FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UiTM Cawangan Terengganu,

Kampus Bukit Besi
23200 Dungun, Terengganu

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Exp No. : 2 Equipment :

The Reaction Of Aliphatic And Aromatic

Topic : Hydrocarbon Mark : 5
Date :
Participant Course : EH110 Semester : 2 Group: EH110/2B
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 NUR QURRATUL AIN BINTI SYARIFUDDIN ZAINI 2019430574
2 NUR SABRINA NASRIN BINTI ZULKEFLI 2019408478
3 FATIN NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI DAUD 2019251498
Instructor 1.AHMAD ROZAIMEE BIN MUSTAFFA

Objective:
To compare the reaction of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon

Apparatus Test tube, test tubes rack, 100 ml beakers, litmus paper, spatula, measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner

Chemicals cyclohexane, heptane, cyclohexene, toluene, concentrated sulphuric acid, bromine and chlorine
water, iron powder ,potassium permanganate solution

Procedure
PART A: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON
Precaution: bromine/chlorine vapour is hazardous substances. Please handle properly.
i) Bromine or chlorine water
1. Two separated tubes of 1 ml cyclohexane should be measured.
2. Added 10-15 drops of bromine or chlorine water.
3. After shaking the tubes, place one of the test tube in the dark, (under the bench) and
exposed the other test tube to sunlight or a bright light for a few minutes.
4. Then, compared the colour of the test two tubes. Test for the presence of hydrogen
bromide or hydrogen chloride evolution by holding a piece of moist blue litmus at
the mouth of each tube.
ii) Aqueous potassium permanganate (baeyer’s test)
1. In two separated test tubes, place 5 ml of potassium permanganate solution.
2. One of the test tubes must added 10-15 drops of heptane and same 2-pentene to
cyclohexene to the other test tube.
 3. For 1-2 minutes shake the tubes and observed the result.
iii) Sulphuric acid
1. To each of two 2 ml portions of concentrated sulphuric acid in separate test tubes
added about 10 drops of heptane and cyclohexene. Respectively.
2. Shake the test tubes well and observed the results.
3. Discarded the content by pouring them into a beaker containing at least 50 ml of
water.
PART B: AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Precaution: bromine/chlorine vapour is a hazardous substances. Please handle properly.
ii) BROMINE
1. 1 ml of toluene added to a test tube.
2. Added a few iron powder, in another test tubes followed by 1 ml of toluene, using
the glass rod to immerse any iron powder trapped on the test tube walls.
3. Added three drops of bromine/chlorine water to each test tubes.
4. In the beakers of warm water place the test tubes for 15 minutes. Observed the each
colour of each tubes, and whether or not hydrogen bromide was evolved and
recorded the results.
ii) AQUEOUS POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Shake a test tube containing 1 ml of toluene, added 2 ml of dilute (2.0% w/w) potassium
permanganate and recorded the results.

Data Describe the colour changes observed and then write the reactions or no reaction.

Presentation COMPOUN REACTION REACTION REACTION BALANCED EQUATION

D WITH BR2 WITH KMnO4 WITH
(graph or
SULPHURIC
table) ACID

HEPTANE Purplish No colour REACTION WITH BROMINE:

coloured (No changes
8C7H16 + 8Br2
reaction)
(no reaction) 7C8H17Br + 9HBr

REACTION WITH KMnO4:

C7H16 +KMnO4
- C7H16O2 + KMnO2

REACTION WITH
SULPHURIC ACID:
 C7H16 + 8H2SO4 8SO2
+ 7C
+ 16H2O

CYCLOHEXE Dark: No Dark yellow Orange/brow REACTION WITH BROMINE:

NE colour (reaction) n precipitate
C6H10 + Br2 C6H9Br
changes (reaction)
+ HBr
Bright: no
colour
changes REACTION WITH KMnO4:

C6H10 + KMnO4
C6H12O2 +KMnO2
But have 2
layer formed.
REACTION WITH
SULPHURIC ACID:

C6H10 + H2SO4
3CH3CH2OSO2OH

CYCLOHEX Both tubes No colour No colour REACTION WITH BROMINE:

ANE have 2 layers changes changes
C6H12 + Br2 C6H11Br +
of solution
(no reaction) (no reaction) HBr
(no reaction)

REACTION WITH KMnO4:

C6H12 + KMnO4
C6H10O2 + KMnO2

REACTION WITH
SULPHURIC ACID:

C6H12 + H2SO4 no
reaction
 TOLUENE Black 2 layer REACTION WITH BROMINE:
precipitate formed:
C7H8 + Br2 C7H7Br +
upper layer
(reaction) HBr
became
colourless
-
and the REACTION WITH KMnO4:
bottom is
purple C7H8 + KMnO4
precipitate C6H5CO2H

REACTION WITH
SULPHURIC ACID:

C7H8 + H2SO4
C7H8SO2OH

Discussion 1. Why the remaining mixture of alkanes and alkenes have to discard into water for
reaction with sulphuric acid?
- The mixture of solution is discarded into the water to dilute the concentrated
sulphuric acid in the mixture as it is too acidic.
2. Why for aromatic hydrocarbon not tested with sulphuric acid?
- Aromatic hydrocarbon react quite slowly with sulphuric acid at the room
temperature. Aromatic compound is unreactive because they are usually stable
and can only be reacted if given a catalyst.

Conclusion:
In the experiment, it is successful to differentiate alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic
hydrocarbons through their properties such as solubility as the unsaturated and saturated
hydrocarbons distinguished by using solubility test also. The immiscibility or miscibility of
the hydrocarbons in the different solvent used in the experiment can be observed by
looking at the reaction happening or by the physical appearance in the test tube. It can be
known also by identifying the polarity of the hydrocarbons and solvents given. As it is said
that “like dissolves like” or polar molecules dissolves polar molecules too. Acidic nature
also of the hydrocarbons used can be used to identify whether it is immiscible or miscible
to the solvents. Compounds containing sulphur or nitrogen have an atom with an
unshared pair of electrons and would be expected to dissolve in a strong acid.