GSA Forms to Settle Many Court Cases

Court “charges” are all about bonds and accounting

DISCLAIMER​: The provider of this material​ ​does not render legal or accounting advice​ and is not
licensed to do so. Do your own homework and seek competent counsel where needed. For entertainment
and self-study purposes only. All rights reserved UCC 1-308. Non-assumpsit. Much of this material is
3rd party and is not offered as a direct coaching option.

** NOT LEGAL ADVICE **

USE YOUR ESTATE AND CREDITOR TOOLS TO YOUR BENEFIT

You = living man ​Listed as​ ​Last, First Middle​ ​(hospital record and UCC forms)
aka “​creditor”​ / ​principal​ / ​beneficiary​ / ​owner / Executor
but don’t waive it BUT ​claim​ it and ​USE and control it

Your ALL CAPS NAME (OR M.I. based Name) = BC “strawman”

aka an estate / the surety (for the liability) / the trustee/ the defendant
/ trade name.
This is your vessel or transmitting utility into commerce.
The ​SSN​ is an account# used for contracts.
Remember Crimes are all Commercial ...they issue a ​“True Bill”​.
WHY GSA? All criminal cases are “Bonded” until you settle it.

Remember, a BOND offer takes the place of the body as surety - BOOM released.

The heart of this lies in 31 U.S.C. § 3113 - Accepting Gifts -

REVIEW HOW THIS LAW APPLIES IN THE COVER LETTER BELOW.

Research… What is Money? What is Public Debt? You are the “creditor” for the Strawman,
remember? What is an individual, surety, entity, etc? Do your own homework.
 Getting started …. Read and download before watching videos...
Look these up at ​www.GSA.gov​ - look under the forms section. Download these forms to get
started. Read them carefully. Only use the newest form, they may update​ quarterly​ in ​some
cases. If you use an old form it is less likely to go forward. ​STOP and do this now.
Go to: ​https://www.gsa.gov/reference/forms#SF
Download ALL of these forms: SF24, SF25, SF25A / OF 90, OF 91 / SF 273, SF274, SF 275
/ SF 1414, SF 1415, SF 1416, and SF 1418. ​ Be sure to use ONLY the latest forms, they update
quarterly.

GUIDELINES AND NOTES BASED ON MANY GSA CONTRIBUTORS

As far as NAMES​ - Your estate name ​FIRST MIDDLE LAST​ is the ​surety​ and the case ID
name, ​LAST, FIRST MIDDLE​ is the ​principal​ (and the creditor).
ALL caps names do NOT matter, don’t make that an issue. ​It’s about the way is it stated as
above.
Prepare a Notepad Text Document​ with all the data ready to Copy and Paste from.
The address of the ​surety​ is the ​local county courthouse​ where ​one was born​, so look up that
address and have it ready to use in multiple places.
POWER OF ATTORNEY​ - If someone is in jail now, get a Power of Attorney from them so
you can sign for them, in both NAME capacities as above. Have those names clearly stated and
written into the power of attorney document. Any attorney or paralegal can help with that, OR
use a standard form you can get from Office Depot, but have an attorney review just the POA for
you. You don’t necessarily need to tell the attorney or paralegal why you are doing all of this, but
the POA is needed from the inmate to do this for them. SEEK LEGAL COUNSEL IF NEEDED.
Fill in the prisoner's information but YOU sign and attach a copy of the POA with each package.
The simply mail the POA to the jail - include instructions on how to get a notary and sign, then
include​ a postage paid self address return envelope for the inmate to send back to you. Keep
discussion by phone to a minimum as those calls are monitored. There is nothing illegal as far as
we have seen, you just don't want to give it all away. This is private process. Just tell them you
are working on something and need that POA right away to try and get them out. ​Your only goal
is to “discharge” and replace the bond holding them to they can be “discharged”. They will be
held and warehouses as collateral until a new bond releases the bond holding them.
The Court Case Number​ ​is generally the BOND#, if applicable​. The BOND date would have
been the actual ​arrest or arraignment date first appearing before court.
If a ​non-court​ based ​mortgage​ ​or loan​ matter go with the origination date it was closed and
signed. Those are not handled though court but through the CFO (by name) of the lending
institution.
Please read EVERY word of the instructions on each form carefully​. You must have a
command of the concept to apply it in your particular case. You are ultimately responsible for
this. It is all spelled out for you. Make informed decisions. We cannot always easily answer a
simple email questions, not knowing the matter or context. A paid private consultation is
suggested if you want feedback on these. Have them filled out in advance as far as you can, and
email then ONLY when we agree to do such a consult. Do not simply email them and expect a
response without a consult.
Review​ 48 CFR 28.203​ Acceptability of individual sureties (READ IT)
Review​ 48 CFR 53.228​ Can be used for ANY issues (READ IT)
Criminal Cases use​ - 28, 90, 91 primarily, ​PLUS​ 24, 25, 25a for ​State​ Criminal cases, courts,
prison situations, etc. Or for ​Federal ​criminal case instead use the same 28, 90, 91 ​PLUS ​SF
273, SF274, SF 275. It is reported the 200 series forms have been used get someone out of
Federal prison.

Civil Case or Comercial Money Matter​ - Use 28, 90, 91 in almost every commercial matter
PLUS SF 1414, SF 1415, SF 1416, and SF 1418 series. Consider this for anything ​other than
cases, such as ​IRS, court lawsuits, mortgage settlement, student loans, child support,​ etc.
These may vary depending on case, we suggest you contract for a private consultation if unsure.

Child Support​ - Use the beginning date of the case they started and the Case number/ bond date,
and settle the account in honor vs arguing. You are effectively settling it in full, it not fighting it.
This is not really for marriage or custody battles, those are straight contract arguments over
marriage property and generally do no apply, unless they are charging you with something.
NOT REALLY SUGGESTED FOR MINOR TRAFFIC TICKETS​ unless it became
Criminal matter in nature, such as DUI, assaulting an officer, weapons, drugs etc. Use a
Jurisdictional Challenge Traffic​ processes first for those, unless criminal in nature. See traffic
folders.
COVER LETTER​ - this is used to explain what you are offering them, either to the clerk and for
what purposes or the lender’s CFO.

ALSO review material on the ​Silver Bonds​ concept, as they can also be effective as a separate
process. Remember, even criminal cases are only a matter of commerce, and thus why one can
use bonds to offset the debt (or their bond) and become in honor to settle vs fight the matter.

We have been told to consider this concept on a Pre-release bond, trial matter, pre or post
sentencing, in prison, and after prison to also close down the criminal record (bond). Do not
expect them to lay down and play “ok you got us”, but instead expect them to play dumb and test
you - so follow through is key. Ensure your bond is seen and honored.
IDEAS

If a non court ​mortgage matter ​or something similar, send directly to financial institution to
CFO, in private. Note this is a release of lien process. You need performance and payment bonds
PLUS MAYBE a 1099A to take care of the payment, if merely a civil claim. MANY REPORT
discharging everything directly through the GSA and to the IRS in those matters. If an existing
US Tax Court Case one might put ​Case# (IRS case, USDC case#, or search warrant case# etc
) +​ a​ ​Form 56​ to use GSA bonds to settle a tax account. If in a criminal case, treat it as you
would any criminal case. You may have to test, adjust and try again after a certain time. Give
these up 90 days unless it is an urgent matter, as GSA gift acceptances open up quarterly.

Ideas about Bankruptcy to discharge debts​. These courts are commercial in nature and operate
under admiralty maritime laws, they bond your assets until settled. So settle the bnd to release
their bond. It’s also all about trusts, sureties, bonds etc, right? ​(see ​Be The One To Execute Your
Trust - by David Robinson​ - available at Amazon.com)​. So bring these bonds to them
PRIVATELY to the CLERK, by NAME in an inside sealed envelope labeled ​PRIVATE - EYES
ONLY FOR ________​ (clerk by name) to have them settle the account of the bonds they created
against you when they opened a case# (account#). Generally, send the originals to GSA for the
record, and the primary original set to the CLERK of any court. ​Never ​present this in public to
the public judge, always mail them REGISTERED MAIL to the man or woman CLERK at the
court by name. Don’t mix public and “private”.

Do a separate set​ of forms per ​lien​ or ​per case number​.

Signing and Sealing the Forms

Print The Bonds on high quality BOND paper (best), or 24 or 32 pound paper. Something
better than cheap 20 lb paper at least.
There are 2 ways to SEAL the documents:
OPTION #1​ ​SEAL METHOD​ - Purchase some small ​GOLD seal stickers​ to put where the
Corporate Surety​ ​or SEAL​ is indicated, next to signatures. PLUS buy and use a ​CRIMPING
seal stamp​ to impress a seal on every document. Consider these sources -
www.rubberstamps.com​ or ​www.thestampmaker.com​ or Office Depot, or others. ORDER THIS
TODAY. Tell them to make 90 degrees, approach from the Right side of a page if possible or
from the bottom. A Small simple seal is needed 1.5 in size - see where the Corporate seals appear
on the forms to estimate sizes.
Across the top of the seal circle use:​ ​LAST, FIRST MIDDLE
 In the center use your date of birth from your birth certificate such as​:
EST: 03-30-1965 (BC birth date). EST = Established Date. OR use Your INITIALS in
the middle like = ​L F M​ (Last First Middle)
Around the bottom use:​ ​DBA: FIRST MIDDLE LAST​ or use (which I did)
EST: 03-30-1965 DBA: FIRST MIDDLE LAST
Abbreviate if needed to fit. It is just your MARK.

Do this​ after you sign documents in blue​, then and make color copies of all the pages, double
sided, ​THEN​ add seals to all copies. In that order. ​AGAIN - Sign them all with ​blue ink​, then
make several original ​c​o​l​o​r​ printouts of every document (signed and sealed). ​Make enough
originals at least for the Court Document Master set and one set for the GSA filed set (optional if
a court case). Some say sending court cases to GSA is is not necessary, since the court already
processes GSA forms already. You decide. If in doubt notify...anyone you can think of.
It seems that sending to GSA is more important on NON court based matters​, like when
dealing with lenders, and other public credit institutions. These are not for sending to individuals.
Read all instructions carefully. Do no reply on these instructions for each form.
Send additional copies​ to all parties you can think of notifying, and keep one one for yourself.
All copies are also ​double sided​ on ​higher quality paper.
Sign​ ​the same way you printed​ the names in ​BLUE​ ink so they see it is an original, using ​Last,
First Middle​ or ​First Middle Last​ accordingly. Nothing else in the signature formatting is
needed.

OPTION #2 - THUMB PRINT SEAL METHOD

Many use this simpler approach vs crimp seal method or some prefer to use​ ​BLUE or RED
Thumb print intead.​ It should be​ barely touching the last letter of your ​living man / principal
signature VS the crimp seal method in the corporate seal box.. A simple quality ​Red​ or ​Blue​ ink
pad is all you need in that case. Many have used this method just as well as the imprint method
above. You choose what you feel empowered by.

When sending to GSA look up the current administrator's name and address​ at
www.gsa.com​. Once delivery to GSA is confirmed (overnight US Express Mail suggested). Then
submit to the lender or other party you may be processing these with.
Submit the GSA Bonds under ​“private seal”​ to the clerk and Judge​ and ALSO FILE a
public ​BOND​ into the court record as you would any court document filing ​(see below).​ The
public bond is recorded at the clerk’s office like you would any court filing as it is meant to be
seen on the record. The GSA bods are ​only​ submitted privately for the Clerk as separate item.
Keep public and private separate.
So inside the REGISTERED MAIL envelope you mail the GSA bonds with, have the bonds
inside another sealed envelope as well - with the words ​PRIVATE and CONFIDENTIAL​ written
in red on it, ​for CLERK of the court: ____________ and for JUDGE ___________, RE Case
File#__________.
After signing one original set, and BEFORE you put the GOLD seal and crimp on any of them,
make a bunch of ​c​o​l​o​r​ copies of the signed originals, double sided. When sending to ​GSA​,
include a cover letter to GSA with instructions regarding this GIFT you are making ​(see
enclosure below to include with all packages).
Put the ​Gold sticker ​and crimp seal OR ​THUMB​ print seal option on the original sets you
create.
Also include​ ​an original certified-copy of the ​birth certificate​ to GSA AND/OR to the court,
plus include ​Certified Copy of the indictment​ with the 2 main packages here. ​Certified
copies can be obtained from the court clerk.
Mail an original GSA package to the primary party (court or lender) using REGISTERED MAIL
(this can take some time). These send to ​GSA via US Postal Overnight Express Mail.
If in an ​emergency​ you can deliver the GSA package to the court clerk privately​, when you
also file the public BOND. It is best to use REGISTERED MAIL for the sake of the record and
they have not right of refusal.
Then make the other ​color copies​ you made with the original printing, with your signature
previously copied as well from the original, and apply GOLD stickers and crimp seal them all
OR ​RED thumb​ print seal as applicable. Color Copies can be made an just mailed to other non
official parties as notices.
You could make a ​short cover letter​ addendum to any interested parties as applicable to
explain your intentions. ​ie: prosecutor, plaintiff attorney, sheriff, jail, prison warden, mortgage
company CFO, selling trustee, child support agency, investigator, etc. This should indicate to the
effect : You could use the same cover letter sent to GSA and simply handrite on it somewhere in
red:
“This is your copy of the GSA documents I delivered to GSA via express delivery# ______ and to
the court clerk on _______ 2018 (include a copy of the delivery confirmation). Please consider
this is now in process prior to proceeding regarding case # etc”​.
If it is Debt matter and ​not​ in a court, with a the mortgage company and servicer (for example if
a mortgage matter, credit card, etc. Send to the CFO, the selling trustee if in non-judicial
 ​ se common
foreclosure. ​Anyone who is touching this matter should at least be notified by mail. U
sense and cover your bases, don’t ask us to tell you.

OTHER IDEAS - REGARDING MORTGAGES AND DEBTS OPTIONAL - Form 91 -

Obtain Certified Copies of The National Bank Act as you evidence in the foreclosure case, if one
is open. ​Pay the bond into your case number.
-See Mortgage company / servicing company state of acct/loan# 123456567 (attached).
-See Form 90 and Standard Form 28 (attached)
-See 13 The National Bank Act stat 99 sections:
4,5,8,9,12,20,22,23,27,28,31,32,35,36,37,45,47,53,55(attached)
-See all other attachments
Could this concept be used in Bankruptcy Case#, Child support case, with Liens, etc?
a. File it all into the case using the case#.
b. Send ​original​ to ​GSA​ and copies to the ​court clerk​ if applicable (use the clerk name and
write ​PRIVATE​ on the envelope in ​RED​. Include original certified copies of your birth
certificate with the original GSA package, which certifies you are alive and holding the
proof of the estate. Then once originals are delivered to GSA - attach delivery
confirmation proof printout to any copies you send to other parties, so they know this is
in the hands of the GSA once they get it.
c. You have just bonded (set off) the case liability.
d. Also keep in mind this should apply to someone in jail or a past judgment as well.

Could a Bankruptcy (BK) case include​ ​ALL the known debts, including a mortgage,​ ​and
wrap it all up at one time and keep you home free and clear? ​Think about it, using the GSA
concept combined with standard bankruptcy procedure forms. If you do so, read carefully. You
are effectively offering a bond to set off the liabilities or other bonds they have placed on you.
The idea is to apply the GSA bonds into the BK case to settle all the accounts vs just try to walk
away from bills. A mortgage may act in dishonor come back to make another claim if you are
not careful. That would be fraud on the court by them, so make a fuss about it if they do. Keep
the concept clear in your mind as you do this. So why not have the BK trustee settle and have the
debt fully?​ ​Think it through carefully. Most people go into bankruptcy in dishonor of debts, you
are using it to settle the debts in honor. Keep the focus in your interaction with the trustee.
WORK with them, not against them and do NOT mix any other ​patriot​ concepts into this (not
needed and will mess it up).
You may first have to file the (BK) case “naked” or minimal filing (not all the forms initially), to
stop a sale upcoming soon, and add the asset sheet later. But first get the GSA forms submitted
and proof of delivery with the copies provided to the BK court judge privately delivered. Use the
BK case# as the account number to set off on the forms. Then once the forms and birth
certificate are delivered to GSA and you have a printout of with proof of delivery, THEN file the
copies along with proof of delivery to GSA, into clerk or judge (by name) , send a copy to the
BK trustee directly as well. Remember you are still letting them see this PRIVATELY so label
any packages as such. Don’t just file them into the clerks file as the is public. Don't bring this up
openly in the public hearings or they get nervous. If needed you may simply ask, ​“did you
receive my private papers your honor?​ during the next hearing, if needed.
On the Bankruptcy Asset forms, GSA filing delivery if confirmed, you could put the GSA bonds
down as an ​asset​ on your Asset Schedule, and attach the GSA papers now filed with GSA.
Do this as an addendum to the case AFTER the bare bones BK case is files and creditors are
notified of the filing.
NOT LEGAL ADVICE
IDEA: Test this yourself. When you file Chapter bankruptcy, list all debts​. BUT be sure to
put mortgage debts down as an ​unsecured ​creditor, if you also filed the ​revocation of
signatures for fraud first​. You are challenging their claim to even be a “secured” party. 99% of
the time they are not the actually party to the deed of trust security, but you must challenge it.
They won’t do it for you. Disregard this if unsure.
A quick and inexpensive way to organize your BK filing is to use:
http://www.americanonlinebankruptcycenter.co/​ (not .com) OR use an attorney (but beware, be
may not agree with your process). At least look into that self filed option to save time and
money. Don’t forget to take and submit the 1 hour Creditor Counseling test prior to filing. They
will give you resources for that. Missing that step can kill your filing right away.
Require all parties to submit a ​B10 claim form​ for under penalties of perjury. Agree to a
payment plan only CONDITIONALLY upon a high standard proof of claim. Offer you bonds
(GSA or SILVER Bond I like even better) to settle all verified national debts in lawful money
(Under Article 1 section). If they can command anything other than gold or silver, have them
produce the constitutional authority, or simply accept your bond. See how easy thet was?
Denise Turner Roth (verify if this is current yourself)
U.S. General Services Administration
1800 F Street, NW
Washington, DC 20405
Include an ​Original Certified Copy of the Certificate​ ​of Live Birth,​ ​a certified copy of the
indictment​, charging papers, or ticket, as applicable in ​each original submission to GSA and a
separate pack for each case number, or account# you are dealing with. ​So you will need to
order several certified copies ​of the Certificate​ ​of Live Birth, ​from the vital record agency who
issues them in your birth state.
VERY IMPORTANT: STAY ON PRIVATE SIDE - DO NOT PRESENT OR OPENLY
MENTION THESE IN PUBLIC COURT:
When submitting to the court, Bankruptcy or whatever kind of court case, do not openly submit
to the clerk or present in open court. They will attack you likely. Instead make an appointment
with the clerk to hand them with the writing on the outside in red somewhere, something to the
effect :
“Special - Private - Priority - Sealed Documents”​ ​“Eyes Only - Chambers only for (Clerk
_____ and Judge ______, Ref case# ___________”​. or something like this.
These can be mailed ​Registered Mail​, in but I also like delivering and getting them to give me a
receipt. A Man shows up takes action in person. You need to submit on the private side of the
court “in personam” to the CLERK by name. If the Bankruptcy trustee gets involved, tell him
these are private documents to be seen only by the CLERK first. But you can mail a set to the
trustee after delivery. These initial GSA steps and getting this to the court early is important - do
the best you can to cover your bases. There is no magic here, it’s just a good idea to give good
notice and procedure. Then and of course then mail copies to other parties you made. ​Be very
clear and simple.
If you can’t get to the court to deliver a set of document, ​PLAN B​ is to send a copy of the GSA
already delivered, to the court using ​Registered Mail​ to the CLERK by name. Be sure include
the proof of delivery print out for the GSA package, so they know it is already delivered to GSA.
It show you are serious and know what you are doing. If necessary, call the clerk's’ office ahead
and find out who that person to deliver to would be. Of course leave your Private contact
information if they need to reach you “privately”.
 Possible Cover letter to GSA and others
We have learned recently that a solid OFFER of a gift in a cover letter is needed with GSA bonds.The
government has allowing the GSA bonds to work then come back with something later to entrap people
into thinking they did something wrong. We are told by those who have done this, that a simple a contract
and cover letter instruction is needed to minimize this from happening. Man in the past forgot to do
something Along these lines. NOT LEGAL ADVICE - Make this you own and be well informed, so it does
not look canned.

Date

GSA Administrator ____________ (by name)

Address

SUB: GSA Bonds as GIFT for Bond# ____________ (case# or account# etc)
RE: Case/File# US District Court of IOWA CR- 123445

Please review enclosed GSA documents for consideration of as a gift to the United States for reducing the
public debt relating to accounts associated with JOHN H. DOE as outlined in the enclosed forms.

If there are any discrepancies or errors to address, please contact me at PHONE# , email, etc
21 days after receipt this shall constitute your acceptance and agreement this is procedurally correct,
lawful, and is accepted as a Gift for settling this United States debt specified in the enclose documents,
without objection.

_______________________________ ____________ 2018

You Full Name - as Principal Creditor
And for JOHN H. DOE - surety/Lifetime

VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW

Enclosures - see enclosure 1 regarding gifts

GSA forms (list all enclosured)

Also to be delivered personally or by mail to :

Clerk of the court Via Registerered mail___ or delivered ___
Sheriff, prosecutor, etc (list address sent to)
 ALWAYS Bond the Case - FILE this on the public side - ​NEW INFO
At the very least do this if not even using GSA bonds, a BOND notice should be filed into ANY court, CPS,
lawsuit, civil, foreclosure, or traffic case.

This is for the PUBLIC side only, in addition to any private bonds you might also try on the PRIVATE
side such as a private non or GSA bonds, but you must to this on the public side as notice, leaving the
private side instruments PRIVATE. This should be entered as any court pleading would look.

John Henry Doe as Principal

[Address]
[Address[

Superior Court in and for the County of [or wherever]

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – or whoever​ )

Plaintiff, ) Case#_____________
)
vs. )
) BOND
JOHN HENRY DOE )
Defendant. )
)

There appearing no bond of record to initiate the matter regarding Case # 0000000 ​and/or Warrant #
000000 [if applicable] ​and associated account(s), I, ​John Doe Smith​, undertake as follows:

In consideration of the fact that no lawful money of account exists in circulation, and in consideration if
the fact that I have suffered dishonor regarding the matter of Case # 000000 ​and or Warrant # 000000​ and
associated account(s), I underwrite with my private exemption #123456789 ​(enter SSN without dashes)​ ,
regarding any and all obligations of performance/loss/costs sustained by the ​United States of America or
State of [name of state - as applicable] ​and the respectful citizens thereof regarding said matter.

Done at [name of county] county, [state], this ______ day of ​APRIL​, 2018.

__________________________________
John Henry Doe - Principal
 ENCLOSURE 1 - 31 U.S. Code § 3113 - ​Accepting Gifts

(a) To provide the people of the United States with an opportunity to ​make gifts to the United States
Government ​to be used to reduce the public debt—
(1) the Secretary of the Treasury may accept for the Government a gift of—
(A) money made only on the condition that it be used to reduce the public debt;
(B) an obligation of the Government included in the public debt made only on the condition that
the obligation be canceled and retired and not reissued; and
(C) other intangible personal property made only on the condition that the property is sold and the
proceeds from the sale used to reduce the public debt; and
(2) the Administrator of General Services may accept for the Government a ​gift of tangible
property​ made only on the condition that it be sold and the proceeds from the sale be used to
reduce the public debt​.
(b) The Secretary and the Administrator each may reject a gift under this section when the
rejection is in the interest of the Government.
(c) The Secretary and the Administrator ​shall convert a gift​ either of them accepts under
subsection (a)(1)(C) or (2) of this section to money on the best terms available. If a gift accepted
under subsection (a) of this section is subject to a gift or inheritance tax, the Secretary or the
Administrator may pay the tax out of the proceeds of the gift or the proceeds of the ​redemption or
sale of the gift​.
(d) The Treasury has an account into which money received as gifts and proceeds from the sale or
redemption of gifts under this section shall be deposited. The Secretary shall use the money in the
account to pay at maturity, or to redeem or buy before maturity, an obligation of the Government
included in the public debt. An obligation of the Government that is paid, redeemed, or bought
with money from the account shall be canceled and retired and may not be reissued. Money
deposited in the account is appropriated and may be expended to carry out this section.
(e) (1) The Secretary shall redeem a direct obligation of the Government bearing interest or sold
on a discount basis on receiving it ​when the obligation​—
(A) is given to the Government;
(B) becomes the property of the Government under the conditions of ​a trust​; or
(C) is payable on the death of the owner to the Government (or to an officer of the Government in
the officer’s official capacity).

(2) If the gift or transfer to the Government is subject to a gift or inheritance​ tax, the ​Secretary
shall pay the tax out of the proceeds of ​redemption​.