Equilibrio Estático y Elasticidad

BOSQUEJO DEL CAPÍTULO

12.1 Las condiciones para el equilibrio
12.2 Más sobre el centro de gravedad
12.3 Ejemplos de objetos rígidos en equilibrio estático
12.4 Propiedades elásticas de los sólidos.

RESPUESTAS A PREGUNTAS *
Q12.1 La fuerza ejerce un torque en sentido antihorario sobre pivote D. La línea de acción de la fuerza pasa a través
de C, por lo que el par sobre este eje es cero. En orden de aumentar los valores negativos (en el sentido de las
agujas del reloj), los pares sobre F, E y B se unen esencialmente, y A. La respuesta es entonces D  C  F  E 
B  A

Q12.2 Cuando te inclinas, tu centro de gravedad se desplaza hacia adelante. Una vez que su CG ya no está sobre
sus pies, la gravedad contribuye a un torque neto distinto de cero en su cuerpo y comienza a rotar.
Q12.3 Sí, puede. Considere un objeto en un resorte que oscila de un lado a otro. En el centro del movimiento, la
suma de los pares y la suma de las fuerzas que actúan sobre el objeto son (por separado) cero. Una vez más, un
meteoroide que vuela libremente a través del espacio interestelar no siente esencialmente fuerzas y sigue
moviéndose a velocidad constante.

Q12.4 (a) Considere empujar hacia arriba con una mano en un lado del volante y tirar hacia abajo con la misma
fuerza con la otra mano en el otro lado. Un par de fuerzas de igual magnitud dirigidas en sentido opuesto aplicadas
en diferentes puntos se denomina par. (b) Un objeto en caída libre tiene una fuerza neta distinta de cero que actúa
sobre él, pero un par neto de cero sobre su centro de masa. *

Q12.5 Respuesta (a). Nuestra teoría del movimiento rotacional no contradice nuestra teoría previa del movimiento
traslacional. El centro de masa del objeto se mueve como si el objeto fuera una partícula, con todas las fuerzas
aplicadas allí. Esto es cierto si el objeto está comenzando a girar o no.

Q12.6 Un boomerang en forma de V, un taburete, una taza de café vacía, una antena parabólica y un tobogán de
plástico curvo en el borde de una piscina tienen un centro de masa que no está dentro del grueso del objeto.

Q12.7 Suspenda la madera contrachapada del clavo y cuelgue la plomada del clavo. Traza la madera
contrachapada a lo largo de la cuerda de la plomada. Ahora suspenda la madera contrachapada con el clavo a
través de un punto diferente en la madera contrachapada, no a lo largo de la primera línea que dibujó. Vuelva a
colgar la plomada del clavo y trace la cuerda. El centro de gravedad se encuentra a la mitad del grosor de la madera
contrachapada debajo de la intersección de las dos líneas que dibujó. *

Q12.8 En los casos (a) y (c) el centro de gravedad está por encima de la base a la mitad de la altura de la lata.
Entonces (b) es la respuesta. En este caso, el centro de gravedad está por encima de la base solo un poco más de
un cuarto de la altura de la lata.

* Q12.9 Respuesta (b). El rascacielos tiene unos 300 m de altura. El campo gravitacional (aceleración) es más débil
en la parte superior en aproximadamente 900 partes en diez millones, en el orden de 104 veces. La mitad superior
del edificio uniforme es más ligera que la mitad inferior aproximadamente (1/2) (104) veces. En relación con el
centro de masa en el centro geométrico, este efecto mueve el centro de gravedad hacia abajo, aproximadamente
(1/2) (104) (150 m) 10 mm.

Q12.10 Ella puede estar en lo correcto. Si el perro se para en una escala relativamente gruesa, las patas del perro
en el suelo podrían soportar más su peso que sus patas en la balanza. Puede verificar y, si es necesario, corregir
este error haciendo que el perro se pare como un puente con dos patas en la escala y dos en un libro de igual
grosor; un libro de texto de física es una buena opción. *

1/8/07 8:21:33 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd 1
Q12.11 Respuesta (b). Visualice el hacha como un balancín equilibrado en el patio de recreo con una persona de
gran masa a un lado, cerca del punto de apoyo, y una persona de masa pequeña lejos del punto de apoyo al otro
lado. Diferentes masas están en los dos lados del centro de masa. La posición media de la masa no es la posición
mediana.

Q12.12 El diagrama de cuerpo libre demuestra que es necesario tener fricción en el suelo para contrarrestar la
fuerza normal de la pared y evitar que la base de la escalera se deslice. Si hay fricción en el piso y en la pared, no es
posible determinar si la escalera se deslizará, solo por las condiciones de equilibrio.

Q12.13 Respuesta (g). En los problemas que estudiamos, las fuerzas aplicadas al objeto se encuentran en un plano,
y el eje que elegimos es una línea perpendicular a este plano, por lo que aparece como un punto en el diagrama de
cuerpo libre. Se puede elegir en cualquier lugar. El álgebra de resolver fuerzas desconocidas es generalmente más
fácil si elegimos el eje donde actúan algunas fuerzas desconocidas.

* Q12.14 (i) Respuesta (b). La extensión es directamente proporcional a la dimensión original, de acuerdo con F / A
 YL / Li. (ii) Respuesta (e). Duplicar el diámetro cuadruplica el área para hacer la extensión cuatro veces menor.
Q12.15 Deformación por corte

1/8/07 8:21:33 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd 2
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 313

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 12.1 The Conditions for Equilibrium

P12.1 Take torques about P.

   ⎡ 9 ⎤ ⎡9
⎤
   m1 g mbg m2 g
 
n0 ⎢ d  d mbgd m2 gx 0
p
⎣2 ⎥ m 1g ⎢ d
⎦ ⎣ ⎥⎦
2 m1 2 m2
P
We want to find x for which n0  0.
O CG
m g  m gd  m g 9  m  m d  m 9
x 1 b
1b 12 x
12
m2 g  m2 nO
nP

FIG. P12.1

P12.2 Use distances, angles, and forces as shown. The

conditions of equilibrium are: Fy

F y 0 Fy  Ry  Fg  0
l Fx


F x 0 Fx  Rx  0
Ry

Rx Fg
F 9 cos  F ⎛ 9 ⎞ cos  F 9 sin  0
  0  y g ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ x O

FIG. P12.2

Section 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity

P12.3 The coordinates of the center of gravity of piece 1 are 4.00 cm

x1  2.00 cm and y1  9.00 cm

The coordinates for piece 2 are 18.0 cm 1

x2  8.00 cm and y2  2.00 cm

The area of each piece is

2 4.00 cm
A1  72.0 cm2 and A2 32.0 cm2
12.0 cm
And the mass of each piece is proportional to the area. Thus,
FIG. P12.3

xCG 
 mi xi  72.0 cm2 2.00 cm  32.0 cm2 8.00 cm 3.85 cm
 mi 72.0 cm2  32.0 cm2
and
 m y 72.0 cm2 9.00 cm  32.0 cm2 2.00 cm
yCG  
ii  6.85 cm
m i 104 cm 2
314 Chapter 12

P12.4 The hole we can count as negative mass

xCG m1 x1  m2 x2
 m1  m2
Call  the mass of each unit of pizza area.
 R2 0    R 2   R

xCG  2 2
 R2   2 R 2

xCG R
R /8
 3/ 4  6

P12.5 Let the fourth mass (8.00 kg) be placed at (x, y), then

xCG  0  3.0012.0
4.00  m4 x
m
4

12.0 1.50 m
x  8.00 

Similarly,
3.004.00  8.00 y
yCG  0 
12.0  8.00
y
1.50 m
P12.6 Let  represent the mass-per-face area. y
A vertical strip at position2 x, with width
 x  3.00 
dx and height has mass 1.00 m
9

  x  3.00 
2
y = (x – 3.00)2/9
dm 
dx
9

The total mass is x

  x  3 dx
3.00 2
x
M   dm 
x0
 9 0 3.00 m

dx
3.00
⎛⎞
M⎜
⎝ 9   x2  6x  FIG. P12.6

⎟⎠ 9dx
0

⎛  ⎞ ⎡x
3
6x 3.00
M  ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎢  2  9x ⎤  
9 ⎣ ⎥
3 ⎦0
2
The x-coordinate of the center of gravity is
 xdm 3.00 3.00
1 
  9x  dx
2

3  x  x  dx  x  6x
2 3
xCG  M 
1 4⎡ 9 0 0
x 6.75 m
6x 3 2 3.00
9x ⎤
  0.750 m
 ⎢   ⎥2 0
9 ⎣4 3 ⎦ 9.00
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 315

P12.7 In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass and center of gravity of an object coincide.
Thus, the center of gravity of the triangle is located at x  6.67 m, y  2.33 m (see the Example
on the center of mass of a triangle in Chapter 9).
The coordinates of the center of gravity of the three-object system are then:

x 
 m x  6.00 kg5.50 m  3.00 kg6.67 m  5.00 kg3.50 m
i i

m
CG
i 6.00  3.00  5.00 kg
xCG35.5 kg m
 14.0 kg  2.54 m and

y CG
 mi yi  6.00 kg7.00 m  3.00 kg2.33 m  5.00 kg3.50 m
 mi 14.0 kg

yCG 66.5 kg m 4.75 m

 14.0 kg 

Section 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium

P12.8 (a) For rotational equilibrium of the lowest rod about its point of support,    0.
12.0 g g 3 cm  m1g4 cm m1  9.00 g

(b) For the middle rod,

m2 2 cm  12.0 g  9.0 g5 cm  0 m2  52.5 g

(c) For the top rod,

52.5 g  12.0 g  9.0 g 4 cm  m36 cm  0 m3  49.0 g

3r
P12.9   0  mg 3r   Tr
2T  Mg sin 45.0°  0
Mg sin 45.0° 1 500 kggsin 45.0°
T 2  2
 5309.80 N
T 530g m
m   177 kg 1 500 kg
3g 3g
 = 45

FIG. P12.9
P12.10 (a) Taking moments about P,
 R sin 30.0° 0   R cos 30.0°5.00 cm  150 N30.0
cm  0
R  1 039.2 N  1.04 kN
 The force exerted by the hammer on the nail is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction:
(b) f  R sin 30.0°  150 N  370 N
1.04 kN at 60° upward and to the right.
n  R cos 30.0°  900 N
.
Fsurfac  370 N ˆi  900 N ˆj
e
 316 Chapter 12

P12.11 (a)
 F fn x w 0 nw

 F  n  800 N  500 N  0
y g

Taking torques about an axis at the foot of the ladder,

500 N
800 N4.00 msin 30.0°  500 N7.50 msin 30.0°
ng
nw 15.0 cm cos 30.0°  0
Solving the torque equation,
800 N

n
4.00 m800 N  7.50 m500 Ntan 30.0°  268 N f
w 15.0 m
Next substitute this value into the Fx equation to find FIG. P12.11

f  nw 
268 N in the positive x direction.
Solving the equation  Fy  0,

ng  1 300 N
in the positive y direction.

(b) In this case, the torque equation   A  0 gives:

9.00 m800 Nsin 30.0°  7.50 m500 Nsin 30.0°  15.0 mnw sin 60.0°  0
or
nw  421 N
Since f  nw  421 N and f  fmax  ng, we find

fmax 421 N
  0.324
ng 1 300 N

P12.12 (a) F x  f  nw  0 (1) nw

m2 g
 Fn y ⎛mLg⎞ m g  0 (2)
  m g 1 cos2   m gx cos  n L sin  0
 A 1 ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 w

De la ecuación de torque,
⎡1 ⎛x⎞ ⎤
n mg m g cot m1 g
w ⎢ 2 1 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ 2 ⎥ f
⎣ ⎦
An g
m g⎜⎝⎛m
1 x
Then, from equation (1): f  nw  L⎠ g cot
⎣2 1
2⎦

and from equation (2): ng 

m1  m2  g
FIG. P12.12
(b) Si la escalera está a punto de resbalar cuando x  d,

then


f xd

m1 / 2  m2d /
ng Lcot

1/3/07 7:52:08 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 317

P12.13 Torque about the front wheel is zero.

0  1.20 m   mg   3.00
m2Fr 

Thus, the force at each rear wheel is

Fr  0.200mg  2.94 kN
FIG. P12.13
The force at each front wheel is then
mg  2Fr
Ff   4.41 kN
2
*P12.14 (a) The gravitational force on the floodlight is
(20 kg)(9.8 m/s2)  196 N T
We consider the torques acting on the beam, 30.0
about an axis perpendicular to the page and H
through the left end of the horizontal beam. 196 N
V d
   T sin 30.0° d  196 N d 
0 FIG. P12.14
giving T  392 N .

(b) From  Fx  0, H  T cos 30.0°  0 , or H  392 Ncos 30.0° 339 N to the right .

(c) From  Fy  0, V  T sin 30.0°  196 N  0, or V  196 N  392 Nsin 30.0°0 .

(d) From the same free-body diagram with the axis chosen at the right-hand end, we write
 = H(0) − Vd + T(0) + 196 N(0) = 0 so V = 0

(e) From  Fy  0, V  T sin 30.0°  196 N  0, or T  0  196 N/s in 30.0°392

 N .

(f ) From  Fx  0, H  T cos 30.0°  0 , or H  392 Ncos 30.0° 339 N to the right .

(g) The two solutions agree precisely. They are equally accurate. They are essentially
equally simple. But note that many students would make a mistake on the negative
(clockwise) sign for the torque of the upward force V in the equation in part (d).

Taking together the equations we have written, we appear to have four equations but we
cannot determine four unknowns. Only three of the equations are independent, so we can
determine only three unknowns.

P12.15 (a) Vertical forces on one half of the chain: Te sin 42.0°  20.0 N Te  29.9 N
(b) Horizontal forces on one half of the chain: Te cos 42.0°  Tm Tm  22.2 N

1/3/07 7:52:10 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
318 Chapter 12

P12.16 Relative to the hinge end of the bridge, the cable is attached Ry T
horizontally out a distance x  5.00 m  cos 20.0°  4.70 x
m and vertically down a distance y  5.00 m sin 20.0°  Rx 20.0
1.71 m. The cable then makes the following angle with the y
horizontal:
⎡12.0  1.71 m ⎤ 4.00 m
  tan1
⎢⎣ 4.70 m ⎥⎦  71.1° 5.00 m

(a) Take torques about the hinge end of the bridge: 7.00 m 19.6 kN
9.80 kN
Rx 0  Ry 0  19.6 kN4.00 m cos 20.0°
T cos 71.1°1.71 m   T sin 71.1°4.70
m FIG. P12.16
9.80 kN7.00 m cos 20.0°  0
which yields T  35.5 kN
(b)  F  0  R  T cos 71.1° 
x x

0 or
Rx  35.5 kN cos 71.1°  11.5 kN right

(c)  F 0R
y y  19.6 kN  T sin 71.1°  9.80 kN 
0 Thus,
Ry  29.4 kN  35.5 kNsin 71.1°  4.19 kN

 4.19 kN down

P12.17 (a) We model the horse as a particle. The drawbridge will fall out
from under the horse. Ry
0 Rx
1
9 3g
  mg 2 0
cos0
 cos 29
1 2
3 m9

 39.80 m s2 cos 20.0°
1.73 rad s2
mg
28.00 m
1 FIG. P12.17(a)
(b) I 2 
mgh
2
1 1 1
  m92 2  mg  91  sin 


0
2 3 2
Solving,

39.80 m s2  
  3g 1  sin0   1  sin 20°  1.56 rad s
9 8.00 m

continued on next page

 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 319

(c) The linear acceleration of the center of mass of the bridge is

1 1 Ry
a  9  8.0 m1.73 rad s2   6.907 m s2 0 Rx
2 2
The force at the hinge plus the gravitational force produce
the acceleration a  6.907 m s2 at right angles to the bridge.
R  ma  2 000 kg6.907 m s2 cos 250°  4.72 kN
a mg
x x
FIG. P12.17(c)
Ry  mg  may

Solving,

 
Ry  m g  ay   2 000 kg  ⎡⎣ 9.80 m s2   6.907 m s2  sin 250° ⎤⎦ 
6.62 kN Thus
 
.
R   4.72i ˆ  6.62ˆ j kN

(d) Rx  0
⎛1 ⎞
a2 9  1.56 rad s 2  4.0 m   9.67 m Ry
s2 R

⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ x
2 a
Ry  mg  ma
 Ry  2 000 kg9.8 m s2  9.67 m s2   38.9 kN mg
Thus:
FIG. P12.17(d)
Ry  38.9ˆj kN

P12.18 Call the required force F, with Fy 400 N

components Fx  F cos15.0° and
Fy  F sin15.0°, transmitted to
Fx
the center of the wheel by the
handles. Rb b

8.00 cm nx
Just as the wheel leaves the ny
ground, the ground exerts no a a
force on it.
distances forces

 F  0: F cos15.0°  n
x x (1) FIG. P12.18

 F  0: F sin15.0°  400 N  n  0
y y
(2)

Take torques about its contact point with the brick. The needed distances are seen to be:
b  R  8.00 cm  20.0  8.00 cm  12.0 cm
a  R2  b2  16.0 cm

(a)   0: Fxb  Fya  400 N a  0, or

F 12.0 cm cos15.0°  16.0 cmsin15.0° 400 N16.0 cm  0

so
6 400 N cm 859 N
F 7.45 cm 

continued on next page

320 Chapter 12

(b) Then, using Equations (1) and (2),

nx  859 N cos15.0°  830 N and
ny  400 N  859 Nsin15.0°  622 N

n n xy22n  1.04 kN
⎛ ny ⎞
  tan1  tan1 0.749  36.9° to the left and upward
⎜⎝ nx ⎠

P12.19 When x  xmin, the rod is on the verge of slipping, so 2.0 m

T
3
f   fs max
  sn  0.50n n
7
From  Fx  0, n  T cos 37°  0, or n  0.799T . 

Thus, Fg Fg
f  0.50 0.799T   0.399T FIG. P12.19

From  Fy  0, f  T sin 37°  2Fg  0,

or
0.399T  0.602T  2Fg  0 , giving T  2.00Fg

Using   0 for an axis perpendicular to the page and through the left end of the beam gives

 
Fg  xmin  Fg  2.0 m   ⎡⎣ 2Fg sin 37° ⎤⎦  4.0 m   0, which reduces to xmin m
2.82

P12.20 Consider forces and torques on the beam.

 F  0:
x R cos  T cos 53°  0

 Fy  0: R sin  T sin 53°  800 N  0

  0: T sin 53° 8 m  600 N x  200 N 4 m  0

600 Nx  800 N  m
(a) Then T   93.9 N m  x  125 N
8 m sin 53°
As x increases from 2 m, this expression grows larger.
(b) From substituting back,
R cos  93.9x  125cos 53°
R sin  800 N  93.9x  125sin 53°

Dividing,
R sin 800 N
tan    tan 53° 
R cos 93.9x+125 cos
53°
⎛
tan  tan 53° 32 ⎞
1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3x  4 ⎠
As x increases the fraction decreases  decreases .
and

continued on next page

 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 321

(c) To find R we can work out R2 cos2   R2 sin2   R2. From the expressions above for
R cos and R sin ,

R2  T 2 cos 2 53°  T 2 sin 2 53°  1 600 NT sin 53°   800 N 

2

R2  T 2  1 600T sin 53°  640 000

R2   93.9x  125   1 278  93.9x  125   640 000
2

R   8 819x2  96 482x  495 678 1 2

At x  0 this gives R  704 N. At x  2 m, R  581 N. At x  8 m, R  537 N. Over the

range of possible values for x, the negative term 96 482x dominates the positive term
8 819x2, and R decreases as x increases.

P12.21 To find U, measure distances and forces from point A. Then, balancing torques,

0.750U  29.4 2.25 U  88.2 N

To find D, measure distances and forces from point B. Then, balancing torques,
0.750 D  1.5029.4 D  58.8 N

Also, notice that U  D  Fg, so  Fy  0.

Section 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids

stress
P12.22 The definition of Y  means that Y is the slope of the graph:
strain
300  106 N m2
Y  1.0  1011 N m2
0.003
F 
P12.23 Y
L

A Li
FLi  2009.804.00
L   4.90 mm
AY 0.200  104 8.00  1010 
F
P12.24 (a) stress   F
A  r2
2
d
⎛ ⎞
F  stress 
⎝2⎠ ⎛ 2.50  102 m⎞ 2

F  1.50  N m2  ⎟⎠
108 ⎝ 2
⎜
F  73.6 kN
YL
(b) stress  Y strain 
Li

 L  stress Li 
1.50  108 N m2 0.250 m
Y 1.50  1010 N m2  2.50 mm
322 Chapter 12

P12.25 From the defining equation for the shear modulus, we find x as

x 
hf 5.00  103 m20.0  2.38  105 m
SA 3.0  N  N m2 14.0  104 m2 
106

or  x  2.38  102 mm

P12.26 Count the wires. If they are wrapped together so that all support nearly equal stress, the number
should be
20.0 kN
0.200 kN  100
Since cross-sectional area is proportional to diameter squared, the diameter of the cable will be
1 mm 100 ~1 cm

P12.27 (a) F  Astress

   5.00  103 m 2  4.00  N m2
 F
108
= 3.14  104 N
t
A
(b) The area over which the shear occurs is equal
to the circumference of the hole times its
thickness. Thus,

A  2 r  t  2 5.00  103 m  5.00  FIG. P12.27(b)

103 m
 1.57  104 m2

So,

F  AStress  1.57  104 m2 4.00 N m2 

 108
 6.28  104 N

P12.28 The force acting on the hammer changes its momentum according to
m v f  vi
mvi  F t   mv f soF 
t

Hence,
30.0 kg 10.0 m s  20.0 m s
F  0.110 s  8.18  103 N
By Newton’s third law, this is also the magnitude of the average force exerted on the spike by the
hammer during the blow. Thus, the stress in the spike is:
F
stress   8.18  103 N
A  1.97  N m2
  0.023 0 m 2 / 107
stress 1.97 4107 N m2
and the strain is: strain   20.0  1010 N m2  9.85  105
Y
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 323

P12.29 Consider recompressing the ice, which has a volume 1.09V0.

 P  B ⎜ ⎟  2.00  109 N m2 0.090  1.65  108 N m2

⎛ V ⎞

⎝ Vi ⎠ 1.09
P12.30 Let the 3.00 kg mass be mass #1, with the 5.00 kg mass, mass # 2. Applying Newton’s
second law to each mass gives:
m1a  T  m1g
(1) and m 2 a  m2 g  (2)
T
where T is the tension in the wire.
T
Solving equation (1) for the acceleration gives: a   g
m1
m2
and substituting this into equation (2) yields: T  m g  m g  T
2 2
m1
Solving for the tension T gives

2m m g 23.00 kg5.00 kg9.80 m s2   36.8 N

T  1 2 
m2  m1 8.00 kg

From the definition of Young’s modulus, Y  FLi

, the elongation of the wire is:
A L

TLi  36.8 N2.00 m 
L    0.029 3 mm
YA  2.00  1011 N m2    2.00  103 m 2
P12.31 Part of the load force extends the cable and part compresses the column by the same distance 9:

YA AA 9 Ys As 9
F
9A  9s
F
9 
YA AA / 9 A  Ys As / 9 s
 8 500 N
7  1010  0.162 42  0.161 42  / 4  3.25  20  1010   0.012 7 2 / 4  5.75
 8.60  104 m
 P PVi
P12.32 B 
V / Vi V

(a) V  PVi  
1.13  108 N m2 1 m3
 0.053 8 m
3
B 0.21  1010 N m2
(b) The quantity of water with mass 1.03  103 kg occupies volume at the
1.03  10 kg
bottom 1 m3  0.053 8 m3  0.946 m3. So its density is 31.09  103 kg m3
0.946 m 3
(c) With only a 5% volume change in this extreme case, liquid water is indeed nearly
incompressible.
324 Chapter 12

Additional Problems

P12.33 Let nA and nB be the normal forces at the points of

support.

Choosing the origin at point A with  Fy  0 A B

and   0, we find:
nA  nB  8.00  10  g  3.00  10  g  0 and
4 4 1155..00 mm
50.0 m
3.00  104 g 15.0  8.00  104
B 50.0  0
g25.0  n
FIG. P12.33

and bB  4.80  105 N .

The equations combine to give nA  5.98  10 N
5

*P12.34 Model the stove as a uniform 68 kg box. Its center of mass is at its
geometric center, 28  14 inches behind its feet at the front corners. 666 N
Fg
2
Assume that the light oven door opens to be horizontal and that a
person stands on its outer end, 46.375  28  18.375 inches in front of the front feet. n

FIG. P12.34
We find the weight Fg of a person standing on the oven door with the stove balanced on its front
feet in equilibrium:   0
68 kg9.8 m s2 14 in.  n 0  F 18.375 in.  0
g

Fg  508 N

If the weight of the person is greater than this, the stove can tip forward. This weight corre-
sponds to mass 51.8 kg, so the person could be a child. If the oven door is heavy (compared
to the backsplash) or if the front feet are significantly far behind the front corners, the
maxi- mum weight will be significantly less than 508 N.

P12.35 With 9 as large as possible, n1 and n2 will both be large.  f2

The equality sign in f2  sn2 will be true, but the less-than
sign will apply in f1  sn1. Take torques about the lower
end d
of the pole. n2
Fg
⎛1 ⎞ n1
n 9 cos  F 9 cos  f 9 sin  0  
2 g
⎝2 ⎠ 2

f1
Setting f2  0.576n2 , the torque equation becomes
1 FIG. P12.35
n 1  0.576 tan   F0
2 g
2
Since n2  0, it is necessary that
1  0.576 tan  0

 tan  1
 1.736
0.576
  60.1°

9 d
7.80 ft 9.00 ft
sin sin 60.1°

13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd 324 1/4/07 5:07:32
2 PM
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 325

P12.36 When the concrete has cured and the pre-stressing tension has been released, the rod presses in on
the concrete and with equal force, T2, the concrete produces tension in the rod.

(a) In the concrete: stress  8.00  106 ⎛L⎞

N m2  Y strain  Y
⎝⎜ Li ⎠
Thus,

L
8.00  106 N m2 1.50 m
stress Li 30.0  109 N m2
Y 
or

 L  4.00  104 m  0.400 mm

T2
(b) In the concrete: stress   8.00  106
Ac N m2, so

T  8.00  106 N m2 50.0  104 m2  40.0 kN

2

T2 ⎛ L ⎞
(c) For the rod: 
Y so
 L T2 Li
A ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠
steel
R i ARYsteel

L 4.00  104 N1.50  2.00  103 m 

m 2.00 mm

1.50  104 m2 20.0  1010 N m2 

(d) The rod in the finished concrete is 2.00 mm longer than its unstretched length. To remove
stress from the concrete, one must stretch the rod 0.400 mm farther, by a total of
2.40 mm
.

(e) For the stretched rod around which the concrete is poured:
T1 ⎛  Ltotal ⎞
 Y
or
⎛  Ltotal ⎞
 AY
⎜⎝ L T ⎜⎝
A ⎟ steel
1
⎟ R steel
⎠ L ⎠
R i i
⎛ 2.40  103 m⎞
m 20.0  N m   48.0 kN
4 2 10 2

T1  ⎜ 1.50 m ⎟10⎠ 1.50  10

⎝
P12.37 (a) See the diagram.
Ry T

(b) If x  1.00 m, then Rx

O

 O  700 N1.00 m  200 N3.00 m

 80.0 N6.00 m x
700 N 200 N
80.0 N

 T sin 60.0°6.00 m  0 3.00 m

3.00 m

Solving for the tension gives: T  . FIG. P12.37

343 N
From  Fx  0, Rx  T cos 60.0°  171 N .

From  Fy  0, Ry  980 N  T sin 60.0°  683 N .

(c) If T  900 N:

 O
   
 700 N x  200 N 3.00 m  80.0 N 6.00 m    

1/3/07 7:52:21 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
    
 ⎡⎣ 900 N sin60.0° ⎤⎦ 6.00 m  0

Solving for x gives: x  5.13 m .

1/3/07 7:52:21 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
 326 Chapter 12

*P12.38 The 392 N is the weight of the uniform gate, which is 3 m B

wide. The hinges are 1.8 m apart. They exert horizontal A
forces A and C. Only one hinge exerts a vertical force.
We assume it is the upper hinge. 50 N
1.8 m
(a) Free body diagram: C 392 N
Statement:
A uniform 40.0-kg farm gate, 3.00 m wide and 1.80 m
high, supports a 50.0-N bucket of grain hanging from 3.0
its latch as shown. The gate is supported by hinges at m
two corners. Find the force each hinge exerts on the
gate.

(b) From the torque equation,

738 N m
C  410 N
1.8 m
Then A  410 N. Also B  442 N.

FIG. P12.38
The upper hinge exerts 410 N to the left and 442 N up.
The lower hinge exerts 410 N to the right.

P12.39 Using  Fx   Fy     0 , choosing the origin at the left

end of the beam, we have (neglecting the weight of the beam)

 F  R  T cos  0
x x

 F  R  T sin  F  0
y y g

and    Fg  L  d   T sin 2L  d   0.

Solving these equations, we find:

Fg  L  d 
(a) T 
sin 2L  d 

(b) Rx Fg  L  d  cot Fg L

Ry 
2L  d 2L  d FIG. P12.39

P12.40
 point 0  0 gives
T sin
⎛ 39 ⎞ ⎛ 39 ⎞ 25.0
l
T cos 25.0° ⎜ sin 65.0°⎟  T sin 25.0°  ⎜ cos T cos 25.0 3l
2 000 N
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4
4
65.0°⎟
⎠ 1 200 N
⎛9 ⎞
  2 000 N   9 cos 65.0°  1 200 N  cos 65.0°
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2
65.0
From which, T  1 465 N  1.46 kN H

From  Fx  0,

H  T cos 25.0°  1 328 Ntoward right  

1.33 kN

From  Fy  0,

V  3 200 N  T sin 25.0°  2 581 Nupward 

1/3/07 7:52:22 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
 V
FIG. P12.40

2.58 kN

1/3/07 7:52:22 PM
13794_12_ch12_p311-336.indd
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 327

P12.41 We interpret the problem to mean that the support at point B

is frictionless. Then the support exerts a force in the
x direction and

FBy  0

 F F x Bx  FAx  0
FAy  3 000  10 000 g  0
and

    3 000g2.00  10 000g6.00  FBx

1.00  0 These equations combine to give FIG. P12.41
FF
Ax Bx 6.47  105 N
FAy  1.27  105 N

*P12.42 Choosing torques about the hip joint,   0 gives

L ⎛ 2L ⎞
 350 N  T sin12.0°  200 N L  0
2 ⎝3⎠

From which, T  2.71 kN .

Let Rx  compression force along spine, and from  Fx  0

FIG. P12.42
Rx  Tx  T cos12.0°  2.65 kN

(c) You should lift “with your knees” rather than “with your back.” In this situation, with a
load weighing only 200 N, you can make the compressional force in your spine about ten
times smaller by bending your knees and lifting with your back as straight as possible.

P12.43 From the free-body diagram, the angle that the string tension makes with the rod is
T
  60.0°  20.0°  80.0° 20

and the perpendicular component of the string tension is T sin 80.0°.

Summing torques around the base of the rod gives

   0:  4.00 m10 000 N cos 60°  T 4.00 msin 80°  0

10 000 N
10 000 Ncos 60.0°
 5.08  10 N
3
T FV
sin 80.0°

 F  0:x FH  T cos 20.0°  0 60

FH  T cos 20.0° 
4.77  103 N FH
FIG. P12.43

 F  0:y FV  T sin 20.0°  10 000 N  0

and FV 8.26  103 N

 10 000 N  T sin 20.0° 
328 Chapter 12

P12.44 (a) Just three forces act on the rod: forces perpendicular to the
sides of the trough at A and B, and its weight. The lines of
action of A and B will intersect at a point above the rod.
They will have no torque about this point. The rod’s weight B
will cause a torque about the point of intersection as in A Fg
Figure 12.52(a), and the rod will not be in equilibrium unless
the center of the rod lies vertically below the intersection
point, as in Figure 12.52(b). All three forces must be concur- O
rent. Then the line of action of the weight is a diagonal of the FIG. P12.44(a)
rectangle formed by the trough and the normal forces, and the
rod’s center of gravity is vertically above the bottom of the trough.

(b) In Figure (b), AO cos 30.0°  BO cos 60.0° and

2 2 2 2 ⎛ cos2 30.0°⎞ B
L2  AO  BO  AO  AO ⎜
  

⎝ cos2 60.0° ⎟⎠
Fg
AO  L L A
 30.0 60.0
⎛ cos 30°⎞ 2 2
1  ⎝ cos 60°⎠
O

FIG. P12.44(b)

So
AO 1
cos   and   60.0°
L 2
P12.45 (a) Locate the origin at the bottom left corner of the cabinet
and let x  distance between the resultant normal force
and the front of the cabinet. Then we have

 F  200 cos 37.0°  n  0

x
(1)

 F  200 sin 37.0°  n  400 

y (2)
0

   n 0.600  x  400 0.300  200 sin 37.0° 0.600

200 cos 37.0°0.400  (3)
0 From (2),
n  400  200 sin 37.0°  280 N
From (3),
72.2  120  280 0.600  64.0
x 280
x  20.1 cm to the left of the front edge

From (1), k  200 cos 37.0° FIG. P12.45


280 0.571
(b) In this case, locate the origin x  0 at the bottom right
corner of the cabinet. Since the cabinet is about to tip,
we can use    0 to find h:

   400 0.300  300 cos 37.0° h 120

h  300 cos 37.0° 0.501 m
0
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 329

P12.46 (a), (b) Use the first diagram and sum the torques about the lower front 0.300 m
corner of the cabinet. F

  0  F 1.00 m  400 N0.300 m  0 400 N

400 N0.300 m 1.00 m

yielding F   120 N
1.00 m

F x  0   f  120 N  0, or f  120 N
f
F y  0   400 N  n  0, so n  400 N n

Thus,
f 120 N 0.300
s  n 400 N
 F' 

(c) Apply F  at the upper rear corner and directed so     90.0°
to obtain the largest possible lever arm. 1.00
m
⎛ 1.00 m ⎞
  tan1  59.0° 400 N
⎝0.600 m ⎠

Thus,    fn
90.0° 59.0° 31.0°
Sum the torques about the lower front corner of the cabinet: 0.600 m
FIG. P12.46
F  1.00 m 2   0.600 m 2  400 N0.300 m  0
so
120 N  m
F   103
N
1.17 m
Therefore, the minimum force required to tip the cabinet is
103 N applied at 31.0° above the horizontal at the upper left corner .

P12.47 (a) We can use  Fx   Fy  0 and

point at the contact on the floor.   0 with pivot
P
Then T
 FTn0
x s
L/2

 F  n  Mg  mg  0, andL
y
Mg
⎛ ⎞ L/2
  Mg  L cos   mg cos  T  L sin   0
⎝2 ⎠ mg
n
Solving the above equations gives 

M  m ⎛ 2s sin  cos ⎞ f

2 ⎜⎝ cos  s sin
FIG. P12.47
⎟⎠
This answer is the maximum value for M if s  cot . If s  cot , the mass M can
increase without limit. It has no maximum value.

(b) At the floor, we have the normal force in the y-direction and frictional force in the
x-direction. The reaction force then is

R n2  ns   M  m  g 1  2s
2

At point P, the force of the beam on the rope is

F  T 2   Mg 2   s M  m
g M  22 2
 330 Chapter 12

Suppose that a bar exerts on a pin a force not along the length of the bar. Then, the pin exerts on the bar a force with a component per-
*P12.48
pendicular to the bar. The. only other force on the bar is the pin force
on the other end. For  F  0, this force must also have a compo-
each of the forces produces a torque about the center of the bar in the same sense. The total torque on the bar is not zero. The contradiction proves that the bar can only exe
FIG. P12.48

*P12.49 (a) The height of pin B is 1000 N

10.0 msin 30.0°  5.00 m B

The length of bar BC is then 10.0 m
 7.07 m nA nC
BC  30.045.0 C
A
Consider the entire truss:
FIG. P12.49(a)
 F  n  1 000 N  n  0
y A C

 A  1 000 N10.0 cos 30.0°  nC 10.0 cos 30.0°  7.07 cos 45.0°  0
Which gives n  634 N .
C

Then,

nA  1 000 N  nC  366 N
(b) Joint A: CAB

 F  0: C
y AB sin 30.0°  366 N  A
0 TAC
so
nA = 366 N
CAB  732 N

 F  0: CABcos 30.0° 
x
1000 N

TAC 0
B
30.0
TAC  732 N cos 30.0°  634 N 45.0

Joint B:
CAB = 732 N CBC

 F  0: 732 Ncos 30.0°  C

x BC cos 45.0°  FIG. P12.49(b)
0 897 N
CBC 732 Ncos 30.0°
 cos 45.0° 
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 331

*P12.50 Considering the torques about the point at the bottom of the bracket yields:

W 0.050 0 m   F 0.060 0 m   0 so F  0.833W

(a) With W  80.0 N, F  0.833(80 N)  66.7 N .

(b) Differentiate with respect to time: dF/dt  0.833 dW/dt
The force exerted by the screw is increasing at the rate dF/dt  0.833(0.15 N/s) 0.125 N/s

P12.51 From geometry, observe that

1
cos 
4 and   75.5°
For the left half of the ladder, we have
T T
F x  T  Rx  0 (1)

 F R n
y y A  686 N  0 (2)

 top  686 N1.00 cos 75.5°  T 2.00 sin FIG. P12.51

75.5°
(3
nA 4.00 cos 75.5°  0 )
For the right half of the ladder we have

 F R T0
x x

F y  nB  Ry  0 (4)

 top  nB 4.00 cos 75.5°  T 2.00 sin 75.5° (5)

0

Solving equations 1 through 5 simultaneously yields:

(a)
T  133 N
(b)  429 N and  257 N

(c)  133 N and  257 N

The force exerted by the left half of the ladder on the right half is to the right and
downward.
 Imagine gradually increasing the force P. This will make the force of
static friction at the bottom increase, so that the normal force at the wall
332 Chapter 12
increases and the friction force at the wall can increase. As P reaches its
maximum value, the cylinder will turn clockwise microscopically to
stress the welds at both contact points and make both forces of friction
P12.52 increase to their maximum values. A comparison: To make a four-legged
table start to slide across the floor, you must push on it hard enough to
FIG. P12.52
counterbalance the maximum static friction forces on all four legs
together.

When it is on the verge of slipping, the cylinder is in equilibrium.

F x  0: f1  n2  sn1
and f2   s n 2

 F  0:
y P  n1  f2  Fg

   0: P  f1  f2

As P grows so do f1 and f2 .

Therefore, since  1 n1
 , f and n2 n1
 
f
2
s
2
1
2 2 4
n1
then Pn F n1 n1 3
(1) and P   n (2)
1
1
4
g 2 4 4
5
So P nF 5⎛4 ⎞ 8
becomes P P F or PF
4⎝3 ⎠
g g
4
1 g
3

Therefore,

3F
P g
8

F/ FLi
P12.53 (a) F  k L , Young’s modulus is Y
 A L 
A

L /
Li
Thus,
kLi
Y and k  YA
A
Li

L L
L
YA  L 2
(b) W   Fdx     kx  dx   xdx  YA 2Li
0 0 Li 0
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 333

P12.54 (a) Take both balls together. Their weight is 3.33 N

and their CG is at their contact point. P1

 F  0: P  P  0
x 3 1

F y  0: P2  3.33 N  0 P2  3.33 N

3.33 N
  A  0: P3R  P2R  3.33 N P3
 R  R cos 45.0°
 P1  R  2R cos 45.0°  0

P2
Substituting,
FIG. P12.54(a)
P1 R   3.33 N  R   3.33 N  R 1  cos
45.0° 
P1 R 1  2 cos 45.0°   0
3.33 N cos 45.0°  2P1 cos 45.0°
P1  1.67 N so P3  1.67 N

(b) Take the upper ball. The lines of action of its weight, of P1,
and of the normal force n exerted by the lower ball all go
1.67 N
through its center, so for rotational equilibrium there can be P1
no frictional force.
n cos 45.0
 F  0: n cos 45.0°  P  0
x 1

n sin 45.0
1.67 N 2.36 N
 n  cos 45.0°
 FIG. P12.54(b)

 F  0: n sin 45.0°  1.67 N  0 gives the same result.

y

P12.55  F  0:
y 380 N  Fg  320 N  0

Fg  700 N

Take torques about her feet:

   0: 380 N2.00 m   700 N x

320 N0  0 FIG. P12.55

x  1.09 m

P12.56 The tension in this cable is not uniform, so this becomes a fairly difficult problem.
dL F
L  YA
At any point in the cable, F is the weight of cable below that point. Thus, F  gy where µ is the
mass per unit length of the cable.
Then,
Li ⎛ dL ⎞  1 gL2
Lg
i
y   dy   ydy  2
 i
⎝L⎠ YA YA
0 0

 2.40   9.80   500 

2
1
y   0.049 0 m 
2 2.00  1011 3.00  104  4.90 cm
334 Chapter 12

⎛ v ⎞ 10.0  1.00 m s
P12.57 (a) Fm  1.00 kg 4 500 N
⎝ t ⎠ 0.002 s
F
(b) stress   4 500 N 
4.50  106 N m2
A 0.010 m0.100 m 

(c) Yes. This is more than sufficient to break the board.

P12.58 Let  represent the angle of the wire with the vertical. The radius
of the circle of motion is r  0.850 m sin  . T
For the mass:

 F  ma
r r
2
m v  mr 2
r
 r mg
T sin  m 0.850 m sin 
FIG. P12.58
 2
T
Further,  Y  strain or T  AY  strain
A
Thus, AY strain  m 0.850 m 2, giving

AY strain   3.90  104 m 2  7.00  1010 N m2 1.00  103 

 
m 0.850 m  1.20 kg0.850 m
or   5.73 rad s

P12.59 (a) If the acceleration is a, we have Px  ma HL

d
and Py  n  Fg  0. Taking the origin at
the center of gravity, the torque equation
gives
CG
Py  L  d   Px h  nd  0 P
h
Solving these equations, we find
n Fyg
Py  Fg ⎛ah
⎜L d⎝g⎠ FIG. P12.59

(b) If Py  0, then d  ah 2.00 m s2 1.50 m

 0.306 m .
g  9.80 m s2

(c) Using the given data, Px  306 N and Py  553 N.

 
.
Thus, P   306i
ˆ  553j
ˆ N .
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 335

P12.60 When the car is on the point of rolling over, the normal
force on its inside wheels is zero.
mg
 Fy  may : n  mg  0 h
mv2

 F  ma :
x
R
x f
fmg
d
Take torque about the center of mass: fh  n  0.
2 d
mv2
mgd
Then by substitution max
h 0 v  gdR
R 2
max FIG. P12.60
2h

A wider wheelbase (larger d) and a lower center of mass (smaller h) will reduce the risk of
rollover.

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

⎛ 9⎞
P12.2 F  R  F  0; F  R  0; F 9 cos  F cos  F 9 sin  0
y y g x y g ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ x
x 2
P12.4 see the solution

P12.6 0.750 m

P12.8 (a) 9.00 g (b) 52.5 g (c) 49.0 g

P12.10 (a) 1.04 kN at 60° upward and to the right. (b)
Fsurfac
.  370 N ˆi  900 N ˆj
⎡ m1g m2 gx ⎤
P12.12 (a) f   cot ;
n  m  m  m1 / 2  m2d / Lcot
g (b)  
⎣⎢ L ⎥⎦ g 1 2
2 m1  m2
P12.14 (a) 392 N (b) 339 N to the right (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) 392 N (f ) 339 N to the right (g) Both
are equally accurate and essentially equally simple. We appear to have four equations, but only
three are independent. We can determine three unknowns.

P12.16 (a) 35.5 kN (b) 11.5 kN to the right (c) 4.19 kN down

P12.18 (a) 859 N (b) 104 kN at 36.9° above the horizontal to the left

P12.20 (a) see the solution (b)  decreases (c) R decreases

P12.22 1.0 × 1011 N/m2

P12.24 (a) 73.6 kN (b) 2.50 mm

P12.26 ~1 cm

P12.28 9.85  105

P12.30 0.029 3 mm

P12.32 (a) 0.053 8 m3 (b) 1.09  103 kg/m3 (c) With only a 5% change in volume in this extreme
case, liquid water is indeed nearly incompressible in biological and student-laboratory situations.
336 Chapter 12

P12.34 The weight must be 508 N or more. The person could be a child. We assume the stove is a uni-
form box with feet at its corners. We ignore the masses of the backsplash and the oven door. If the
oven door is heavy, the minimum weight for the person might be somewhat less than 508 N.

P12.36 (a) 0.400 mm (b) 40.0 kN (c) 2.00 mm (d) 2.40 mm (e) 48.0 kN

P12.38 (a) See the solution. The weight of the uniform gate is 392 N. It is 3.00 m wide. The hinges are
separated vertically by 1.80 m. The bucket of grain weighs 50.0 N. One of the hinges, which
we suppose is the upper one, supports the whole weight of the gate. Find the components of the
forces that both hinges exert on the gate. (b) The upper hinge exerts A  410 N to the left and
B  442 N up. The lower hinge exerts C  410 N to the right.

P12.40 
1.46 kN; 1.33ˆi  2.58ˆj  kN
P12.42 (a) 2.71 kN (b) 2.65 kN (c) You should lift “with your knees” rather than “with your back.”
In this situation, you can make the compressional force in your spine about ten times smaller by
bending your knees and lifting with your back as straight as possible.

P12.44 (a) see the solution (b) 60.0°

P12.46 (a) 120 N (b) 0.300 (c) 103 N at 31.0° above the horizontal to the right

P12.48 Assume a strut exerts on a pin a force with a component perpendicular to the length of the strut.
Then the pin must exert a force on the strut with a perpendicular component of this size. For
translational equilibrium, the pin at the other end of the strut must also exert the same size force
on the strut in the opposite direction. Then the strut will feel two torques about its center in the
same sense. It will not be in equilibrium, but will start to rotate. The contradiction proves that
we were wrong to assume the existence of the perpendicular force. The strut can exert on the pin
only a force parallel to its length.

P12.50 (a) 66.7 N (b) increasing at 0.125 N/s

P12.52 If either static friction force were at less than its maximum value, the cylinder would rotate by a
microscopic amount to put more stress on some welds and to bring that friction force to its maxi-
mum value. P  3Fg /8

P12.54 (a) P1  1.67 N; P2  3.33 N; P3  1.67 N (b) 2.36 N

P12.56 4.90 cm

P12.58 5.73 rad/s

P12.60 See the solution. A wider wheelbase (larger d) and a lower center of mass (smaller h) will
reduce the risk of rollover.