed to
be 1.2 kg/m3.

Pipe cross-section area is equal to:

F = (π∙d2) / 4 = (3.14∙0.52) / 4 = 0.2 m2

After the velocity is found, we can determine fan pressure:

P = (P2-P1) + (Ps+Pd) + (ω2∙ρ)/2 = (105-105) + (60+80) + (2.82∙1.2)/2 = 145 Pa

Consumption rate at increased rpm is determined as follows:

Qn/Q = nn/n

from which:

Qn = Q∙nn/n = 2000∙1200/1000 = 2400 m3/h

To determine power at a new rpm value, we can use another equation:

Nn/N = (nn/n)³

from which:

Nn = N∙(nn/n)³ = 1.1∙(1200/1000)³ = 1.9 kW

The result is that fan pressure is 145 Pa, in case of an increase in rotation velocity up to
1200 rpm, the flow rate will go up to 2400 m3/h, power to 1.9 kW.
12. A fan is available, which is used for indoor ventilation and is capable to boost pressure
Pmax up to 70 Pa maximum. Room air enters a fixed-diameter pipe for which it is assumed
that the pressure increases by 7 Pa every meter. The fan was connected to the suction and
discharge lines of unknown lengths, after which the measurements have shown under
pressure Ps at the fan inlet equal to 32 Pa and overpressure Pd equal to 24 Pa - at the outlet.
Measured air velocity ω inside the line was 3 m/s. For measurement purposes air density ρ is
assumed to be 1.2 kg/m3.

Solution:

Let’s consider fan pressure calculation formula:

P = (Pd+(ωd2∙ρ)/2) – (Ps+(ωs2∙ρ)/2)

where ωs and ωd are air velocities in suction and discharge lines. Since line diameter is
constant, i.e. ωs = ωd, the formula may be represented as follows:

P = Pd - Ps = 24 - (-32) = 56 Pa

This implies that the fan has a pressure reserve of 70-56 = 14 Pa under these
operating conditions.

An extension of discharge line will result in higher internal resistance, which will involve
higher fan head. Consequently, it is possible to calculate the maximum limit of
discharge line resistance, until the fan reaches its head limit:

14/7 = 2 m

So, we can deduce, that the discharge line may be extended by 2 meters maximum.
13. Air is sucked from the room via suction pipe ds = 200 mm and is exhausted by the fan into the
atmosphere via discharge line dd = 240 mm. Only readings from sensors installed directly on
the fan are available. Vacuum gage at the fan entry shows Ps = 200 Pa, while pressure gage at
the fan exist shows overpressure of Pd = 320 Pa. Flow meter of evacuated air shows Q = 500
m3/h. Power consumed by the fan, N, is 0.08 kW, shaft rotation velocity, n, is equal to 1000
rpm. For measurement purposes air density ρ is assumed to be 1.2 kg/m3.

First let’s determine air velocity in the suction and discharge lines. Let’s express and
find velocity, ω, from volumetric flow rate equation:

Q = f∙ω

where f = (π∙d2)/4 – pipe cross-section area. From here:

ω = Q/f = (Q∙4)/(π∙d2)

ωs = Q/f = (Q∙4)/(π∙ds2) = (500∙4)/(3600∙3.14∙0.22) = 4.4 m/s

ωd = Q/f = (Q∙4)/(π∙dd2) = (500∙4)/(3600∙3.14∙0.242) = 3.1 m/s

Now that we now air velocity in the discharge and suction lines, as well as inlet and
outlet pressure of the fan, we can find fan pressure, P, as follows:

P = (Pd+(ωd2∙ρ)/2) – (Ps+(ωs2∙ρ)/2) = (320+(3.12∙1.2)/2) – (-200+(4.42∙1.2)/2) = 514 Pa

Now we can express fan efficiency η from power formula and determine it:

N = (Q∙P)/(1000∙η)

η = (Q∙P)/(1000∙N) = (500∙514)/(3600∙1000∙0.08) = 0.9

Result: fan efficiency 0.9 and pressure 514 Pa.

14. There is a tank for nitrogen storage at overpressure P1 of 540 Pa. Gas is fed into the
unit at overpressure P2 of 1000 Pa with the fan connected by a suction line with the storage
tank and by a discharge line with the unit. Pressure losses in these lines are Ps = 120 Pa
and Pd = 270 Pa respectively. In the discharge line gas flow achieves ω = 10 m/s. For
measurement purposes nitrogen density ρ is assumed to be 1.17 kg/m3.

Pressure drop at the suction and discharge points ΔP is:

∆P = P2-P1 = 1000-540 = 460 Pa

Total losses Ptotal in the suction and discharge lines are:

Ptotal = Ps+Pd = 120+270 = 390 Pa

Velocity pressure Pv may be determined as follows:

Pv = (ω2∙ρ)/2 = (102∙1.17)/2 = 59 Pa

Based on the above values we can calculate fan-generated pressure P as follows:

P = ∆P + Ptotal + Pv = 460 + 390 + 59 = 909 Pa

Fan pressure is 909 Pa.

15. What horsepower motor is needed to provide air for a forced draft boiler. The boiler
consumes 125 tons of coal per day and has a fresh air requirement of 30,000 cfm The fan
produces 7 inches of water of static pressure and has an efficiency of 75%.

Solution:
300 (7)
Latex Horsepower= =44 w
0.75(6356)
16. Your client has a pipeline booster station that has a pump with a capacity of 100 gpm, a 7.5
hp motor, and operates at 1450 rpm. Your client would like to increase the pump capacity up
to 200 gallons per minute. What is the resulting change to the pump speed and horsepower
needed?
n1 Q 1
latex= 2 = 2
n Q

3
BH P1 Q1
latex= = ( )
BH P2 Q2

1450 100
latex= =
n2 200

The new speed is (n2) is 2900 rpm

3
7.5 100
Latex=
BH P 2
=( )
200
The pump would require a motor capable of 60 horsepower
17. The pumping specifications for a system are 300 gpm at 150 ft of total dynamic head.
Looking at the manufacturers pump curve, the pump that was scheduled would be able to
produce 190 ft of total dynamic head at 300 gpm with using a 11 inch diameter impeller.
Due to project specific design criteria, the pump can only produce the 150 ft of total
dynamic head. What size should the impeller be trimmed down too?
Sol.
3
H 1 D1
= ( )
H 2 D2
2
150 D1
=
190 11( )
D1=9.77
Impeller diameter need cut down to 9.8 inches
18. It is desired to generate 1000 kW of power and survey reveals that 450 m of static head and
a minimum flow of 0.3 m3 /s are available. Comment whether the task can be accomplished
by installing a Pelton wheel run at 1000 rpm and having an overall efficiency of 80%.
Further, design the Pelton wheel assuming suitable data for coefficient of velocity and
coefficient of drag.
19. A double jet Pelton wheel develops 895 MKW with an overall efficiency of 82% under a
head of 60m. The speed ratio = 0.46, jet ratio = 12 and the nozzle coefficient = 0.97. Find
the jet diameter, wheel diameter and wheel speed in RPM.
20. The following data is related to a Pelton wheel: Head at the base of the nozzle = 80m;
Diameter of the jet = 100 mm; Discharge of the nozzle = 0.3m3 /s; Power at the shaft = 206
kW; Power absorbed in mechanical resistance = 4.5 kW. Determine (i) Power lost in the
nozzle and (ii) Power lost due to hydraulic resistance in the runner.
21. A single stage reciprocating compressor takes 1m3 of air per minute at 1.013 bar and
15oC and delivers it at 7 bar. Assuming that the law of compression is Pv 1.35= constant,
and the clearance is negligible, calculate the indicated power?

Solution:

Indicated Power (IP):

22. An air compressor cylinder has 150mm bore and 150mm stroke and the clearance is 15%.
It operates between 1 bar, 27oC and 5 bar. Take polytrophic exponent n=1.3 for
compression and expansion processes find?
i. Cylinder volume at the various salient points of in cycle.
ii. Flow rate in m3 /min at 720 rpm.
iii. The deal volumetric efficiency.
 Solution:

23. Calcute the diameter and stroke for a double acting single
stage reciprocating air compressor of 50kW having
induction pressure 100 kN/m2 and temperature 150oC. The
law of compression is PV1.2 = C and delivery pressure is 500 kN/ m2 . The
revolution/sec =1.5 and mean piston speed in 150 m/min. Clearance is neglected.
Solution:
24. A single acting reciprocating air compressor has cylinder diameter and stroke of 200 mm
and 300 mm respectively. The compressor sucks air at 1 bar and 27oC and delivers at 8
bar while running at 100 r.p.m Find the Indicated power of the compressor.
 Solution:

25. A single acting reciprocating air compressor has cylinder diameter and stroke of 200 mm
and 300 mm respectively. The compressor sucks air at 1 bar and 27oC and delivers at 8
bar while running at 100 r.p.m Find the mass of air delivered by the compressor per
 minute.
Solution:

26. A single stage, single air compressor running at 1000 r.p.m delivers air at 25 bar. For this
purpose the induction and free air conditions can be taken as 1.013 bar and 150oC and the
free air delivery as 0.25 m3 /min. The clearance volume is 3% of the swept volume and
the stroke bore ratio is 1:2:1 Take the index of compression and expansion as 1.3.
calculate also the indicated power and the isothermal efficiency.
Given:
27. A two stage air compressor air from 1 bar and 20oC to 42 bar. If the law of compression
is pv 1.35 = constant and the intercooling is complete to 20oC, find per kg of air of the
work done is compressing.
Solution:
28. An air compressor takes in air at 1 bar and 20oC and compresses it according to law pv
1.2=constant. It is then delivered to a receiver at a constant pressure of 10 bar. R=0.287
kJ/kg K. Determine:
i. Temperature at the end of compression
ii. Workdone and heat transferred during compression per kg of air.
 Solution:
1.
29. A two stage air compressor air from 1 bar and 20oC to 42 bar. If the law of compression
is pv 1.35 = constant and the intercooling is complete to 20oC, find per kg of air:1. The
work done is compressing; and 2. The mass of water necessary for abstracting the heat in
the intercooler, if the temperature rise of the cooling water is 250oC
Solution:
30. 9.A two- stage acting reciprocating compressor takes in air at the rate of 0.2 m3 /s. The
intake pressure and temperature of air 0.1MPa and 16oC. The air is compressed to a final
pressure of .7Mpa. The intermediate pressure is ideal and intercooling is perfect. The
compression index in both the stages is 1.25 and the compressor runs at 600 r.p.m.
Neglecting clearance determine:
i. The intermediate pressure
ii. The total volume of each cylinder
 Solution:

31. Based on average speed data only, estimate the annual energy production from a
horizontal axis wind turbine with a 12 m diameter operating in a wind regime with an
 average wind speed of 8 m/s. Assume that the wind turbine is operating under standard
atmospheric conditions (ρ = 1.225 kg/m3 ). Assume a turbine efficiency of 0.4.
Solution:

32. A 40 m diameter, three bladed wind turbine produces 700 kW at a wind speed (hub
height) of 14 m/s. The air density is 1.225 kg/m3. Find:
a) The rotational speed (rpm) of the rotor at a tip-speed ratio of 5.0.
b) What is the tip-speed (m/s)?
c) If the generator turns at 1800 rpm, what gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to
the generator speed.
Solution:
33. A 30 m diameter wind turbine is placed on a 50 m tower in terrain with a power law
coefficient (α) of 0.2. Find the ratio of available power in the wind at the highest point the
rotor reaches to its lowest point.
Solution:
34. Find the size of a wind turbine rotor (diameter in m) that will generate 100 kW of
electrical power in a steady wind (hub height) of 7.5 m/s. Assume that the air density is ρ
= 1.225 kg/m3 , Cp = 16/27 and η = 1.
Solution:

35. Estimate the

annual
production of a 12 m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine operating at standard atmospheric
conditions ( ρ = 1.225 kg/m3 ) in a 8 m/s average wind speed regime. You are to assume that the
site wind speed probability density is given by the Rayleigh density distribution.
Solution:
36. A wind turbine with a rotor diameter of 55 m is rated at 1 MW at a hub height wind speed of 14
m/s. It has a cut-in speed of 4 m/s and a cut-out speed of 25 m/s. Assume that this machine is
located at a site where the mean wind speed is 10 m/s and that a Rayleigh wind speed
distribution can be used. Calculate the following:
a. The number of hours per year that the wind is below the cut-in speed.
b. The number of hours per year that the machine will be shut down due to wind speeds
above the cut-out velocity.
c. The energy production (kWh/year) when the wind turbine is running at rated power.
Solution:
37. An inventor proposes to use a rotating cylinder to produce lift in a new wind energy
device. The cylinder will be D = 0.75 m in diameter and will be H = 7.5 m high. It will
rotate with a speed of n = 60 rpm. Find the lift force produced by the cylinder in the
inventor’s device in a 10 m/s wind.
Solution:
38. Determine the wind speed at a height of 40 m over surface terrain with a few trees, if the
wind speed at a height of 10 m is known to be 5 m/s. For your estimate use two different
wind speed estimation methods. Using the same methods as part, determine the wind
speed at 40 m if the trees were all removed from the terrain.
Solution:
39. From an analysis of wind speed data (hourly interval average, taken over a one year
period), the Weibull parameters are determined to be c = 6 m/s and k = 1.8. a) What is the
average velocity at this site? b) Estimate the number of hours per year that the wind speed
will be between 6.5 and 7.5 m/s during the year.
Solution:
40. Analysis of time series data for a given site has yielded an average velocity of 6 m/s. It is
determined that a Rayleigh wind speed distribution gives a good fit to the wind data. a)
Based on a Rayleigh wind speed distribution, estimate the number of hours that the wind
speed will be between 9.5 and 10.5 m/s during the year. b) Using a Rayleigh wind speed
distribution, estimate the number of hours per year that the wind speed is equal to or
above 16 m/s.
Solution:
Reference:
 https://www.academia.edu/28724752/Problem_Solutions_B.1_Problem_Solving?
auto=download
 https://www.academia.edu/13838214/Solution_Manual_-
_Fluid_Mechanics_4th_Edition_-_Frank_M._White
 https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/studport/download/engg/mech/oldqp/HE
%20ALLUnits.pdf
 https://engineering.purdue.edu/~xe/Forms%20For%20Website/FE
%20Review/Slides/ProblemsandSolution1/Fluid%20Mechanics_Solutions.pdf
 http://yozmen.ktu.edu.tr/files/hes_2.pdf
 http://hydraulika.fsv.cvut.cz/Hydraulika/Hydraulika/Predmety/HyaE/download/ex
ercise/_old/2006/solved_problems/solved_problem_10.pdf4