Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama

NIM: 2101191004

5G Mobile Communications
Points of Discussion
1. Introduction to 5G 5. Requirements of 5G Services
2. Mobile Communication 6. Architecture
Development 7. 5 Disruptive Technologies for 5G
3. Evolution from 1G to 5G 8. Conclusion
4. 5G Characteristics

A. Introduction to 5G
5G (5th Generation Mobile Networks Or 5th Generation Wireless Systems)
denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current
4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G IS EXPECTED TO BE GLOBALLY USED IN 2020.
NGNM (Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance) defines the following
requirements for 5G networks:
1. Data rates of tens of megabits per second for tens of thousands of users.
2. 1 Gb per second simultaneously to many workers on the same office floor.
3. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections for massive wireless
sensor network.
4. Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
5. Coverage improved.
6. Signaling efficiency enhanced.
7. Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.

B. Mobile Communication Development

There are several points of concern in Mobile Communication Research which
formulated as follow.
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 4
Where:
𝐸 = evolution 𝑐 = coverage
𝑚 = mobile 𝑐 = capability (features)
𝑐 = capacity 𝑐 = complexity (cost)

C. Evolution from 1G to 5G
1G • It is based on analog system.
• 1G refers to 1 generation of mobile
st • It allows user to make call in one
telecommunication. country.
• It is developed in 1980s. 2G
• It provides a speed up to 2.4 kbps. • 2G refers to 2nd generation of
• Bandwidth 25 – 30 kHz. mobile communication.
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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
• It was developed in 1990s. • It was developed in the year 2010.
• It is based on digital system. • It is faster and more reliable.
• It provides a speed of up to 64 kbps. • It provides speed of 100 Mbps.
• Bandwidth 200 kHz. • Flexible Bandwidth up to 100 MHz.
• It provides services like voice and • It provides high performance like
text with more clarity. uploading and downloading speed.
• It provides easily global roaming.
3G
• 3G stands for 3rd generation mobile 5G
telecommunication • It is the next major phase of mobile
• It was developed between in 2000. telecommunication & wireless
• It provides a transmission speed up system.
to 2 Mbps. • It is 10 times faster than 4G.
• Bandwidth 5 MHz. • It has an expected speed of 1 Gbps.
• It provides superior voice quality & • Lower cost than the previous
video conference. version.
• It provides global roaming. • It is expected to come around the
year 2020.
4G
• 4G stands for 4th generation mobile
telecommunication.
D. 5G Characteristics
1. Massive Dense Network
• Usually called Massive Distributed MIMO.
• Providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells.
• A transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that
simultaneously serve multiple users.
• Enabling multiple messages for several terminals to be transmitted on the same
time frequency resource, maximizing beamforming gain while minimizing
interference.
2. Advanced Interference and Mobility Management
It could be achieved with the cooperation of different transmission points with
overlapped coverage and encompassing the option of a flexible usage of resources for
uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the option of direct device-to-device
transmission and advanced interference cancellation techniques.
3. Enabling Internet of Things
Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet of Things with
potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications such as
mission critical control or traffic safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced
reliability.
4. Usage of Millimeter Wave
The usage of millimeter wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz) for wireless
backhaul and/or access.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
5. Pervasive Networks
Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor networks and
ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless
access technologies and seamlessly move between them.
6. Multi-hop Networks
A major issue to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially edge users. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters
and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, where also
users could be potential cooperative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device
(D2D) communications.
7. Cognitive Radio
Cognitive radio technology, allowing different radio technologies to share the
same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the
transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the
spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion
and relies on software-defined radio.
8. Dynamic Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks (DAWN)
Dynamic Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile
ad hoc network (MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or wireless grids, combined
with smart antennas, cooperative diversity and AMC.
9. Vandermonde-Subspace Frequency Division Multiplexing (VFDM)
Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM): a
modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio small-
cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.
10. Utilizing IPv6
IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according to
location and connected network.
11. More Devices
Wearable devices with AI capabilities, such as smartwatches and optical head-
mounted displays for augmented reality.
12. One Unified Global Standard
13. Real Wireless World with No More Limitation with Access and Zone Issues
14. User Centric
User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of
operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G).
15. Li-FI
Li-Fi (a portmanteau of light and Wi-Fi) is a massive MIMO visible light
communication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes to transmit
data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
16. World Wide Wireless Web
World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-based web
applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.
17. Massive Dense Network
• Usually called Massive Distributed MIMO.
• Providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells.
• A transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that
simultaneously serve multiple users.
• Enabling multiple messages for several terminals to be transmitted on the same
time frequency resource, maximizing beamforming gain while minimizing
interference.

E. Requirements of 5G Services
There are several requirements of 5G services which are mainly concentrated into
these parameters.

F. 5G Network Architecture
The network architecture of 5G using the concept of Software-Defined Networking
(SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV).
1. Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
• Centralizes command and control in the network.
• Delegates the network flow control decision making to a device with network
omniscience.
• Separates the control plane from the data plane.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004

2. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

NFV is the next step in virtualization, taking physical networking equipment
and running it in VM.

3. SDN vs NFV
• While SDN is typically thought of as managing and automating tasks for physical
devices, NFV is all about provisioning new networking devices.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
• SDN may then be used to manage the new virtual as well as the existing physical
devices.

G. 5 Disruptive Technologies for 5G

1. Smarter Devices
• The base station density is increasing rapidly, driven by the rise of heterogeneous
networks.
• The need for additional spectrum will inevitably lead to the coexistence of
frequency bands with radically different propagation characteristics within the
same system.
• A new concept called centralized baseband related to the concept of cloud radio
access networks is emerging.
• Emerging service classes could require a complete redefinition of the
architecture.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
• Cooperative communications paradigms such as cooperative multipoint (CoMP)
or relaying, could require a redefinition of the functions of the different nodes.
• The use of smarter devices could impact the RAN.

2. Millimeter Wave (MMW)

MMW frequency band is capable of supporting a few-hundred-meter radius of
outdoor and indoor coverage with more than 500 Mbps data rate with support for
mobility as high as 8 km/h even in NLoS environments. MMW is currently used for
outdoor P2P communications.
• Pathloss Exponent (γ):
o 3.2 – 4.58 for NLoS environments.
o 1.68 – 2.3 for LoS environments.
• Using MMW for Cellular Access:
o Large antenna array gain.
o Multi-Beam MIMO.
• Advantages of MMW:
o Large coverage.
o Support for NLoS Communications.
• Disadvantages of MMW:
o High propagation loss.
o Lack of cost effective components.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
3. Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO (also referred to as “Large-Scale MIMO” or “Large-Scale
Antenna Systems”) is a form of multiuser MIMO in which the number of antennas at
the base station is much larger than the number of devices per signaling resource.

4. Smarter Devices
• Earlier generations of cellular systems were built on the design premise of having
complete control at the infrastructure side.
• 5G’s design should account for an increase in device smartness including:
o D2D,
o Local caching (in RAN edge, MS),
o Advanced interference rejection.
5. Native Support for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication
• A massive number of connected devices: WSN, smart grid.
• Very high link reliability: wireless vs wireline communication.
• Low latency and real-time operation: ITS.

H. Conclusion
5G technology is going to be a new revolution in wireless communications. There
are at least 5 disruptive technologies which also becomes requirements for 5G technology:
1) Device-Centric Architectures, 2) Millimeter Wave (MMW), 3) Massive MIMO, 4)
Smarter Devices, and 5) Support for M2M Communication.

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 Nama: Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama
NIM: 2101191004
Several 5G characteristics are: 1) Area Spectral Efficiency of 10,000x from MMW
(BW=20x); 2) Massive MIMO (spectral efficiency=10x); 3) HetNet; 4) WF-Offload; 5)
D2D (BS Density=50x). In addition, there are options for 4G to 5G Migration (SA, NSA).