COSH Module PDF

Department of Labor and Employment
Occupational Safety and Health Center

Accredited Safety Training Organization
Accreditation No. 1030-101818-094
CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
(COSH)
TRAINING MANUAL
Name:___________________________________________
Company:________________________________________
Dates:____________________________________________
Venue:___________________________________________
“The more you sweat in training, the less you bleed in battle”
Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao

Pilar, Bataan, Philippines
www.avietcs.com
Tel# 0995 980 2496 0921 929 0719
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Table of Contents
Module 1 – Introduction to OSH Standard OSH LEGISLATION 1
Module 2 – Department Order No. 13/ Importance of OSH in Construction Industry 13
Module 3 – Construction Site Premises 29
Module 4 – Demolition Safety 46
Module 5 – Excavation Safety 49
Module 6 – Heavy Equipment Safety 55
Module 7 – Crane Safety 60
Module 8 – Hand & Portable Power Tools Safety 62
Module 9 – Scaffolding Safety DO 128 13 as Amended Rule 1414 65
Module 10 – Personal Protective Equipment 79
Module 11 – Emergency Preparedness 86
Module 12 – Working At Heights/Fall Protection 94
Module 13 – Communicating OSH / Tool Box Meeting 98
Module 14 – Role of Supervisor in Safety 103
Module 15 – Occupational Health in Construction 104
Module 16 – Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 115
Module 17 – Job Hazard Analysis 119
Module 18 – Construction Occupational Safety & Health (CSHP) 124
Module 19 – Site Safety Inspection / Actual Site Visit / Activity Presentation 126
Module 20 – Accident / Incident Investigation 129
Module 21 – Re-Entry Planning Learning Assessment 133
Module 22 – Employees Compensation Commissions 134
Module 1 – Introduction to OSH/OSH Standards

 Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives
o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

o To reinforce participants positive behavior towards Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
o To increase awareness of the participants on the implementation of Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH) program
o To familiarize with the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as promulgated by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
o To know the requirements for the appointment of a Safety Officer and for OSHC-DOLE
accreditation as OSH Practitioner/Consultant
o Individually, the participants shall develop a safety and health action plan or program
designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases in accordance with the
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
 Introduction of Speakers and Participants
o Day 1 ______________________________
o Day 2 ______________________________
o Day 3 ______________________________
o Day 4 ______________________________
o Day 5 ______________________________
 Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test
 OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of Safety
Movements in the Philippines
OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement
VISION & MISSION

 Attainment of full, decent and productive employment for every
Filipino worker.
 Promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect workers and
promote their welfare and maintain industrial peace.
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Eleven (11) Attached Agencies
 Employees Compensation Commission
 Institute for Labor Studies
 Maritime Training Council
 National Conciliation and Mediation Board
 National Labor Relations Commission
 National Maritime Polytechnic
 National Wages and Productivity Commission
 Occupational Safety and Health Center
 Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
 Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
 Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions
What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the
safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As a
secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers,
nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine,
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics,
ergonomics, toxicology, epidemiology, environmental health, industrial relations, public policy,
industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, labor law and occupational health psychology.
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The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health promulgated
pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines, P.D. 442.
BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Art. 162. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by appropriate
orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing,
programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.
Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and Employment to
conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods, techniques and
approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to discover latent diseases by
establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental conditions; and to
develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no employee will suffer
impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work
and working conditions.
• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the job
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without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to practices
related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or employee
to perform the job normally.
• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death
that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is
an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the workers.
• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?
All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural enterprises
whether operating for profit or not, except:
 Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
 Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?
It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury, sickness
or death through safe and healthful working conditions.
• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?
The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free from
work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property. Thus, the
worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
 Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
 Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
 Separate facilities for men and women;
 Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats or first-
aid kits;
 Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.
• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?
Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working stations:
 Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings, goggles, gloves
aprons and respirators;
 A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or general ventilation to
keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone;
 Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
 Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or explosive
materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable substances, and containers that have
held explosives or flammable materials;
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• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments?
Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

 Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and safety instructions
of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
 Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as STOP,
YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the establishment
shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
 Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as practicable
and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient movement within the
establishment;
 Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards,
machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of process operations,
storage and filing materials;
 Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and
female workers shall be provided.
•Who enforces OSH Standards?
The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial and enforcement powers.
•What is visitorial power?
Visitorial power refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises of an
employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken. This is necessary to
determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the Labor Code. Under this power, the
employer may be required to submit reports and other documents to determine any violation.
• What is enforcement power?
Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an erring
employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards and issue a writ of execution in
case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and imminent danger to the health and safety of
workers, suspension or cessation of the operations may be effected within 24 hours from the issuance
of the order.
•How are these Standards enforced?
These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer shall provide to
the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative access to its premises or records at any time
of the day or night whenever there is work to determine and effect compliance.
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Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special inspection
visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related accidents, occupational
illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up inspection recommendations, or to
conduct investigations or inspections upon request of an employer, worker or labor union in the
establishment.
•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned person believes that such a
violation of the OSH Standards exists which threatens with physical harm or poses imminent
danger to life, what shall he do to correct the danger?
The said worker or workers’ representative shall request the RO for an inspection of their area by giving
full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.
• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?
The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation immediately
in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the outcome of such investigation.
• Fines and Penalties
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What are the duties and responsibilities of the employers and the employees in relation to
enforcement and compliance with OSH Standards in the workplace?
Rules of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards

1000 General Provisions 1160 Boiler
1010 Other Safety Rules 1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
1020 Registration 1180 Internal Combustion Engine*
1030 Training and & Accreditation 1200 Machine Guarding
1040 Health & Safety Committee 1210 Electrical Safety
1050 Notification & Keeping of 1220 Elevators & Related Equipment
Occ. Illness &Injuries 1230 Identification of Piping System
1060 Premises of Establishments 1240 Power Piping Lines*
1070 Environmental Control 1410 Construction Safety
1080 Personal Protective Equipment 1420 Logging
1090 Hazardous Materials 1940 Fire Protection & Control
1100 Gas & Electric Welding & 1950 Pesticides & Fertilizers
Cutting Operations 1960 OH Services
1120 Hazardous Work Processes 1970 Fees
1040 Explosives 1980 Authority of LGUs
1050 Materials Handling &Storage 1990 Final Provisions
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions.
• Comply with the requirements of the Standards.
• Give complete job safety instruction to all his workers
• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS

 Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the Standards;
 Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies adopted
and the safety organization established;
 Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once in every
three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its recommendations
and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
 Act on recommended safety measures;
 Provide access to appropriate authorities.
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

 Cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the Standards.
 Report any work hazard to his/her supervisor
 Follow all instructions by the employer in compliance with the OSHS provisions
 Make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

 Follow safety policies;
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 Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;
 Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;
 Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
 Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.
General Provisions (Rule 1010)
DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS

 Any person including builders or contractors, who visits, builds, innovates or installs devices in
establishments or workplaces shall comply with the provision of OSHS rules and all regulations
issued by the employer in compliance with the Standards and other issuances of the Secretary.
Rule 1020 - Registration

 Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office or authorized
representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its enforcement activities.
 Free of charge
 Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening after
previous closing
Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing training programs
to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry out the provision of this
Standards.
Employer to appoint a safety officer on a full-time or part-time basis depending on the type of workplace
(whether hazardous or non-hazardous) and number of workers in the workplace.
Rule 1033: Training and Personal Complement:
The Minimum qualifications; duties and number of required safety and health officer shall be
as follows:
1. All safety officers must complete the Bureau-prescribed training course prior to their
appointment as in their respective places of employment.
2. All full-time safety officers must meet the requirement of duly accredited Safety
Practitioners or Safety Consultants by the Bureau.
3. Not less than the following number of supervisors or technical personnel shall tahe the
required trainings and shall be appointed as a safety officer on a full-time or part time
basis, depending on the number of workers employed and the hazardous or
nonhazardous pursuant to Rule 1013 of these Standars.
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a.) For hazardous workplaces:
Number of Workers Minimum Number of Safety Officers

Hazardous Highly Hazardous
1-50 One (1) part-time One (1) Full time

51-200 One (1) Full-time One (1) Full time and
One (1) Part time
201-250 One (1) Full time and Two (2) Full time
One (1) Part- time
251-500 Two (2) Full time Two (2) Full time and
One (1) part time
Every additional 500 One (1) additional full time
or fraction thereof
Every additonla 25 One (1) Additional Full
or fraction thereof time
Source:www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%2016-01.pdf
A workplace is deemed hazardous if:

 The nature of the work exposes workers to dangerous environmental elements, contaminants
or work conditions, including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire, flammable substances, noxious
components, and the like
 The workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire-fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting,
stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized farming
 The workers use or are exposed to heavy or power-driven machinery or explosive powder-
actuated equipment
 The workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other pyrotechnic
products
 The workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and other
parasites.
Considered “highly hazardous workplace"
• Where potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not
only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are
workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:
1. Petrochemical works and refineries;
2. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
3. LPG storage and materials;
4. Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals;
5. Large fertilizer stores;
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6. Explosives factories;
7. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above;
9. Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to
classification of establishments
Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
 All Safety Officers must complete the Bureau prescribed Training Course
 A full-time safety officer must be duly accredited by the OSHC.
 ACCREDITATION PROGRAM OF DOLE
Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the employer enters
into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties
and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safety practitioner as stated in this Rule. The
employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training
of his supervisors or technical personnel.
NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Requirements for Accreditation
OSH PRACTITIONER
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH training from DOLE accredited or
recognized organizations.
2. Relevant experience in OSH
 Three (3) years’ experience if applicant is duly licensed by PRC
 Four (4) years’ experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4 or 5-year

college course without PRC license.
 Ten (10) years’ experience if applicant is a college undergraduate
What are the requirements for Accreditation?
1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).

2. Updated Original Certificate of employment
3. Original actual functions/job description duly signed by the employer or authorized official of
the company.
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4. Photo copy of previous employment certificate (if necessary)
5. Photo copy of Certificate of Completion on the 40-Hour Bureau prescribed BOSH training
course from DOLE-BWC Accredited STOs
6. Photo copy of Certificate of Attendance/ Participation to other OSH related trainings/ seminars
from DOLE accredited / recognized organizations/institutions
7. Photo copy of college diploma, transcript of records and/or PRC license, if any
8. Proof of applicant’s achievements/ accomplishments/participation on OSH
(i.e. awards/recognitions, reports, programs prepared and submitted)
Note: All pages of documents must be signed by the applicant and original of all documents
submitted must be presented to during applicant’s panel interview.
Validity and Renewal of Accreditation
 Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewed upon compliance with
minimum requirements pursuant to D.O. 16, unless suspended, cancelled or revoked
 Accreditation shall be renewed within the prescriptive period of 30 calendar days prior to
expiration thereof.
RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee
•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a group of employees or workers and management that plans and
makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and health in the workplace. All establishments are
required to have a Safety and Health Committee.
•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

In every workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty days after the
Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month from the date business starts
operating. In both cases the Safety and Health Committee shall reorganize every January of the
following year.
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•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee?
The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized according to the
number of employees or workers in a workplace.
•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?
Safety and Health Committee shall:

 Plan and develop accident prevention
programs in the workplace;
 Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
 Review reports of inspection, results of
accident investigations and implementation of
accident prevention program;
 Conduct safety meetings at least once a
month;
 Submit reports to the manager/owner on its
meetings and activities;
 Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of
activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards;
 Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
 Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service units
as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the Emergency Preparedness
Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.
Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report requirements.
3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non-adoption,
informs the committee of the reason
What are the duties of the Safety Officer?
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As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:
 Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
 Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
 Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
 Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
 Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
 Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
 Provides assistance to government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection
Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (OSHS Rule 1034.01)

o One who has been a Safety and Health Practitioner for at least five (5) years and has
taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau
o Safety Practitioners with at least ten (10) years of experience in all levels of occupational
safety and health may not be required to undergo the required training provided they
secure from the |Bureau a certification attesting to their competence to qualify as
Consultants
o All Safety Consultants or consulting organizations, shall be accredited by the Bureau and
registered with the Regional Office Concerned.
No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice of

Occupational Safety and Health unless the requirements of the Rule are complied with.
Module 2: DO 13
D.O. 13-- Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in

Construction Industry:
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.

13
Series of 1998
GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY
In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the
construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and
around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the
promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction
industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction
industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government
requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:
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Section 1. Definition of Terms. As used herein, the terms below shall be
defined as follows:
a) “Accredited organization” means any organization duly accredited by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to
perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety and health in
the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other
similar activity.
b) “Certified first-aider” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to
administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization
accredited by the same.
c) “Construction project manager/consultant” means a person or entity who is
hired by the project owner, to act in the owner’s behalf concerning
supervision and monitoring of all matters related to the overall execution of a
construction project. The construction project manager shall be a separate
entity from the general constructor or any subcontractor of the construction
project.
d) “Construction safety and health committee” means the general safety and
health committee for a construction project site that shall be the overall
coordinator in implementing OSH programs.
e) “Construction safety and health officer” means any employee/worker
trained and, in addition to their regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by
his employer to implement occupational safety and health programs in
accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS).
f) “Construction safety and health program” refers to a set of detailed rules to
cover the processes and practices that shall be utilized in a specific
construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including the personnel
responsible and the penalties for violations thereof.
g) “Construction safety signage” refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or
danger sign, warning sign or safety instruction, of standard colors and
sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of
the OSHS
h) “Constructor” is deemed synonymous with the term “builder”. It refers to any
person or organization who undertakes or offers to undertake or purports to
have the capacity to undertake or submits a bid to, or does himself or by or
through others, construct, alter, repair, add to, subtract from, improve, move,
wreck or demolish any building, highway, road, railroad, excavation or other
structure, project, development or improvement, or to do any part thereof,
including the erection of scaffolding or other structures or works in connection
therewith. The term constructor includes subcontractor and specialty contractor
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i) “Emergency health provider” means any person or organization who is
certified or recognized by the Department of Health and who can provide
the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergency hospital,
including emergency treatment of workers on site, emergency transport and
care during transport of injured workers to the nearest hospital, with adequate
personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete immediate treatment of injuries
or illnesses.
j) “General constructor” means a constructor who has general supervision
over other
constructors in the execution of the project and who directly receives
instructions from the owner or construction project manager (if one is appointed
by the owner).
k) “General safety and health inspection” refers to inspection of the work
environment, including the location and operation of machinery other than those
covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy of work space, ventilation,
lighting, conditions of work environment, handling, storage or work procedures,
protection facilities and other safety and health hazards in the workplace
l) “Heavy equipment” refers to any machine with e n g i n e or electric motor as
prime mover used either for lifting, excavating, leveling, drilling, compacting,
transporting and breaking works in the construction site, such as but not limited
to crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road compactor, prime mover and trailer,
with minimum operating weight and horsepower rating of 1,000 KG and 10 HP,
respectively.
m) “Imminent danger” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be
expected to cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under the
normal enforcement procedures can be accomplished.
n) “Occupational health personnel” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or
physician, engaged by the employer to provide occupational health
services in the establishment/undertaking.
o) “Project manager” means the overall technical personnel of the general contractor
and/or the subcontractor in charge of the actual execution of a construction
project.
p) “Resident engineer” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be
present at the construction site at all times, whenever work is being
undertaken, and shall have the responsibility of assuring the technical
conformance of all designs, materials, processes, work procedures rendered for the
execution of the construction project, including safety and health of all persons
within the construction site.
q) “Safety and health audit” refers to a regular and critical examination of project sites, safety
programs, records and management performance on program standards on safety and
health.
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r) “Safety and health committee” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor, inspect,
and investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health and safety
of construction workers.
s) “Safety organization” means any organization recognized and accredited by the DOLE
to conduct occupational safety and health training and/or safety and health audit.
t) “Safety personnel” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained, accredited
by DOLE and tasked to provide occupational safety and health services for
the workers/employees in any construction project.
u) “Skills standards” refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge
and skills a worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description
of his occupation.
v) “Technical safety inspection” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination
of boilers, pressure vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations,
elevators, hoisting equipment and other mechanical equipment.
w) “Trade test” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based
on the requirements of the skills.
x) “Treatment Room” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary
medical facilities and supplies and located within the premises of the establishment where
workers maybe brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or illnesses
in cases of emergency.
y) “Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and
t h e i r respective supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper
briefing on the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual
occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible
accidents and other related matters.
z) “Unguarded surface” refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary
or permanent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to
the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb.
Section 2. Jurisdiction
The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in
the preparation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction
Industry including its very enforcement, as provided for by law.
2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of
the Philippines, "The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by appropriate
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orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards
to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all work places
and institute new and update existing programs to ensure safe and healthful
working conditions in all places of employment."
2.2. As embodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of
the Philippines, "(a) The Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely
responsible for the administration and enforcement of occupational safety
and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments and
workplaces wherever they may be located"
Section 3. Delegation of Authority and Accreditation
The authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the
construction industry may be delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment,
under the following conditions:
a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical

Safety Inspections and general safety audit of construction project sites within their
respective jurisdiction where they have adequate facilities and competent personnel
for the purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards
established by the latter, provided they submit for approval an application for such
authority.
b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate facilities and competent personnel for
the purpose, may be accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general
Safety and Health Audit of construction project sites, for and in behalf of the
company or establishment.
c) Accreditation of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with
Rule 1030 of the OSHS.
Section 4. Coverage
This issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry and
its subdivisions, namely, general building construction, general engineering construction and
specialty trade construction, based on the classification code of the Philippine Construction
Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines (CIAP);
to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to those falling within the
construction industry as may be determined by the Secretary of Labor and Employment.
Section 5. Construction Safety and Health Program
Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program,
which must be in accordance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the
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DOLE. The Construction Project Manager, or in his absence, the Project Manager as
authorized by the owner, shall be responsible for compliance with this Section.
5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the
following:
a) Composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one

has been formed, otherwise, an undertaking to organize such
committee and appoint its members before the start of construction
work at the project site;
b) specific safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes

to observe and maintain in its construction site, including the frequency of
and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang meetings;
c) Penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and
Health Program;
d) frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing
and training all workers at the site with regard to the Construction
Safety and Health Program under which they operate; and
e) The manner of disposing waste arising from the
construction.
5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by
the Construction Project Manager or Project Manager and shall be submitted
to the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) which may approve, disapprove or
modify the same according to existing laws, rules and regulations and other
issuances by the DOLE.
5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be integrated into the project’s construction cost, provided, that said cost shall
be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender
documents and construction contract documents
Section 6. Personal Protective Equipment
Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for
eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers
whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment, chemical or
radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment
in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical agent.
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Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of
the OSHS. The equivalent cost for the provision of PPE (life span, depreciation,
replacement, etc.) Shall be an integral part of the project cost.
6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective equipment.
Workers within the construction project site shall be required to wear the
necessary PPE at all times.
6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters
or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold
or where they are exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb, must
be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.
6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided with special protective

equipment, such as specialized goggles or respirators for welders and painters
or paint applicators.
6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction
site shall wear appropriate PPE.
Section 7. Safety Personnel
To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at
the construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum
required Safety Personnel, as described herein:
7.1. The General Constructor must provide for a full-time officer, who shall be assigned
as the general construction safety and health officer to oversee full time the overall
management of the Construction Safety and Health Program. The general
construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor and inspect any
health and safety aspect of the construction work being undertaken. He shall
also assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health
inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct
of accident investigation.
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7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional
Construction Safety and Health Officer/s in accordance with the
requirements for Safety Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and
Personnel Complement), depending on the total number of
personnel assigned to the construction project site, to oversee
the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health
Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general
construction safety and health officer.
7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction
Safety and Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy
equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at
the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment
utilization and maintenance.
7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a
representative, who shall have the same qualifications as a Safety
Man/Officer, to oversee the management of the Construction
Safety and Health Program for the subcontractor’s workforce
and the specific area of work operations in accordance with the
requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSHS.
All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis

should be accredited by the BWC of the DOLE.
Section 8. Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and

Facilities
8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized

representative shall provide competent emergency health
personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate
medical supplies, equipment and facilities, based on the total
number of workers in the site as indicated below:
a) The services of a certified first-aider when the total

number of workers is fifty (50) or less;
b) The services of a full-time registered nurse when the

total number of workers exceeds fifty (50) but not more
than two hundred (200);
c) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a part-

time physician and a dentist, and an emergency clinic when the
total number of workers exceeds two hundred (200) but not
more than three hundred (300); and
d) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a full-time

physician, a dentist and an infirmary or emergency hospital with
one (1) bed capacity when the number of employees exceed
three hundred (300). In addition, there should be one (1)
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bed capacity for every one hundred (100) employees in excess
of three hundred (300).
8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he
shall provide for his workers in case of emergency, access to
the nearest medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic
located within five (5) kilometers radius from the workplace and
can be reached in twenty-five (25) minutes of travel. Such
access shall include the necessary transportation facilities. In
such situation, there shall be a written contract with the
medical/dental clinic to attend tosuch workplace emergencies.
8.3 The engagement of an Emergency Health Provider for the

construction project site shall be considered as having complied
with the requirement of accessibility to the nearest hospital
facilities.
8.4 The employer shall always have in the construction

site the required minimum inventory of medicines, supplies
and equipment as indicated in
Section 9. Construction Safety Signages
Construction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers

and the public of hazards existing in the workplace. Signages shall be posted in
prominent positions at strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the
language understandable to most of the workers employed.
9.1 The signages include but
are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal
protective equipment prior to entry to the project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are

used or stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or

irritant airborne. Contaminants/substances may exist
which should indicate the name of the
contaminant/substance involved and the type of
respiratory equipment to be worn
g) All places where contact with or proximity to

electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.
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h) All places where workers may come in contact with
dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and firefighting
equipment.
j) Instructions on the usage of specific construction

equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
9.2 Signages should be regularly inspected and maintained in

good condition. Signages that are damaged or illegible or that no
longer apply should be removed and replaced by the safety officer,
as needed.
Section 10. Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment
In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following

are required in the different phases of the project.
10.1 Pre-Construction
The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from
DOLE duly accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site
must be tested and certified in accordance with a standard
trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) in coordination with its
accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in

accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE or its
recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said
equipment.
10.2 During Construction

The General Constructor must ensure that the following
conditions are met or complied with:
10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of

Heavy Equipment.
a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy

equipment.
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b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances
as imposed by Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) for all roads
and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load

and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly

secured to the trailer.
10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy quipment.
a) Existing hazards must be avoided.
b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be

observed.
c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials
must be available and properly utilized.
10.2.3. Routine Inspection
In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified

mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine
inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in
accordance with standards set by TESDA in
coordination with the Association of Construction
Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must
be performed by DOLE accredited professionals
in accordance to standards set by DOLE
recognized equipment suppliers.
b) All equipment which do not comply with the

minimum safety
standards for equipment certification shall be
immediately removed from the work site for
restoration or repair until they meet said
standards or requirements.
The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall

maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance,
repairs, tests and inspections for each heavy
equipment. Such logbook shall be used as a
necessary reference during the conduct of equipment
inspection.
10.2.4. Certified Operators
a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed

to operate their designated heavy equipment.
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b) All operators and riggers must wear personal
protective equipment as prescribed in the above
pertinent sections.
10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction
The procedures for dismantling and demobilization of heavy

equipment shall follow the same requirements as listed under
10.2.1 and 10.2.2 above.
Section 11. Construction Safety and Health Committee
11.1 Composition
To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and

Health Program are observed and enforced at the project
site, each site shall, at the start of the construction have a
construction safety and health committee composed of the
following personnel as described under Section 7 above:
a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex
officio;
b) General Construction Safety and Health Officer;
c) Construction Safety and Health Officers;

d) Safety representatives from each subcontractor,
e) Doctors, Nurses and other Health personnel, pursuant to

the requirements stated in Rule 1042 of the OSHS, who shall be
members ex officio;
f) Workers’ representatives (minimum of 3, union members if

organized, not necessarily from one employer).
The persons constituting the Safety and Health Committee
shall, as far as practicable, be found at the construction site
whenever construction work is being undertaken.
The time spent by the members of the Safety and Health
Committee in the performance of their duties such as
committee meetings, seminars and training, investigation and
other tasks that maybe assigned or planned by the
committee shall be considered hours worked and therefore
compensable time.
11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Committee
The chairperson shall convene the Construction Safety and Health Committee
at regular intervals so as to effectively and efficiently monitor the implementation
of the Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the
following duties:
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a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention
programs for the construction project;
b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in
accordance with these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program;
c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meetings or toolbox

meetings every day;
d) Review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations;

e) Prepare and submit to DOLE reports on committee meetings;
f) Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the

proper conduct of their enforcement and other activities;
g) Initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees;

h) Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such
emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster
i) Perform all duties provided in the Construction Safety and Health Program
or those that are necessary and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties
herein described.
Section 12. Safety and Health Information
12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:

a) Informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at
their workplace; and
b) Instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and
protection against those hazards.
12.2 No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a
safety and health awareness seminar conducted by the Occupational Safety and
Health Center (OSHC), BWC and other concerned offices of DOLE or by
safety professionals or safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited
or recognized. The DOLE in collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for
the implementation of these awareness seminars for construction workers.
12.3 Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety
and health measures common to construction sites which shall include:
a) Basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site

b) Means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency
situations
c) Measures for good housekeeping
d) Location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities
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e) Proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and
protective clothing provided the workers
f) General measures for personal hygiene and health protection
g) Fire precautions to be taken
h) Action to be taken in case of any emergency

i) Requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.
12.4 The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or
dialect understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall
be used to ensure that the worker has assimilated the material.
12.5 E a c h supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, lead man, gang
boss, etc.) shall conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks
for the day to discuss with the workers and anticipate safety and health problems
related to every task and the potential solutions to those problems. The
supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to
be undertaken
12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:
a) Drivers and operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and

materials-handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or
dangerous nature;
b) Workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds;
c) Workers engaged in excavations at least one meter deep or deep enou gh to

cause danger, shafts, and earthworks, underground works or tunnels;
d) Workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations;
e) Workers engaged in pile-driving;
f) Workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons;
g) Workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel

s t r u c t u r a l frames and tall chimneys, and in concrete work, form work and other
such work;
h) Workers handling hazardous substances and materials;

i) workers as signalers; and
j) Other workers as maybe categorized by TESDA.
Section 13. Construction Safety and Health Training
The basic construction safety and health training shall be a forty (40)-hour training
course as prescribed by the BWC. The training course shall include the provisions
27 | P a g e
of Rule 1410 of the OSHS. The BWC, from time to time, may modify the basic
construction safety and health training course, as the need arises.
All safety personnel involved in a construction project shall be required to complete
such basic training course. Every constructor shall provide continuing construction
safety and health training to all technical personnel under his employ. Continuing training
shall be a minimum of 16 hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.
Section 14. Construction Safety and Health Reports
All general constructors shall be required to submit a monthly construction safety

and health report to the BWC or to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The
report shall include a monthly summary of all safety and health committee meeting
agreements, a summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards
assessment with the corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.
In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in death or
permanent total disability, the concerned employer shall initially notify the DOLE
Regional Office within twenty- four (24) hours from occurrence. After the
conduct of investigation by the concerned construction safety and health officer,
the employer shall report all permanent total disabilities to DOLE Regional Office on or
before the 20th of the month following the date of occurrence of accident using the
DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 for
Section 15. Construction Workers Skills Certificates
In order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction

workers, the TESDA shall:
a) Establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations;
b) Prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction

occupations;
c) Accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade
testing; and d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.
In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo

mandatory skills testing for certification by TESDA.
An occupation shall be considered critical -

a) When the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs;
b) When the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies;
c) When the job requires a relatively long period of education and training;
d) When the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and
environmental concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
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Section 16. Workers’ Welfare Facilities
The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane
working conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.
a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed

containers from which the water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers
should be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15)
days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water

supply that is not fit for drinking purposes.
16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities

a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work
clothes
b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter.
16.3 Suitable living accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for
their families
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women
workers.
Section 17. Cost of Construction Safety and Health Program
The total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be a mandatory integral part of the project's construction cost as a separate pay
item, duly quantified and reflected in the Project's Tender Documents and likewise
reflected in the Project's Construction Contract Documents.
Section 18. Miscellaneous
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not
inconsistent with the above Guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health standards, rules
and regulations not specifically provided herein shall remain in full force and
effect.
In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent
authority, the rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and
effect.
Section 19. Violations and Penalties
19.1. A s circumstances may warrant, the DOLE shall refer to the Philippine
Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB) its findings, after due process, on any
act or omission committed by construction contractors in violation of labor
standards, safety rules and regulations and other pertinent policies.
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Any such violation committed by construction contractors, whether general

constructors or sub-contractors, shall constitute as prima facie case of a
construction malperformance of grave consequence due to negligence,
incompetence or malpractice contemplated under R.A. 4566 (Constructors’
Licensing Law), as amended, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.
19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a
stoppage order, in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the
OSHS and other pertinent issuances for stoppage of operation or for other appropriate
action to abate the danger. Pending the issuance of the order, the employer shall
t a k e appropriate measures to protect his workers. The stoppage order shall remain
in effect until the danger is removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be
penalized under existing provisions of labor laws.
Section 20. Effectivity
This issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its
agencies in the administration and enforcement of applicable labor and social
legislation and their implementing regulations.
Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being

enjoyed by employees at the time of issuance hereof.
Module 3: Construction Site Premises

Construction is inherently dangerous and present almost all hazards in every way and
processes.
We must be responsible to help make it safe for everyone with Management support.
Coverage
• Good Housekeeping
• Safety Signage
• Fire Safety
• Electrical Safety
• Means of Access and Egress
• Heavy Equipment
• Lifting Equipment
• Excavation
• Scaffolding
• Ladder
• Safety Inspection
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HOUSEKEEPING
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING
1. cluttered and poorly arranged areas

2. untidy or dangerous storage of materials
3. presence of items no longer needed or in excess
4. dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
5. tools and equipment left in work areas
6. no waste bins and containers
7. presence of spills and leaks
8.
Disadvantages of Poor Housekeeping
 Low Morale
 Low Productivity
 Fire
WHAT IS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING?

Good housekeeping means there is a clean and orderly place for everything and
everything is in place.
The 5S of Good Housekeeping

Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
Seiton (Systematize/organize)
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
Shitsuke (Self-discipline/ training)
Controls
 Clean work area
 Provide waste bins
 Keep floors, aisles and stairs free from obstructions
 Properly stack & store materials, tools and equipment
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Rule 1060 OSHS

– Premises of establishments
– Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards,
machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage
and filling of materials.
Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety

and health program.
SAFETY SIGNAGES
A Safety Sign provides information about health and safety at work by means of a
signboard, a safety color and a safety message to a specific object, activity or situation.
D.O. 13 Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace. Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at
strategic locations and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most of
the workers employed.
Section 9.1 The signage should include but are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the
project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used and stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist which should
indicate the name of the contaminant/ substance
involve and the type of respiratory equipment to be
worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/
facility equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come into contact with
dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
j) Instruction on the usage of specific construction
equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
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Safety Bulletin Board

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of
workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard
requirements of the OSHS.
Where Signages are needed . . .

 Usage of PPE
 Falling/falling objects
 Explosives and flammable substances
 Tripping and Slipping Hazards
 Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/ substances
 Proximity to electrical facilities/equipment
 Moving parts of machines
 Location of Fire Fighting Equipment
 Instructional signs/Update of man-hours lost
PPE Safety Scoreboard
Effective Visuals
1. Change Periodically 4.Locate Properly
2. Employees Involvement 5. Use COLOR
3. LARGE Enough 6. K I S S
Fire Safety
Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in the
presence of enough heat. If any one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The relationship is
called fire triangle. It is important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows the main causes of
fire, how fire spreads, how to fight fire, and how to prevent fire.
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Basic Chemistry of Fire
 Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural gas
(methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other living
matter. Inorganic substances are also combustible, substances like hydrogen,
ammonium nitrate magnesium, phosphorus, sodiumand sulfur.
 Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21 percent
oxygen and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
 Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where
chemical union of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the substance
gives off these vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is called the “flash
point” of the substance.
 Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a
material, are carried into the flame
Three methods of Heat Transfer
 Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a

substance due to a temperature gradient. It takes place in solids, such as metals,
timber, concrete and glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better conductor of heat
than woods, for example.
 Convection. Is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer. It takes
place in fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.
 Radiation. Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the
heat of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature. It is the
process of heat transmission through air and gases. If you are sitting close to a bonfire,
he will feel the heat of the fire, even though the surrounding is cold, this is an example
of heat radiation.
Sources of Ignition
 Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a

common source of ignition.
 Spontaneous Ignition. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it may
ignite spontaneously without a present ignition source.
 Spontaneous Combustion. Is a type of combustion which occurs without an external ignition
source. Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer, such as oxygen, is present.
 Smoking. In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a certain
area, can be a source of fire.
 Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a machine
comes to contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or slide together
during machine operation.
 Engines, Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking areas,
diesel-petrol engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems can be a source
of ignition.
 Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable
heating appliances, etc can be also a source of ignition.
 Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition.
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Products of Combustion
 Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products of combustion?
 Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less luminous
when it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen?
 Heat. Is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact?
 Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.
Phases of Burning
 Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase

 Flame Producing or Free-Burning Phase
 Smoldering phase
INCIPIENT PHASE – or beginning of fire

• oxygen is plentiful
• Temp has not built to high peak
• Breathing not difficult
• Direct water application
• Ventilation: not a problem
• Little steam production
FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply and temperature greatly
increased.
• Fire has involved more fuels
• Oxygen supply is being depleted
• Heat accumulates at ceiling
• SCBA is a must
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production
SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a smoldering
phase where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room.
• Oxygen supply is below 15%
• Temp is very high
• Normal breathing not possible
• Backdraft hazard
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must
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Fire Spread Control
 Starvation or Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation:

 Take the fuel away from the fire
 Take the fire away from the fuel
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 Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.
 Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:
 Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing the inward flow of more
oxygen
 Adding an inert gas to the burning mixture.
Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion by
purging and rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.
 Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most effective
and cheapest medium for fighting a fire.
Classifications of Fire and Extinguishing Methods
 Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood, cloth, paper, and natural
fibers. Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the burning material below its
ignition temperature. It is the most effective way of extinguishing the Class A fire.
 Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam, vaporizing liquids,
carbon dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B fires. There may be some
restrictions on the type of foam which can be used because some foam breaks down on
contact with alcohols.
 Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be controlled by
the use of non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure is to always de-
energize high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the fuel.
 Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
and potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are ineffective on this kind of
fire because of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent available that will effectively
control fires in all combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of
fire in each of the metals and are marked specifically for that metal.
 Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
under the US system, and "Class F" under the European/Australasian systems. Though such
fires are technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the special characteristics of
these types of fires are considered important enough to recognize separately.
Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are further divided
into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh
from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units
typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds). These wheeled models are most commonly found at
construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as docks and marinas.
Portable Fire-Fighting
These are appliances designed to ba carried and operated by hand. These contains extinguishing
medium which can be expelled by action of internal pressure and directed on to a fire. The maximum
mass of a portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg.
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 Water. These operate on the basis of cooling and reducing the temperature
within a fire, slowing down the rate of combustion and preventing reignition from
taking place. Water is the most efficient form of extinguisher for use on Class
A fires.
 Foam. Foam applied to a fire has a smothering effect, preventing further air
from reaching the combustion area or seat of the fire.
 Carbon dioxide. It produces a snow that is converted to gas in the fire. This
has the effect of slowing down the rate of combustion, reducing the available
oxygen through the smothering effect created.
 Dry Chemical. These incorporate a specific powder mixture that interferes with
the combustion process, reducing the combustion rate until no further ignition
and reignition of the fuel can take place. They are designed for Class A and B
fires.
Proper Use of Fire Extinguishers
The Parts of the Fire Extinguisher
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FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material and oxygen.
Classification of Fire
PREVENTION
Control of Heat Source
–Welding
–Cutting
–Friction from Grinding
–Electricity
–Friction
Methods of Extinguishing Fire

• Removal of Fuel
• Blanketing or Smothering
• Cooling or Quenching
Using the Fire Extinguisher
Always remember the.. PASS-word
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Electrical Safety
Like any other forms of energy, it can be completely safe provided it is treated and handled with care
and people know the basic principles in its use. Electrical abuse and misuse, however, can result to
serious injuries, fire, damage to plant and equipment, even death.
Every piece of equipment is a potential source of electrical shock. Even an electrical shock small
enough not to cause an injury can trigger an involuntary reaction that may result in physical harm.
Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of
electric facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by strong light from arc welding
work; and fire or explosion ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.
An effective electrical safety policy coupled with an employee training and hazard awareness program
can further prevent electrical shock. It is also recommended that an effective electrical inspection
program be implemented and conducted periodically as conditions warrant.
Myths and Misconceptions about electricity:
 Electricity takes the path of least resistance. This myth implies that current only takes low
resistance paths. Actually, current will take any path, high or low resistance in order to return
to the source that provides power.
 A person is led to believe that electricity wants to go to ground and simply disappear. In reality,
current uses the ground to get back to its grounded power source.
 When an electrical tool or appliance is into water, it does not short out. If the switch is ON, the
item will continue to operate. If it is switched OFF, it will do no harm.
 AC reverse polarity is not hazardous. The switch is supposed to be on the “hot” conductor
supplying power to the item.
 It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts AC is not dangerous. Current is. However, AC voltage as
low as 60 volts can kill. At higher voltage, the body can be severely burned and yet the victim
could live.
 Double- insulated power tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp locations.
Basic Electrical Terms
Voltage- the difference in potentials between points (measured in volts)

Current- The movement or flow of electric charges (measured in amperes)
Resistance- The property of material that opposes the flow of electric current (measured in ohms)
Ohm’s law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance.
Conductor- permits electrons or electric current to flow through it Conductors have low resistance to
electricity and are used for wires, switches and electrical connections.
Insulator- Used to provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact). Insulators have
a very high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring and other electrical
components
Semiconductors - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator. They
are used to make computer microchips.
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Electrical Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to
permit electrons to travel in a continuous stream. Electricity may take multiple paths, flowing through
all possible circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through the path of least resistance, or
lowest resistance, or lowest impedance.
Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels creates a
new electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the ground.
Equipment grounding connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical lines. Bypassing
grounds or careless handling of grounding connections can result in electrical fires and fatal accidents
Circuit-Protection Devices (CPDs)

 Fuses
 Circuit breakers
 Ground fault circuit- interrupters (GFCIs)- A GFCI is a supersensitive appliance, rapid
action power switch which breaks a circuit when there is more than 5 milliamps
difference between the hot wire and the neutral or grounded conductors.
Rules for Circuit Protection

 Do not create an octopus connection
 Never bypass, bridge nor disable any circuit protection device in an energized or live
circuit
 Always make sure the power is safely off.
 Replace a fuse with the exact duplicate.
 Use fuse pliers for added protection
 Be sure the markings on the old and new fuses match.
Electrical Shock – is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a live wire, a
tool or machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor. The danger of an electric shock
is not directly related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the following conditions: current value,
type of power supply, duration of electric shock, passage of current and human condition.
The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz; the limit current
at which man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to 8 mA and the maximum current
at which man can still move is about 10 to 15 mA. The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric
shock. The flow of the current disturbs the hearts rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its
vital functions. When the current increases, the heart shivers and death results in few minutes.
Measures for Preventing Electric Shock Accidents

Accidents or deaths by an electric shock are mostly caused by contact with power transmission lines,
followed by movable or portable electric machines and equipment, switches, wiring, capacitors, and
other power facilities.
To prevent such accidents, even death, it is necessary to check the electric facilities and put them in
order, and to conduct training for handling electric equipment and working method around electric
facilities.
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1. Maintenance and Inspection of electric facilities
 Check the wiring, movable wires, switches and all electric machines and
equipment if provided with complete insulation cover and enclosures. If you
found out that it is faulty, they must be repaired immediately.
 Before using the electric equipment, check the earth conductor is connected
and not damaged and see to it that the earth pole is not floating.
 Before using the welding machines, check if the electrode holders, safety
devices and tools such as automatic voltage reducing device for AC welding
machines and leakage circuit breaking equipment for preventing electric
shocks are complete.
2. Electric shock prevention when handling live lines and working near live lines
When handling hot lines, it is necessary to install an insulation protector, and have
workers wear safety garments such as insulation gloves and electric safety helmet. For
high- voltage live lines, it is preferable to use live line working tools such as live sticks,
live line working carts, and insulation bench. If working near a high- voltage live lines,
workers must approach within 30cm from overhead live lines or within 60 cm from
sideway or underneath live lines. The workers must wear insulation protective
garments or the live lines must be provided with a safety device. Low- voltage live lines
must be protected in the same way.
 Electric safety Helmet. Or electric safety helmet is useful to prevent an
electric shock and protect the head from flying and falling objects. The
helmet consists of high- insulating synthetic resin, such as
polyethylene. Polyester and hard polyvinylchloride.
 Electric Rubber gloves
o For high voltage. When handling high voltage live lines, the
gloves protect the hands and forearms.
o For low voltage
Raw and synthetic rubbers are used, of which the latter has
better wear resistance. The withstand voltage is 2,000 V/min
for raw rubber gloves and 1, 000 V/min for synthetic gloves.
 Electric Insulation garments. Is used to protect both shoulders and
back from an electric shock.
 Electric sleeve cover. Protects arms from electric shock

 Electric insulation tube.
 Electric insulation sheet
 Protective tube for construction field.
3. Electric shock prevention when handling power failure

It is caused by misrecognition of hot lines, touching residual electric charges, and error
of power transmission and this accident is greater at power failure than at normal operation.
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First Aid Procedures
Mild Shock
 Have the worker sit down
 Be sure muscle movement is normal
 Check for loss of feeling in any part of the body
 Check the pulse rate and breathing
 If there is no severe pain, the worker can return to work.
Continuous Shock
 Remove the contact of the worker from energized source using wooden chair, broom
handle, plastic pipe or rope.
 When you have freed the victim from the power source, assess if the victim’s condition.
Check the airway, breathing and pulse. Always bring the victim to the doctor for medical
attention after first aid.
Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and keeping it
blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy
during service or maintenance.
Lockout- tag out procedure

 Place a lock on a disconnection switch, circuit breaker, valve handle to make sure it cannot
be moved from the OFF or closed position.
 Attach a written tag at the place where the equipment would be energized, such as the ON
switch or on a valve that opens a supply line.
 NEVER use you LOTO for blocking personal or unauthorized items
 NEVER lend or borrow a lock or tag
 NEVER remove someone else’s lock or tag
6 steps to lockout/ tag out

1. Preparation- know the equipment, its energy source before working on it
2. Shutdown- turn off the equipment
3. Isolation- find and isolate every form of energy that the machine uses. This includes pulling
fuses, throwing disconnects and capping any secondary sources of energy.
4. Application- anything that might restore the flow of energy to the work area must be locked
out. In situations where multiple pieces of equipment are being locked, an authorized
employee places all keys in a lock box to which each employee attaches his or her personal
lock.
5. Control- even after the equipment is locked out, you must control the stored energy.
a. Relieve, disconnect or restrain any residual hazardous energy that could be present
b. Check that all moving parts have been stopped.
c. Relieve trapped pressure
d. Install ground wires to discharge electrical capacitors.
e. Block or support elevated equipment
f. Check continuously if energy build- up is possible
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6. Verify
a. Energy source is shut down. Blocked off, controlled and locked out
b. Warn everyone in the lockout area and be sure they are moved to a safe place
c. Activate controls that might restore power to the machine you are working on
d. If equipment does not start, restore all controls to the OFF position and begin to work
3 steps to removal and Re- Energizing a System

1. Restore Work Area
a. Remove all tools
b. Double check all equipment components
c. Replace all safety features, such as machine guards
d. Close access panels that were opened to perform service on equipment
2. Notify Personnel. Notify all employees that LOTO devices are being removed. Remove
employees from the area or make sure they are at a safe distance from the equipment.
3. Remove LOTO Devices. The person who placed each device must be the one to remove it.
Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your supervisor who will follow specific
procedures. Never remove it yourself.
After all devices are removed, tell involved employees that LOTO is ended and that the equipment
is being re-energized.
SAFETY IN LIFTING OPERATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS
Refers to any methods for moving materials:
 by people
 by people using equipment
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MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING
Manual Material Handling means moving or handling things by lifting, carrying, placing,
pushing, or storing using own physical strength.
CORRECT MANUAL LIFT BAD MANUAL LIFT
Proper Lifting Method

 Stand close to the load
 Keep feet apart
 Keep back straight
 Bend your knees and not your back
 Grip the object with the whole hand
 Lift load gradually
 Keep body weight directly over your feet and use muscle power of legs
What makes manual material handling hazardous?
•Load too heavy

•May have a shape that makes it hard to handle
•Wet, slippery, or have sharp edges
•Unstable or can shift its center of gravity
•Too big or high to block your frontal vision
•Located too high or low for a safe lift
Mechanical Handling Classification
• Manually Powered
• Push Cart
• Hand Pallet
• Motor/Pneumatic/Hydraulic driven
• Lifting Equipment
• Hoist
• Cranes
• Transport Equipment
• forklift
• tractor
• dump truck
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How Do Accidents Occur?
Instability – unsecured load, load capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft
Lack of communication - the point of operation is a distance from the crane operator or
not in full view of the operator
Lack of training
Inadequate maintenance or inspection
Hazards in Crane Operations
 Structural failure
 Overloading
 Instability
 Falling or slipping load
 Electrical Hazards
Safety Precautions in Crane Operation
 Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load

 Never move load over people.
 Never allow personnel to ride on a load.
 Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist.
 Lift, move & lower loads smoothly.
 Do not leave suspended load unattended.
 Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use.
 Use tagline to stabilize and control loads.
 Respond to signals from designated signalman only.
 Maintain safe distance from electrical transmission lines.
Rigging
Is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine. The main part of
this process is the tying up of the load with sling and/or other connecting devices so that the
load could be hooked onto a crane.
Sling Inspection
 Broken Wires
 Abrasion
 Crushed Strands
 Corrosion
 Kinks
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Safety Inspection
Is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a
health and safety problem.
Purposes of Safety Inspection
• Eliminate Hazards
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
• Display Visible Management Commitment to Safety
• Establish Accountability
• Identify Training Needs
• Fulfill Legal Obligations
Types of Inspection
Continuous Inspection
a process conducted as part of their job responsibilities in noting and correcting
potential danger
Periodic/Interval Inspection
a systematic process with specific intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety and
health inspection
Intermittent/Emergency Inspection
an unscheduled inspection may be
After Inspection
•Writing of inspection report

•Correction of hazards
•Monitoring and evaluation
Corrective Actions
•Immediately correct everything possible.

•Report at once conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest solutions.
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•Take intermediate action as needed.
Our main goal in the

premises.....
Module 4: Demolition Safety

DEMOLITION
Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and

controlled methods or procedures.
“SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING”

Why Plan?
Demolition Technique
Sequential
gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction

Induced
key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the
structure to collapse
Method of Demolition
Manual – use of hand held tools
Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
Explosives – use of explosives
Workplan
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Technique and Method of Demolition
Demolished Materials
Hazards Associated with Demolition
Shock
Falls
 Falling through fragile roofing material

 Falling through openings
 Falling from open edges
 Falling out of elevating work platforms
 Failure of equipment
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
 Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)

 Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
 Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
 Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
Manual Handling
 Using equipment
 Operating equipment
 Manual demolition
 Lifting material
 Clearing up
 Loading trucks/bins
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Hazardous Substances
lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement

sheets, flooring materials
stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
Dangerous Goods
Flammable liquids/ vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space
Noise and Vibration
Equipment
Electric Shocks
Live wires from structures
Fires and Explosions
explosives gases from accidental damage of pipes
Equipment
Flying particles
e hazards
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Isolation
Personal Protective Equipment
Module 5 Excavation Safety

Excavation
 Is any man-made cut, cavity or depression
in an earth surface that is formed by earth
removal
Trench
• is a narrow excavation where the depth is greater than its width, and the width
measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 ft.
Hazards of Excavation Works
• Soil Collapse
• Falls
• Vehicular Traffic
• Underground Utilities
• Working Surface
• Confined Space Conditions
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Principal Causes of Soil Collapse
• Steep cutting angle

• Super imposed load
• Shock & Vibration
• Water Pressure
• Drying
Prevention of Soil Collapse
Type A – Most stable: clay

Type B – Medium stability: silt and unstable rock (disturbed soil as type B)
Type C – Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely
seeping.
Prevention of Soil Collapse

 Cut the slope at a safe angle (H:V)
• Type A - 3/4:1 or 53°
• Type B - 1:1 or 45°
• Type C - 1½ :1 or 34°
Prevention of Soil Collapse…
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• Provision of shoring and timbering
Plate Lining System
The walls of every excavation over 1 meter deep shall be supported by adequate shoring…
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Falls
• Minimum Berm
- not less than one third of the depth of the excavation
- may be reduced to not less than 1 meter provided that materials are stable,
shoring and barriers are present
(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS)
• Barricades of at least 1 meter high should be provided.

• Signs should be posted to prevent the public
from going near the excavatio
Surface Crossing of Trenches
• Walkways or bridges must be provided

• Minimum clear width of 20 in.
• With standard rails
• Extended a minimum of 24 in. past the surface
edge
Vehicular Traffic
• Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable garments marked with
reflectorized materials
• Designate a trained flag person along with signs and barricades when necessary
• Use horn or give signals to ensure
safety.
Underground Utilities
• Determine location of
underground facilities and take
necessary steps to prevent
damage to these facilities.
• In an open excavation, support, protect or remove underground installation.
Working Surface
• Excavation shall be kept free of water at all times

• And in muddy area, workers should be provided with boots to reduce the hazard of
slipping.
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Groundwater Control
Sump Pumping Well Pointing
Single-sided Well Point Double-sided Well Point
Confined Space Conditions

Hazardous Atmosphere:
• Oxygen, O2 : < 19.5% or > 23.5%

• Flammable gas concentration > 10% of Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
• Hazardous toxic chemicals
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Excavation in confined space

Check the condition of the atmosphere before entry
Do not work alone in a confined space
Provide lifeline
Provide ventilation or blower before entering
Provide emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety
harness and line and basket stretcher
Working in Excavation
 Prior to opening
Check excavation permit
Identify all underground installations
Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards
before starting excavation
• During operations
Wear appropriate PPE
Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely affected by weather,
moisture content or vibration
Safe working distance between workers
Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warning lights
• During break time, workmen should never stand or take rest on high banks of soft
material
• Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of
excavations
• Do not use guardrails as resting place
Inspection
• Daily before start of each shift
• After heavy rain
• When fissures, tension cracks, undercutting, water seepage, bulging at the bottom or
other conditions occur
• When there is any indication of change or movement in adjacent structures or spoil
pile
Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once everyday.
Summary Key Points:

 An excavation may not be safe to enter without a proper support structure
being provided.
 Back-filled grounds are especially dangerous.
 Water increases the possibility of a cave in.
 Excavation should be considered as a confined space.
 A worker does not have to be completely buried in soil to be seriously injured
or killed.
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Module 6: Heavy Equipment Safety

 Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction
site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate within close
proximity to persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to hazards
associated with this equipment.
 In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile
machines working in the same area at the same time
CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT ACCIDENTS
TOTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT
1. Management Commitment
 Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
 Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
 Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.
 Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.
 Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.
2. Employee Involvement
 All must receive basic orientation.
 Attend operator’s Tool Box Meetings
 Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules.
 Realize that they must see and be seen.
DO#13 Sec. 12S & H Information
12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:
a. drivers/operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling

equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.
b. Workers as signalers
3. Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis

 Identify Potential Known Hazards.
 Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.
 Lay down/Storage Areas.
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4. HAZARD PREVENTION and CONTROLS

 Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.
 Spotters provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment.
 Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
 Temporary Barricades around Hazards.
5. Equipment maintenance
 Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection
 Inspect before operation
 Check instrumentation
 Check safety devices; horns, lights
 Warm up and make trial run
 Keep machine clean
 Be aware of abnormalities
SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES
1. AUTHORIZED OPERATOR
 Qualified with license
 Well trained
 Good physical condition
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
 Keep control of the Machine at all Times.

 Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate.
 Familiarity with the operating characteristics of your machine.
 Be on The Look-Out For Other Trades Working in the Same Area.
 Frequently check for the Location of other Machines. Keep Lights and Backup Alarm in
Operating Condition.
 Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason!
 Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or Changes
made in Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions.
 Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor.
 Talk Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain “Constant Awareness”.
 Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand.
 Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your Clearance. (Backing on the
Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible).
 Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!
2. Personal Protection
3. Physical Condition
4. SAFETY RULES
 Check job site condition
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 Soil condition
 Working near utilities

5. SALIENT POINTS
HE Operators be tested and certified
All Heavy Equipment tested and certified
6. Alertness
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!
 Know where your Blind Spots are.

 Look for people walking around you.
 STOP! When Signaled; When waived at violently; Or if you are in doubt….
 Maintain a safe operating speed.
7. Avoiding Distraction
 Small Machines have small blind spots, where large machines have large blind
spots, both can cause serious injury or death!
 The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area.
8. Appropriate Use
 Specific equipment operation
 Equipment capacity
 Equipment capability
 Equipment restriction

CONCERNED PERSONNEL
 Equipment Operator
 Workers on foot
 Spotters
 Management people and supervisors
 Other construction site personnel
HAZARDS PRESENT IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
 Moving parts of the equipment

 Uneven terrain
 Energized electrical lines
 Fall
 Dust
 Overloaded equipment
 Noise
 Vibration
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 Unsecured loads
 Improvised attachments
 Blind spot.
BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK
 Small heavy mobile equipment has small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment
have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
 The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area
 Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS ON FOOT
 Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s.
 Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
 Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees
you
 Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
 Watch out for swinging parts.
SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES
 Wearing of high visibility vests and other appropriate PPE’s.

 Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control devices, (i.e.
signs, etc.)
 Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain visible to the
operator and be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
 Learn and follow Safe Work Practices!

 Review manufacturer’s operating manual
 Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment.
 Know how to operate and use safety features on equipment properly
 Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!
 Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors, shields and safety guards in place
and in good condition.
 Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in the area.
 Know where your blind spots are and always check the mirror on the blind side.
 Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.
 Must understand signals and always obey the spotter.
 STOP! When signaled; when waved at violently; or if you are in doubt!
 Maintain a safe operating speed.
 Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.
 Report any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine “Out of
Service”, if it is unsafe to operate
 Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
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 Never get on or off a moving equipment. Park in a safe place, apply parking brakes,
turn off engine and remove the key before dismounting.
 Turn the engine off before refueling
OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION
 Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is reserved only for

safe and responsible operators
 A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in
place. The operator must be competent, trained and in good health.
D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT
 Section 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer
for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the
effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction
project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”
 Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization/s”
 Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment”
5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
 When using heavy equipment, there are 5 basic guidelines that the operators
must always follow to ensure safety:
1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using
2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking prescription
medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition before
beginning a job. In addition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are
conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your equipment.
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Module 7: Crane Safety

Particular hazards exist when operating mobile cranes. Operators, and personnel in the
vicinity of the operating cranes must be alert to the potential for injury and\or damage at all
times. These hazards include but not limited to:
 Collision of the crane jib or its load, with personnel, equipment or buildings,
 Contact with live aerial conductors (overhead power lines),
 Overturning of the crane during lift,
 Introduction of a source of ignition to a hazardous area,
 Damage to underground services.
PROXIMITY HAZARDS
Consideration shall be given to the presence of proximity hazards. Proximity hazards

include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Overhead power lines.
(b) Nearby structures or other cranes.
(c) Excavations.
(d) Fixed hazards.
(e) Personnel movement within the crane working area.
(f) Mobile equipment movement within the crane working area.
(g) Public access areas including roadways, railways and rivers.
(h) The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) (e.g., busbars, strobe lights, induction
furnaces, welding) on radio, infra-red or electronic controls.
CLEARANCES
Where two or more cranes work within a site, or share the same air space, procedures shall
be established to maintain sufficient clearances to prevent contact between parts of the
cranes and crane loads except where multiple crane lifting is carried out . When cranes
operate on adjacent sites and may share the same air space, negotiations shall be carried
out to formulate procedures to ensure sufficient clearances are maintained between the
cranes.
LOADING
Crane operators must understand and check the weight or load charts applicable to the crane
to be used. Weights should be marked on loads, contained on manifests or shown on
drawings. If the load weight is not available, estimate the weight (using weight charts or
tables) and include the weight of lifting beams, chains, slings, block and hook.(Hook could
weigh up to 1 tonne on a 50 tonne crane). Note: All cranes with capacity of 16 tonne and
upwards have a load indicator in the cab.
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CRANE STABILITY DURING ERECTIONAND DISMANTLING PROCEDURES
Precautions shall be taken when erecting and dismantling a crane to ensure that the stability
of the crane is maintained. In particular, the following procedures shall be followed where
applicable:
 Only parts and components meeting the manufacturer’s specification shall be used.
 Jointing pins shall be assembled so that they can be removed by a person standing on the
outside of the assembly.
 All outrigger jacks shall be fitted with foot plates according to manufacturer’s instructions.
 All outrigger jacks shall be fitted and adjusted in accordance with the operating instructions.
 The correct amount of counterweight shall be fitted on the crane and at the appropriate
location before the boom or jib is raised.
 When the operating length of boom or jib is reduced, the specified counterweight shall be
removed to ensure that the backward stability of the crane is not adversely affected.
 Appropriate precautions shall be taken before a long boom is lowered to the ground level.
 To maintain the best margin of stability when a long boom is raised or lowered to the ground
level, the hook blocks shall be lowered and rested on the ground before the Boom or jib is
lowered.
 Where timbers are used under outrigger footplates, they shall be arranged so that
successive layers are laid at 90o to each other (pig sty fashion) so that the top layer is in line
with the outrigger arm.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Observe the following precautions when operating a mobile crane:

 Do not leave a crane unattended even for a short time, unless all loads have been removed,
lowered to the ground or the engine shut down and brakes applied.
 Do not operate a crane in high or gusty wind conditions that may put the load or personnel
at risk. Always use the cranes load rating charts for guidance, these have wind and weather
factors built into them.
 Do not use flat web slings to raise, lower or suspend a load.
 Do not use a fibre rope slings if a suitable steel wire rope can be used.
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 Faulty slings shall be tagged for destruction with

an Out of Service Tag and returned to the area
reliability planner.
 Discard any wire rope used on a crane, when the
visible number of broken wires in any length of
rope diameter exceeds 5% of the total number of
wires in the wire rope
 Check that there are no loose objects on a load
that could fall during lifting. Pay special attention to
the tops of the containers.
 All lattice boom cranes fitted with outriggers will
have the outriggers operational at all times. No
slewing of these cranes is to take place unless
outriggers are fully extended and in place.
 Do not use the crane to drag the load along the
ground. Severe overloading may result.
 Do not exert a sideways pull on a shackle or
eyebolt.
 Lower the load under crane power, except where
a chain and block system is attached between the
crane hook and the load.
 The work area, equivalent to that of the extended
jib, should be barricaded off to ensure unauthorized personnel do not enter the area.
Module 8: Hand and Portable Power Tools

 The Supervisor is primarily responsible for ensuring the safe use of tools.
 The use of hand and portable power tools must be accompanied with proper
orientation.
 The use of right tools for the job eliminates potential hazards thus ensuring quality of
work.
Hand tool accidents from;
 Human carelessness
 Not knowing the right tool for the job
 Ignorance of safety precautions
 Failure to maintain/keep the tools properly
 Not instructed for the correct usage
Basic tool check

 Are the tools right for the job?
 Are the tools in safe working condition?
 Are the tools being used properly?
 Are the tools kept in a safe place?
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HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS

 Keep tools clean
 Check tools for good working condition
 Use the right size and type for the job
 Carry tools in tool box, bag or belt
 Do not use excessive force on the tool
 Wear appropriate PPE
MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS
INJURIES CAUSED BY:
Wheel Breaking
• choose, right wheel for the task.

• don’t bend or stress wheel.
• ensure disc is compatible with grinder.
• ensure disc is correctly fitted.
• wear correct PPE for the task
PNEUMATIC TOOLS DANGER
 Leaving airline where it may cause tripping hazard of be damaged by traffic

 Leaving tool with air supply switched on
 Disconnecting the hose from the tool using it to clean machine or clothing.
 Squeezing the trigger before reaching the work
CARTRIDGE TOOLS
 Used for fastening fixtures and materials to metal, pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete,
masonry, block, brick, stone and wood surfaces
 Instructions for use, handling and storage must be available on hand
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DANGERS
 Free shots
 Ricochet
 Atmosphere causing explosion
 Projectiles fired through the work
SAFETY TIPS
 Do not use if your hands are wet or if standing on wet surfaces

 Make sure that you know how to use the tool properly
 If tools are misused, it can result in injury or spoiled work
COMMON ERGONOMIC
INJURIES
Osteo-arthritis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tendonitis
Cellulitis
Tenosynovitis
Epicondylitis
Tension Neck/Shoulder
Ganglion
INJURIES CAUSED BY…
 Repeated overtime use of vibrating tool/equipment.

 Tools/tasks which require twisting hand or joint movement.
 Applying force in an awkward position.
 Applying excessive pressure on parts of the hands, back, wrists or joints.
 Working with the arms over-stretched or overhead.
 Working with a bent back.
TAKE NOTE!
The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools and work stations often develop
slowly over a period of months or years.
However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a long period of time indicating
that something is wrong.
THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Because power tools often come into close contact with the body, wearing the appropriate personal
protective equipment is necessary to prevent personal injury.
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Module 9: Scaffolding Safety DO. 128 –13 (Amendment to OSHS

Rules 1414)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety
including erection/installation and inspection of Scaffolds, working safety on heights including rescue
and basic standard safety procedures on handling ladders and eventual certification from TESDA NC
II as Scaffold Erector and competent person in compliance to Department Order No. 128-13 of the
Department of Labor and Employment.
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo)
and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting employees
or materials or both in the course of any construction works, including maintenance and
demolition works.
Function
 As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to do their work easily and
safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and logistics to carry out
their job
 As a platform and walking passage

• Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker as their walking
path to transport the material and logistics
Classification of Scaffolds
 Supported Scaffolds
 Suspended Scaffolds
 Supported Scaffolds are platforms supported by legs, outrigger, beams, brackets,

poles, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
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Frame or fabricated scaffolds
 the most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to
use.
 frequently used in one or two tiers by residential contractors, painters, etc., but their
modular frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large-scale
construction jobs.
Mobile scaffolds
 a type of supported scaffold set on wheels or casters.
 designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things like painting and
plastering, where workers must frequently change position
Tube and coupler scaffolds
 they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices.
 are frequently used where heavy loads need to be carried, or

where multiple platforms must reach several stories high.
 Their versatility, which enables them to be assembled in multiple directions in a variety

of settings, also makes them
hard to build correctly.
Pole scaffolds
 Are types of supported scaffold in which every structural
component, from uprights to braces to platforms, is made of
wood. Cannot easily be reused, and considered old-
fashioned and are rarely used today.
Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds contains one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-
rigid means from an overhead structure.
Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

 also known as swing- stage scaffolds, are perhaps the most common type of
suspended scaffold.
 Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are
typically used by window washers on skyscrapers.
Single-point Adjustable
 consists of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped
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with means to permit the movement of the platform to desired work levels.
 The most common among these is the scaffold used by window washers to clean the
outside of a skyscraper (also known as a boatswain's chair).
Suspended Scaffolds:
 Support Device rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least four times the load
imposed
 Counterweights
o Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping moment
o Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
o Made of non-flowable materials
o Tiebacks must be installed
 Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

 Falls from elevation
 Struck by falling tools / debris
 Scaffold collapse
 Electrocution
Recommended Control Measures

 Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Must be fully planked
• Use fall arrest systems
 Struck by falling tools or debris

• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
• Use panels or screens
• Build a canopy or net
 Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Firm foundation
• Plumbed and level
• All components installed
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Provide wall ties or anchorage
• Have a competent person check scaffold
 Electrocution
• Observe clearance/distances required between power lines and scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering
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Clearance from Power Lines
Line Voltage Minimum Distance
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)
more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m) plus 4 inches for every 10 KV over 50 KV
Mobile Scaffolds
 Plumb, level and squared
 Braced to prevent collapse
 Casters and wheels locked to prevent movement while in a stationary position
 Not allowed to ride on scaffolds when moving
Three Stages of Scaffolding

1. Building Scaffolds
2. Using Scaffolds
3. Removing / Dismantling Scaffolds
4.
Stage 1: Building Scaffolds
1. Persons Involved – wear PPE

2. Site Specific Hazards Identification
Erectors
Classification of Scaffolds
Inspect all scaffold parts before use (cracks, dents, bends, breaks, corrosion & bad
welds)
Condition of fittings (distorted, stripped, missing, bent parts)
Condition of scaffold planks (cracks, splits)
Damaged scaffold (tagged, set aside, repaired or replaced)
3. Erection of scaffolds
 Supervised by competent person
4. Means of safe Access
 Stairs/ Ladders
 Frame scaffolds
 Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object protection
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Platform
• No paint on wood platforms
• Use scaffold grade wood
• Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must match and be of the same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
Platform Ends
 Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must

extend over its support by at least 6 inches
Proper Scaffold Access
 Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point
of access
Permitted types of access:
 Ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and built-ins

 Stair towers
 Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come out window
Access
 No access by crossbraces
 When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches high
 Can use some end frames
 Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist
Stage 2: Using Scaffolds
 Training of personnel in the proper use of the scaffold and hazards associated
 Establish and communicate jobsite rules
Put in writing
Taught to all employees
Part of the safety culture
Scaffold Inspection
 Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any
alterations
 Defective parts must be immediately repaired
 Provide Scaffold tags
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Stage 3: Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds
 Must be done by trained personnel

 Proceed in reverse order to its erection
 Workers should wear a safety harness and lanyard tied off to a secured anchor
before attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
 Do not hammer or pry apart the scaffold components.
 Do not throw scaffold components
THE FIVE MOST SERIOUS SCAFFOLD HAZARDS
Falls
Falling Objects
Scaffold Collapse
SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGIES DEFINITIONS
Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood plank or other device used to
support the scaffold frame base plates or other support devices.
Base Plates - A device used to support and distribute the leg load of a scaffold
system sized according to the manufacturer’s specification.
Outrigger Stabilizers - A device used to extend the support length at the base of the
scaffolding in order to provide stability against overturning.
Bracing - A system of members connecting frames or sections of scaffolding to make

the scaffold structure and add strength and rigidity between members.
Tie-Backs - A reinforcing connection device which secures a scaffold to a fixed structure.
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Guardrail - A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of
platforms.
Platform - A working surface provided on a scaffold to support the weight of workers,

tools and materials.
Scaffold Wood Planks
12” width x 2 “ thickness x variable length
10” [min.] width x 2 “thickness x variable length
Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection system that prevents serious injury or death of
a worker due to a fall, usually consisting of a full body harness secured to a lanyard
and lifeline.
Plumbness - Ensuring that the scaffold is balanced and erected at a 90-degree angle
straight up from a level surface.
Foundations - The surface upon which the scaffold is erected.
Coupling Devices - A connective device used to secure scaffold frames together.
Swivel Coupler - A load bearing fitting which rotates so that tubes can be joined at
any angle. Mainly used to connect braces to standards.
Double Coupler - Also referred to as right angle or 90? Couplers. Used to join tubes at
right angles where maximum load carrying capacity is required. Double couplers must
always be used to join ledgers and standards together.
Putlog Coupler - A fitting used for fixing putlogs to ledgers.The fitting must not be
used to join ledgers and standards together or in any load bearing situations.
End to End Coupler - Used to join tubes together end to end.
Sleeve coupler
Expanding joint pin
Standards [Post] - Make sure the standards are sitting on a base plate and where the
ground dictates a sole board. A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground or a
structure.Used to carry the ledgers.
Ledgers [Runners] - A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.It also
acts as a support for the transoms.It can also be used to form part of the ties in the
scaffold.Ledgers should be fixed to the standard using load bearing fittings. (double)
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Transoms [Bearer]
Board overhang and Overlap do 128
All platforms must be fully decked or planked.
Each abutted end of a plank shall rest on a separate support surface.
Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to
prevent movement, i.e.” Cleating”.
The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working surface.
Toe board - A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against
the falling of materials or tools.
Engineering Design - The design of a scaffold system by a registered professional

engineer, drawings of a scaffolding system should include all appropriate information on
loading capacities and, detailing on tie-backs, foundations, etc. These drawings must be
kept on site.
RESPONSIBILITIES/DESIGN APPROVALS
Management / Employers:
Ensure that proper scaffolding material and equipment is provided at the project site.
All workers must be trained in proper scaffold use, erection, and maintenance.
Provide all necessary personal protective equipment, (i.e. safety headwear,

footwear, fall protection systems, etc.) to workers erecting and using the scaffold.
Workers:
Ensure that they follow safe work procedures and use all necessary equipment and
any necessary personal protective devices when erecting and using scaffold
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systems. Workers must also take care to protect other workers when working on
scaffolding.
Design Approvals
All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a

working load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer
and approved by the appropriate authority.
Scaffolds of more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by a structural engineer

and shall be erected, installed and dismantled by TESDA certified erectors.
Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without

failure at least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds
shall have six (6) times factor of safety; and
All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the manufacturer’s design
and specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall
be design by structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.
Scaffold Competent Person - The employer shall designate a competent person, who
shall be responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall
protection for personnel erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.
Competent Person
o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold

training and assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
o The competent person shall have the following certification:
COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization.
Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
At least 2 years experience in scaffold erection.
Scaffold Erector
All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold

training and assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety
training organization.
Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II.
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INSPECTION
Because of severe weather conditions, the scaffold system shall be inspected on a regular
schedule and a record of the inspections maintained at the job site.
SCAFFOLD TYPE AND SELECTION
Basic Consideration
The weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment to be carried by the scaffold
system (safe work load)
Site conditions (interior, exterior, backfill, concrete floors, type and condition of walls,
access for the equipment, variations in elevation, anchorage points, etc.)
Height to which the scaffold may be erected (overhead power lines, tie-backs
Type of work that will be done from the scaffold (masonry work, sandblasting, painting,
metal siding, mechanical installation, suspended ceiling installation)
Duration of work
Weather conditions, including wind
Requirements for pedestrian traffic through and under the scaffold area
Means of access to the scaffold
Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
Wind speed limit is 48kph (DO 128) and 40kph (International Practice)
SCAFFOLD CAPACITY
Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4x the expected load.
Expected load includes:= 4xLive Load + Dead Load
Live load includes:

Tools
Workers
Materials
Equipment
Environmental [wind + earthquake]
Dead loads includes:
Pipes
Couplings
Planks
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Etc.
SCAFFOLD LOAD RATINGS
Scaffolds are designed to meet specific load ratings.

Standard Load Ratings:
25 lbs. per square

Light Duty foot
50 lbs. per square
Medium Duty foot
75 lbs. per square
Heavy Duty foot
The allowable working load of scaffolding is 3,450kg per leg
[TESDA] The allowable working load of scaffolding is 150 kg per
sq. m [DO 128]
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Tube and Coupler Ladder Jack Scaffolds
System Scaffold Trestle Ladder Scaffold
Frame Scaffolds Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
Cantilever Scaffold Hanging Scaffold System
Rustgo Manual Work
Hanging Scaffold Platform
Tower Scaffold Horse Scaffolds
Shoring Scaffold Adjustable Scaffolds
Scaffold Public Protection Scissor Lifts
“Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold Aerial Lifts
Two-Point Suspended
Pump Jack Scaffolds Scaffolds
USE AND MAINTENANCE
Scaffold Location
Checking the scaffold location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate many of the problems
that develop during construction and will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently
and safely.
Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for:
Ground conditions Variation in surface elevation

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Overhead electrical wires Tie-in locations and methods
Obstructions Potential wind loading conditions
Overloading
Scaffold platforms are one of the most frequent violations of good scaffold practice.
Housekeeping
Scaffold decks are usually small, narrow and confined. Tools and materials to be used
should be stored in an orderly fashion. Debris and waste materials should not be allowed
to collect on the platform.
Safe Scaffold Use
Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
Do not work from any part of the scaffold other than the platform.
Do not alter the scaffold.
Do not move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold
and the proper procedures are followed.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other
slippery materials.
Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead power lines.
Do not use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person
decides that doing so is safe.
Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift contraptions to raise your work
height.
Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
Do not put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to hold.
SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
Scaffold systems and components should be inspected before each use to ensure
structural stability. Some main areas to check for include:
Damage to frames, braces and other structural components.
Damage to hooks on manufactured

platforms. Splits, knots and dry rot in
planks.
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De-lamination in laminated veneer lumber planks.
Compatibility of components.
Sufficient and proper components for the job.
Stability of the ground or work surface, proper
All components from the same manufacturer

mud sills when needed
Adjustable screw jacks with base pads in

every External ladder access for steel scaffold bucks not
post designed for climbing
Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on all working
supervision of a competent person levels
Fall protection in place once work deck

reaches Daily inspection performed by a competent person
or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional scaffolds before and during the shift
Scaffold must be designed to hold four times Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold exceeds
the four
intended working load (safety factor of “4”) times the minimum base dimension
Planks overlapped over horizontal support no less

Scaffold grade planking or better for all work than
surfaces 12”
Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized components,
personnel below proper PPE in use
Scaffolding that has been in place for long periods of time

Scaffolding Safety Inspection Checklist
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SCAFFTAG SYSTEM
COLOR CODING OF SCAFFOLD MATERIAL
Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for wear / rusting etc. & certifies the
material for usability by changing color
1st year - Red

-
nd
2 year Yellow
3rd year - Blue
4th year - Red
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Module 10: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

If a hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all
employees are not harmed in anyway. One way of reducing or controlling hazard is to isolate the
process, which is engineering control. The second is to control the hazard by administrative
control, like increased breaks, shifting, so on. If the two controls of hazards cannot be done, the
use of Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is necessary.
PPE usage is considered the last resort. PPE can provide added protection to the employee but
will not eliminate the hazard.
Role of Management
 Development of PPE program

 Implementation
 Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
 Revision, refinement
Limitations of PPE
 Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
 Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
 Must be used properly
 Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is
required when respiratory protection is used.
Benefits of PPE
 It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls

are put in place
 In an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting
down plant in hazardous atmospheres
 It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are
impracticable. But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous
atmospheres, which are, for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.
Options for Control Management of PPE programs

 Risk Evaluation  Ultimate responsibility of a PPE
 Hazards Identification Program rests at Management
 Choice of control options
level
 Determination of control need
Risk Evaluation  It should be supported by a
written procedure and controlled
 What particular job by a responsible person
 Nature and degree of exposure
 Magnitude of exposure
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 Increased level of exposure
 Length of exposure
 Frequency of exposure occurrence
 Related circumstances
 Result of exposure
 Local or systemic effect
 Short or long-term effect
 Reversibility or otherwise
 Acceptable level of exposure
 Standards
 Accurate measurement
 Variations in concentration of contaminant
 Overall level of risk to the worker
Hazard Identification
 Agent
 Physical Characteristic
 Route of Entry
 Effect from exposure
Control Options selected should:
 Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level

 Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
 Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts
PPE Program is composed of the following elements:
1. Selection
 To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task,
hazards, personnel, materials, etc.
2. Fitting
 When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the
equipment is used.
 Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
 Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation, heat
stress)
 A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment
4. Compatibility
 If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the
harmony of the individual items needs to be evaluated.
 The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
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5. Issue
 Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees,
remembering that several types of equipment may be available.
 PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from
hygiene considerations, employees are then more willing to accept responsibility
for the care and maintenance of the equipment.
 A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is
recommended and can provide another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
 PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
 Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program
equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used,
may provide no protection at all
 Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
7. Maintenance (Cleaning and Storage)

 Depending on type of equipment used, procedures need to be established for
its cleaning and maintenance when necessary
 Exempted here are single use (disposable) items
 Occasionally, during use, PPE may become contaminated with toxic materials.
Provision should be made to prevent contamination with other areas of the
workplace or employees engaged in cleaning or maintenance activities.
 Respirators can be placed in suitably labeled containers until sent for cleaning.
8. Disposal
 Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures
need careful consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment may
need to be treated as toxic waste
9. Information and Training

 Employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about the
hazards associated with their jobs to enable them to work safely with minimal
risk to health.
 Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will be
much aware to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided
 Supervisors should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and any
limitations placed on the employee by the. PPE, ensuring that appropriate feedback
is given to the Safety Advisers, Occupational Health Personnel or Hygienist
10. Supervision
 A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
 Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by
others as required
11. Reviews
 Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and
being followed:
 Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
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12. Checklist
 to ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
 It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its
effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers
Controlling Hazards
To develop an effective PPE program, the supervisor should:
 Be familiar with required standards and requirements of government regulations

 Be able to identify hazards
 Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market to protect specific hazards
 Know the company procedures for maintaining the equipment
 Develop an effective method for convincing employees to dress safety and wear the
proper protective equipment
 Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that require personal protective
equipment for protection against hazardous chemicals and materials
 Consider establishing an industrial hygiene evaluation procedure to determine whether
PPE is needed to meet MSDS requirement.
PPE and their Classifications
 Head Protection
 Face Protection
o Helmets
o Shields and Goggles
o Hoods
 Eye Protection
o Contact Lenses
o Goggles
 Ear Protection
o Earplug
o Muff Devices
 Respiratory Protection
o Air Purifying Device
o Mechanical Filter Respirator
o Chemical Cartridge Respirators
o Gas Masks
o Hose Masks
o Air Supplied Respirators
o Abrasive Blasting Helmets
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
 Arms, Hands, Fingers

o Heat Resistant Gloves- used to protect against burns and discomfort
when the hands are exposed to sustained conductive heat.
o Metal Mesh Gloves- used by those who work constantly with knives to
protect against cuts and blows from sharp or rough object.
o Rubber Gloves- Worn by electricians
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o Rubber, Neoprene and Vinyl Gloves- are used when handling chemicals
and corrosive.
o Leather Gloves- are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and rough
objects.
o Chrome Tamed Cowhide Leather Gloves- used in foundries and steel
mills.
o Cotton Fabric Gloves- are suitable for protection against dirt, silvers,
chafing or abrasion.
o Heated Gloves- are designed for use in cold environments such as deep
freezers and can be part of a heated-clothing system
 Feet, Legs
o Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where
there are specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
o Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes
of molten metal or from welding sparks.
o Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal- are built into shoes worn in
areas where there are hazards from protruding nails and when the
likelihood of contact with energized electrical equipment is remote, as in
the construction industry
o For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are
effective
o Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards
o Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the
bottom to protect the instep and the entire leg.
2 Types of Head Protection
Hard hat
Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and from
limited electrical shock or burns.
Bump Cap
Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard hat
protection is not required.
How Hard Hat Protect You
Shell - resists and deflects blows to the head
Suspension - acts as a shock absorber
Non-Conducting Material - serve as an insulator against electrical shocks\
Major parts of a HARD HAT
SHELL
- provides a barrier between the head and the blow
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SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force of a blow (normally one inch)
BRIM OR VISOR
- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun
Hard Hat Shell
1. Class E (Electrical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. Class C (Conductive)
-no protection from electrical conductors
Hard Hat Suspension
4point suspension 6-point suspension
Types of Eye & Face
Protection
1. SPECTACLES
 Intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety of hazards.
2. GOGGLES
 Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes.

 Aside from impact/flying particles, it also protects the worker from liquid droplets, gases
& vapors.
3. FACE SHIELD
 Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over goggles
for extra protection.
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Types of Hearing Protectors:
1. Earplugs
a. Foam Type (Disposable)

b. Formable (Reusable)
c. Semi-Aural
2. Earmuffs
a. Head Band
b. Neck band
c. Hard Hat Mounted
Two Types of Respirators
For Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing area.
For Contaminated Air
Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone,
either trap particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors
I. Disposable Type
A. Foam Type
B. Polypropylene
II. Cartridge Type
A. Quarter Mask
B. Half Mask
C. Full Face Mask
Summary Key Points:

 PPE usage is considered the last resort.
 PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.
 Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby.
Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly. Must be
replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when
respiratory protection is used.
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Module 11: Emergency Preparedness in Construction

The potential for emergencies and disasters to happen at all plant facilities, even
at home can be devastating in terms of casualties, business interruptions, loss of
capital investments, etc. These events cannot be avoided but the management
can reduce their frequency of occurrence and severity of damage when effective
preparation and planning is done. No matter how committed an industrial company
may be in terms of occupational safety and health program implementation, the
probability of an emergency may arise at the least expected times. This module
will help employees to make decisions and take appropriate actions to keep a
victim alive, keep injuries becoming worse and how prepare in case of an
emergency.
Emergency is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action.

However, a disaster is an extremely serious state of emergency where the
possibility of loss of life, severe injury or extensive damage to property exists. A
disaster may or may not be preceded by a state of emergency. Emergency
planning involves the development of a specific plan that details action/s to be
taken by trained personnel during an emergency in an effort to efficiently control it
and minimize its negative impact.
Disaster
Sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or
destruction and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.
Design plans
Will provide established procedures and guidelines for the management and staff to
follow in the event of disaster.
 Communications
 General Emergencies
 Evacuation Procedures
 Natural Emergencies
 Man-made Emergencies
 Consideration for Emergencies
 Disaster Recovery
Response Plan Provide Guidelines

 Protect lives and properties
 Improve preparedness in the event of an emergency or disaster
 Provide for orderly and efficient transition from normal to emergency operation
 Reduce losses associated with emergencies through improved enterprise resources
 Assign emergency authority
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 Assign emergency responsibility
 Improve safety awareness, emergency and disaster readiness
Application of this plan

Man Made Emergencies
•
Hazardous material
•
Transportation accident
•
Terrorism
•
Sabotage
•
Kidnapping
•
Fire
Natural Emergencies
• Typhoons
• Flood
• Earthquake
A. Communication
External Internal
- Telephone - two-way radio - personal contact
- Cellphones - warning system - megaphone
B. General Emergency Plan

1. Warning from Outside Agencies
Warning of a severe weather, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions or other
emergencies which can be foretold by gov’t.
2. Warning from Within

It is the responsibility of the Building Captain, head of Communications
& Security in the ERT organization to notify all personnel and visitors
when it is necessary to evacuate the facility/building or go directly to
PAP.
3. PAP (Personnel/Pre-designated Assembly Point)

Personnel and visitors will immediately proceed to this area.
4. Education and Training

A. Personal and Personnel Survival.
B. Drills
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Fire drills shall be held at least annually or more often if
deemed necessary.
Familiarity with evacuation routes/plans

Drills shall be held at both opportune and inopportune
times to cover almost any situation.
5. Special Duties
 Each head of department shall take notice of their
personnel’s attendance when each drill is conducted.
 Upon arrival at the pre- designated assembly point, the
department head shall count their personnel to assure that
all are accounted.
 The evacuation plan provides for checking of restrooms,
vacant rooms, specialty rooms and elevator to ensure that
all persons are aware and are heeding the warning.
 Each employee is assigned during his/her shift certain
task to conduct closing doors, windows, and turning off
lights in a disaster.
 ERT member from maintenance personnel shall shut off
electricity in an emergency and report for further
assignment.
6. Employees
 Don’t take time to get belongings when the alarm is

sounded.
 Certain employees will be designated by Area Marshall to
be responsible for closing windows, doors, turning off the
lights and equipment and other duties.
 Employees will proceed to the nearest exit and evacuate
the building in an orderly fashion to the designated area.
C. EVACUATION PROCEDURE
1. Employee seated near windows shall secure that the windows are close.
2. Any employee next to a restroom or vacant room shall check that room and, if
anyone is there, instruct that person(s) to proceed to the PAP.
3. Employees are not to take anything with them unless ordered by the Area Marshall
for important documents or in case of fire.
4. Employee closest to the doors/stairways will leave first; then the last person out of
the room will close the door.
5. Employees should move quickly and safely as possible without creating more
hazards than already encountered.
6. Keep calm and listen for information or instructions.
7. If primary exits are blocked, for any reason, then go to an alternative exit.
8. Department heads should account for all his/her personnel.
9. If a fire is in the corridor just outside the room or close enough to the exit route, then
close the door block all gaps around the door until a move can be decided.
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10. Delegation of Duties.
1. Floor warden
2. Building Captain
3. Head-count and reporting
4. Exit guards
5. Fire Extinguisher Squad
6. Hose and Nozzle Team
7. First Aiders
8. Search & Rescue Team
D. Considerations for Emergency Operations

I. Direction and Control.
Use of Emergency Response Team for emergency operation. To facilitate
policy making, coordination and control of operating force in a large scale
situation.
Aspects:
• Indicate in-charge of each emergency
• Determine when to issue order to evacuate the facility
• Identify individual responsibility for issuing evacuation orders and how it will
be announced.
• Chain of command to assure continuous leadership, authority and
responsibility in key positions.
• Assignment of operational and administrative support for emergency

response.
II. Emergency Information

-defining responsibility of the department and describing activation procedures.
-assignment of responsibility to assure employees understands the

warning signals, receive instruction, know and what to do in case of
emergency -include emergency response activities on the agenda of
regular supervisors meeting.
-designation of information office as official point of contact during an emergency.
-timely forecast of all hazards that require emergency preparedness or response

action
Facility Shutdown
-defines and assigns responsibilities for the protection of company property

and classified material before employee leave work stations.
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Aspects:
 Indicate under what conditions shutdown must
 occurred to be considered
 Identify authority to shutdown
 Complete checklist for shutdown
 Diagrams to show where to turn everything off
III. Communication.
-Establishing, using, maintaining and providing back up for all channels of
communications needed for emergency response and recovery.
Aspects:
o Primary and back up communication with generator or extra batteries.
o Two way response radio communication between Bldg. Captain and Group
Leader of emergency response forces.
o Key telephone numbers for industry emergency
assistance organization.
IV. Emergency Services.

-plot plan of utility shut off, water hydrant mains, and building plan.
-traffic and security control.
-fire equipment storage
-damage assessment reports
-obtaining emergency medical support during emergency
-adequate water supply for drinking, firefighting and sanitation
A well-organized emergency procedure takes account of four stages:
 Preliminary action- the most important part of the emergency procedure o

The preparation of a plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of the
site, products and surroundings
o Briefing of employees on details of the plan, including the position of
essential equipment
o The training of personnel involved and appointment of competent persons
for certain actions.
o The implementation of a program of inspections of potentially hazardous
areas, testing of warning systems and specification of evacuation
procedures
o Specifying the date at which the plan will be re-examined and updated.
 Action when emergency is imminent- when there is evidence that an
emergency is imminent, this stage will feature procedures for assembly of
key personnel, advance warning to external authorities and testing of
systems connected with the emergency scheme.
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 Action during the emergency-there may however, be unexpected
variations in a predicted emergency. Decision- making personnel,
selected beforehand for this purpose, will need to make precise and rapid
judgments to ensure that appropriate action follows the decisions made.
 Ending Emergency- there must be a procedure for declaring plant,
systems and specific areas safe, together with the reoccupation of
premises where possible.
The emergency plan should possess the following provisions:
1. The purpose of the emergency plan is to provide guidance on

the following:
a. A site emergency response organization’s structure and responsibilities
b. Develop a sample emergency scenarios and their consequences
c. Establish emergency control resources (human, equipment, training,
etc.)
2. Make sure that the emergency plan is up-to-date
3. The emergency telephone numbers must be provided,

including the senior personnel or people that must be notified in case of
emergency EMERGENCY is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an
immediate action.
General Procedures In Response To Different Types Of Emergencies.
FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly
taken ill.
ROLE OF FIRST AIDER:
1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.
OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:
1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.

2. To prevent added injury to the victim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:
1. Survey the scene.

2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3. Activate medical assistance or transfer facility.
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4. Do the secondary survey of the victim
SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough

blood to circulate throughout the body following a serious injury.
OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID TO SHOCK VICTIMS:
1. To improve circulation of the blood.

2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.
WOUND is a break in the continuity in the body either internal or external.
FIRST AID for closed wounds:

I – ice application provided to the affected portion of the body.
C – compression over the affected portion.
E – elevate affected portion above the heart to reduce swelling.
S – splint or immobilize
FIRST AID for open wounds:

C – control bleeding
C – cover wound with dressing
C – care for shock
C – consult or refer to physician
EARTHQUAKE - What to do:
 Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table or
doorway
 Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.

 When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
 At the end of initial shock, evacuate building when given clearance by the Chief Marshal
 Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.
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FIRE EMERGENCY – If you discover a
fire:
Activate fire alarm (break glass)
 Call for help, dial your hot line number

 Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.
 Do not take any personal risks.
 Follow instructions of evacuation team guide. Proceed to the assembly area.
EVACUATION
 On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit near
you.
 Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location If you are
away from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor. Do not attempt to return
to your own floor Security will take any other action.
BOMB THREAT
 If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered – do not touch it, clear the area Notify
security office
 Prevent other personnel from going into the area
 Security will take any other action required
IF YOU RECEIVED A CALL…

 Attract the attention of another staff member to ring your local hotline
 Record details of threat as per procedure given: do not hang up your phone
 Try to record exact words; keep the caller TALKING (try to obtain as much information as
possible)
 Security will take further action required
QUESTIONS TO ASK…
 When is the bomb going to explode?
 Where is it right now?
 What does it look like?
 What kind of bomb is it?
 What will cause the bomb to explode?
 Who place the bomb?
 Why?
 Where are you?
 What is your name?
DO NOT HANG UP THE PHONE!
SECURITY
 Most Senior Security Officer on-duty shall respond when an emergency arising from fire,
earthquake and explosions occurs upon notice given by the Chief Marshal
 The compound shall be cordoned to prevent unauthorized person’s entry
 Security Officers shall supervise crowd control to prevent employees and looters around
the affected area.
 Follow the safe and orderly evacuations of employees to the assembly area.
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Summary Key Points:

 Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with
oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
 Fuel, Oxygen, Heat and chemical reaction are the basic chemistry of fire.
 Classifications of fire are Class A or combustible materials, Class B or Flammable
Liquids, Class C or energized electrical equipments, Class D or combustible metals
and Class K or kitchen fire
 Fire Extinguishers are an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control
small fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense.
 P.A.S.S= Pull the pin, Aim at the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sway the nozzle side by
side.
 The purpose of fire alarm is to give an early warning of fire in vicinity.
Module 12: Working at Heights / Fall Protection

Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various work phases
involved have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high places,
falls are so significant and need a lot of attention. Most falling accidents could be traced in
excavation, scaffolding, ladder, temporary structure, roofing and opening. Likewise, alarming, are
falling materials that cause damage to properties and even serious injuries and death to
pedestrians. Amidst these rising falling accidents, there is indeed an ever-growing need for fall
protection principles and concepts in the construction industry.
Evaluating the Risk
Employees exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more to a lower elevation must be

protected. It is important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the
construction work in order to identify potential sources of fall accidents. This evaluation
can be done in the form of a job hazard analysis, where the work task is broken down into
a number of distinguishable steps. The steps are then analyzed to determine the hazards
and identify preventative measures to protect against the hazards. It is important to
regularly review and update the job hazard analysis, especially if there are changes in the
work environment or new technology, equipment and machines are introduced.
Categories of Fall Hazards
1. Falls from elevation

Scaffolds
Ladders
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Roof
Elevated workplaces
Floor openings
Leading edges
2. Fall on the same level

Slipping and tripping hazards
3. Being struck by falling objects
Objects that are
- Improperly stored
- disposed of
- mishandled at elevation
Control Measures
Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of falling
entirely. For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker from
falling, than a personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). In this way, the
worker is never in a position where an actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must
rely on the personal protective equipment system to safely arrest the fall.
Working at Heights & Fall Protection Systems Categories
1. Surface Protection against Slipping & Tripping Hazards
Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace. It is

important to keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are not required for
the task at hand. Oil spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared up immediately.
Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be provided
with a non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface. Footwear
with special soles may be also required.
2. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers
A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past the edge of a
work level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending
on the circumstances at the workplace. Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning
barriers, & ladder cages.
a. Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-

rail and toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from inadvertently
stepping off a working level and falling to a level below. Variations of guardrail include:
wood slat, wire rope, steel frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and
others. Any of these variations is acceptable, as long as the system meets the basic
design specifications
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b. Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a hazardous
work area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barriers used where it is not
reasonably practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been
temporarily removed from an area.
This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least2 meters
from the work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is
increased when high visibility flagging or other means issued to mark the warning barrier.
c. Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access, proper
handrail must be provided. These serve as both a physical barrier and a means of support
to a worker moving up and down the access way. Handrails should be designed the same
as a guardrail.
d. Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a barrier

between the worker and the surrounding space. It serves as a support to a worker, if he
needs to rest against the barrier. The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side
rail of the ladder at any time during the climbing of the ladder. However, it does not provide
complete fall protection on its own. It should be used in conjunction with a full body
harness and lanyard.
3. Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/Floor Coverings Surface openings in floors

and other walking surfaces where workers have access must be protected by guard
railing or secured wood or metal covers. The covering must be capable of supporting all
loads to which it may be subjected.
The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an opening below. When
plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be 19mm (3/4") with
proper support for the plywood.
4. Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/Lanyards/Anchorage a travel

restraint system is intended to limit a worker's movement so the worker is unable to
reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline and/or
lanyard and anchor. The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is
attached to a secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only
proceed to within approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no circumstances
should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a worker is in a position to fall.
5. Fall Arrest Systems - A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint system. Unlike
travel restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall; it reduces the chance of injury
when a fall takes place. A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point,
lifeline, fall arrestor, lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
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Specifications for a Fall Arrest System:
a. Anchorage point - anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it,
as it is dangerous to work above the point of anchorage. Belt anchors shall be made of
metal of metal machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a
pull of 2730 kgs. (6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction. If the anchor is exposed to the
elements, it must be corrosion resistant.
b. Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and the user
of the system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs.
(2,500 lbs.) without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point
and be protected from abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run
vertically or horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on the
application. Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent systems
may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails, wire ropes, or similar materials.
c. Fall arrestor (rope grab) - This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline
when a fall occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely
on the lifeline until there is a sudden downward motion. When this sudden motion occurs,
the fall arrestor "grabs" the lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms are also
built into retractable life line devices, which play out and retract as necessary, but hold
fast in the event of a fall (similar to a seat belt in an automobile).
d. Lanyard - A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the
worker's safety harness. Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with
double action devices.
e. Shock absorber - This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall
occurs. It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The
shock absorber prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force transferred
to the lifeline and anchor. A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the
lanyard design.
f. Full body safety harness - This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic
area of a worker and to support the worker during and after a fall. Body type harnesses
of the parachute type should be used. The harness should be connected to the lanyard
or lifeline at the dorsal (back) position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply
sloping surfaces, the user needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe
manual operation of the mechanism
6. Fall Containment Systems a Safety Net - where it is impractical to provide a fixed

barrier or fall arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety
nets are used most often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or
to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common
applications for safety nets are bridge work and structural steel erection.
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Safety nets requirements include:
It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling person

or debris.
There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against
contacting any surface or structure below the net.
It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the work
area & no further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working surface.
No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.
b. Safety Mesh - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof
installers and offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair works.
Safety mesh should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails
or fall arrest systems and devices. However, it should not be used for access to or egress
from a work area or as a working platform.
Module 13: Communication in Safety including Tool

Box Meeting (TBM)
Communication is defined as the transfer of information, ideas, feelings, knowledge and
emotions between one individual and group of individuals and another. The elements of
communication are the Sender, Receiver, Message, and Feedback. In regards to safety, the
success of preventing an accident, a delay or miscommunication is in the effort of how well the
workers communicate with one another.
The Supervisor holds the key to the communication between the top management and the
workers. Good communication is vital to the supervisor’s success in his accident prevention
program, for creating a zero accident workplace, etc. The workers are also vital in the supervisors
success because they are the ones who are receiving the message and gives feedback.
The Communication Cycle
Communication does not limit to what the workers and supervisor says, it also depends on what
they do or don’t do. This is an example of non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication can be communicated if the workers don’t do what they are
supposed to do, or if they do something that is not right.
Communication can also be written. Writing a memo is an example of a written communication,

however, getting the feedback may be difficult that face-to-face communication. Follow up verbal
or oral communication should be followed.
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Basic Elements of Communication:

 The Sender- the one who delivers the message.
 The Message- the thought; the information
 The Receiver-the one who accepts the message
 The Feedback-the output of the communication cycle.

Importance of Communication
• It is about how information is sent and received within firms

• It is crucial for working successfully with others
• It enables to maintain relationships
• It allows to accomplish tasks while working with both individuals and groups
• It motivates
• It helps to overcome obstacles
• It creates a comfortable, trustful and psychologically safe feeling
7Cs for Effective Business Communication
 Clarity
 Completeness
 Conciseness
 Consideration (The 'You' Attitude)
 Correctness (Accuracy)
 Concreteness
 Courtesy
Questioning Techniques
It is crucial for effective communication to ask the right questions.

Asking the right questions help to:
 Gather better information quickly.
 To learn more about a situation.
 To build stronger relationships.
 To manage people more effectively.
 To avoid misunderstandings.
Open Questions
Open questions evoke longer answers. Open questions usually begin with what, why, how. Such
a question asks the respondent for his or her knowledge, opinion or feelings.
When to Use:
• To develop an open frank conversation
• To find out more detail
• To learn about other person's opinion, feelings or issues
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Example:
• Why did he react that way?
Closed Questions
Closed questions generally evoke a single word or very short, factual answer
When to Use:
• To test your or the other person's understanding
• To conclude a discussion or making a decision
• To set a reference frame for the person within which to answer
Example:
• Are you hungry?
Funnel Questions
Asking funnel questions involves starting with general questions, and then zooming in on a point
in each answer. Then, you move on to asking more and more detail at each level. Hence,
generally, when using funnel questioning, start with closed questions. As you progress through
the funnel, start using more open questions.
When to Use:
• To find out more detail about a specific point.
• To gain the interest or increase the confidence of the person you're speaking with.
Example:
• "How many people were involved in the fight?"
• "About seven."
• "Were they kids or adults?"
• "Mostly adults.”
Probing Questions
Probing questions are asked to find out more detail. In such questions, use questions that include
the word "exactly" to probe further. An effective way of probing is to use the 5 Whys method,
which can help you quickly get to the root of a problem.
When to Use:
• To gain clarification
• To draw information out of people unwilling to give information
Example:
• Who, exactly, wanted this report?
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Leading Questions
Leading questions are asked to try to lead the respondent to your way of thinking. It is important
to note here that leading questions tend to be closed.
When to Use:
• To get the answer you want but letting the other person
believe that they had a choice.
• To close a sale.
Example:
• Option 2 is better, isn't it?
*******************************************************************
Some Tips for Communication Safety in the workplace

Safety propaganda is the process of getting a range of messages across to people and may
take a number of forms; here are some examples:
As per DO#13 Section 1 Item Y
Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and their respective
supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the
assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and
suggestions on how to prevent possible accidents and other related matters.
As per DO#13 Section 12. Safety and Health Information
12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:
a)informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace; and
b)instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection
against those hazards.
12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall
conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the
workers and anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions
to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions
that need to be undertaken.
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Running the Tool Box Meeting
1. Schedule the meeting
Let the team know where and when the meeting is. At the start of the day works best with most
workplaces.
2. Set the scene for the meeting — keep it real and be positive
Encourage everyone to join in and provide their own feedback, knowledge and experiences.
Use simple language for everyone to understand to convey the key health and safety
messages.
Toolbox meetings are an opportunity to provide positive feedback for safe actions, hard work
and initiatives. It’s also important to avoid criticism and acknowledge everyone for their
contributions. The meeting shouldn’t be a lecture, but a chance for engagement with the team.
Ensure that running and attending toolbox safety meetings is recognized as an important part of
a person’s role. If the worker regards health and safety as an add-on, it will often be neglected.
3. Follow an agenda
Follow an agenda to make sure you cover everything off:
 Inform workers of changes to company procedures

 Identify new hazards and review existing hazards
 Develop/review hazard controls
 Discuss/review accident and incident data
 Discuss the work program for the day/week ahead
 Have company leaders talk about the business direction or a particular topic
 Discuss any new equipment on site
 Provide a short training session
4. Close the meeting
Thank the team for their time and let them get to work.
5. Record meeting notes
Details of meetings should be recorded and kept on file. Record meeting

dates, attendees and discussion items. Show follow-up items from previous hazards, accidents
and incidents.
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Module 14 - Roles of Supervisor in Safety

A supervisor, foreman, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a
manager in business. A supervisor is first and foremost an overseer whose main responsibility is
to ensure that a group of subordinates get out the assigned amount of production, when they are
supposed to do it and within acceptable levels of quality, costs and safety. The supervisor is
management on the front line. They directly influence the quality and quantity of goods and
services produced.
Managers or supervisors have a direct bearing on health and safety since they have control and
can give instruction. They are also the focal point of a lot of
employee attention and the manner of their behavior and the
way they view on safety and health greatly affects the
employees’ attitudes.
Supervisors can influence safety performance by:
 Setting policies that requires high safety

performance.
 Providing resources, handouts, and materials to
achieve those policies.
 Demonstrating the commitment to safety by:
o Personal involvement in health and safety matters
o Encouraging employees to approach high standards on safety
o Giving health and safety equal consideration with everyone in the company.
o Being knowledgeable in health and safety issues.
Safety Responsibility of Line Supervisors
The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the
job falls on the shoulders of the supervisors, not because it has been arbitrarily assigned to
him, but because accident prevention and production control are closely associated to supervisory
functions. Whether or not a company has a safety program, the supervisor has these principal
responsibilities:
 Establish work methods

 Giving job instructions
 Assigning people to jobs
 Supervising people at work
 Maintaining the equipment and the workplace.
 Instill safety consciousness
 Proper safety equipment
 Education and training program
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Summary Key Points:

 The supervisor is management on the front line.
 The Supervisor’s behavior and the way he view on safety and health greatly affects
the employees’ attitudes.
 The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and
injuries on the job falls on the shoulders of the supervisors.
Module 15: Occupational Health

Occupational Health(OH) - defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at
work can be exposed to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational
diseases and conditions. Some people may die as a result of a contact; others may be
permanently incapacitated, etc.
AIMS of Occupational Health:
1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate
to his capacity.
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGIC ERGONOMIC

HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS
 Noise Forms:  Bacteria  Improper tools
 Vibration  Liquids  Viruses and equipment
 Extremes of  Solids  Fungi design
temperature  Gas  Insects/  Unnecessary
 Illumination Route of entry Parasites and unusual
 Pressure  Inhalation design
 Ingestion  Repetitive
 Injection Motions
 Skin  Stress at work
 Eye
Contamination
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Physical Hazards
1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can

block, distort, change or interfere with the
meaning of a message in both human and
electronic communication.
Three Characteristics of Sound:

 Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time;
measured in Hertz cycles per second.
 Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
 Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning
Permissible Noise Exposure (OHSC 1074:02)
Footnote(1) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the
individual effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n)
exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn
indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates the total time
of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not
exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level
Adverse Health Effects of Noise:

 Acute Effects:
o Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to permanent
cochlear damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure.
o Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
o Poor Communication
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 Chronic or Long Term Effects:
o Permanent Threshold Shift (Noise Induced Hearing Loss); Noise-induced
hearing loss (NIHL) is an increasingly prevalent disorder
that results from exposure to high-intensity sound, especially
over a long period of time.
Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
 Purchase new equipment
 Preventive maintenance
 Isolation/damping
2. Administrative Control
 Job rotation / breaks
3. PPE
 Ear plugs / ear muffs
2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat
than it can dissipate.
 High Temperature
 High Humidity
 Poor Ventilation
 Multiple Heat Source
Mechanisms of heat removal

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Evaporation
Acute Health Effects of Heat

 Prickly Heat- is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes
 Heat Fatigue-bad mood, water loss
 Heat Cramps- muscle spasm (water + salt)
 Heat Exhaustion- fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting
(water + salts + electrolytes )
 Heat Stroke- overheating, seizure, coma (failure of thermoregulatory
system); a temperature of greater than 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) due to
environmental heat exposure
Control of Heat Problems

1. Engineering control
 Ventilation
 Water sources (fountains/showers)
2. Administrative control
 Job rotation/breaks
3. PPE
 Cotton clothes, multiple changes
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3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature drops below that
required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F).
Acute Health Effects of Cold

 Hypothermia
 Frostbite- is the medical condition where localized damage is caused to skin
and other tissues due to extreme cold.
 Trench Foot- is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet
to damp, unsanitary and cold conditions.
Chronic Health Effects of Cold

 Bradycardia- ("heart slowness"), as applied to adult
medicine, is defined as a resting heart rate of under 60
beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the
rate drops below 50 beat/min.
 Skin Scaling- due to dryness of the skin.
 Callous Formation
Control Methods
1. Engineering Control
 Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2. Administrative Control
 Shift work, rest periods
 Warm food and drinks / medical exams
3. PPE
 Thermal clothing / electric blanket
 Gloves / cap / jacket / wool lined shoes
4. Vibration- refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations

may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a
tire on a gravel road; continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than
heard; affects the body through direct contact.
Health Effects of Vibration

 Inflammation of wrist, elbows, shoulders
 Carpal Tunnel syndrome- median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical
condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to
paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms
and waking up at night is a characteristic of established carpal tunnel
syndrome.
 Tenosynovitis- is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the
synovium) that surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain,
swelling and difficulty moving the particular joint where the inflammation
occurs.
 Fatigue- is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in
transportation, because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue
is considered an internal precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively
affects the human operator's internal state.
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Prevention & Treatment
1. Engineering
 Tool re-design
 Isolation
2. Administrative
 shifting
3. PPE
 gloves, dampers
5. Illumination- is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical

effect. Lighting includes use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and natural
illumination of interiors from daylight. Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often
used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings given its low cost.
The importance of Illumination or Lighting

 1915.92(a) of OSH Standards - all means of access and walkways leading to working
areas as well as the working areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated.
o A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse
o A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms
o A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving; planing of lumber
o A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent
reading and writing for filing and mail sorting
o A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting, drafting,
stenographic work.
o A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg;
proofreading in printing plants
Acute effects of low illumination
 Eye Strain- is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through
nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred
vision, headache and occasional double vision. Symptoms often occur after
reading, computer work, or other close activities that involve tedious visual
tasks.
 Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary Eyes
Control Methods
 Improve illumination by adding:
 artificial light sources
 natural light sources
 Reduce by:
 Isolation or enclosure
 PPE
 Eye examination / Eye protection devices
6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.

Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is
constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially
induced conditions; Pressure changes cause body stress.
Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and
in diving operations, may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.
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Acute Effects of Pressure:
Fatigue Dizziness Depressed Reduced Oxygen
Incoordination Headaches Sensorium Lowered
Temperature Apprehension Disorientation Narcosis
Paresthesias Excitability Tremors Death Pulmonary
Edema
Control methods
 Pre-employment screening
 Training (Pre-event)
 Scheduled work duration
 Exercise (During event)
 Medical monitoring
 Medications
 Pressure vessels / chamber
 Rehabilitation (Post-event)
 Pressurized suits
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.
A chemical hazard arises from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
The Routes of Entry of Chemicals
 Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.

Health Effects
 Local irritation
 Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic reaction)
 Absorption is increased with high temperature and perspiration
 Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye.
Health Effects
 Irritation
 Blindness
 Swelling
 Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated

area; smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of
inhaled materials.
Health Effects
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
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 Inhalation- most important route of chemical
exposure; concentration in the air; duration
of exposure; amount of air inhaled.
Health Effects
 Lack of oxygen
 Difficult to breathe
 Injection
Organs in that body that may be affected by chemicals:

 Skin
 Lungs
 CNS
 Kidney
 Liver
 Blood
 Heart
General Health effects
 Disorientation
 Euphoria
 Light headedness
 Confusion
 Unconsciousness
 Headache
 Nausea, vomiting
 Paralysis, convulsion, death
Control of Chemical Hazards

1. Engineering
 Initial selection / substitution
 Chemical hood
 Redesign the process
2. Administrative
 APE / SOP / shiftwork / housekeeping
 SDS review
 Environmental monitoring
3. PPE
Biological Hazards
Also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of
living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a
microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health; these
are the factors that cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common problems
among health care workers and laboratory personnel handling biologic specimens.
Some Biologic Hazards that can are Contiguous or can lead to Death
 Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of
the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough,
sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection,
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and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if
left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.
 AIDS- This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system
and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is
transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a
bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and
breast milk.
 Hepatitis A,B,C,E- implies inflammation of the liver characterized

by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ.
Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic
when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis
viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be
due to toxins (notably alcohol, certain medications and plants),
other infections and autoimmune diseases.
 Chicken Pox- is a highly contagious illness caused by primary

infection with varicella zoster virus. Chicken pox is spread easily through coughs or
sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.
Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from further
episodes of chickenpox. Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more
severe in adult males than in adult females or children. Pregnant women and those
with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious complications.
Chicken pox is now believed to be the cause of one third of stroke cases in children.
 URTI- Upper respiratory tract infections, (URI or URTI), are the illnesses caused by
an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or
larynx.
 Sore Eyes- painful and uncomfortable, usually as a result of an injury, infection, or too
much exercise.
 Sexually Transmitted Disease- is an illness that has a significant probability of
transmission between humans or animals by means of human sexual behavior,
including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.
 Other Skin Diseases
Ergonomic Hazards
It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems at work.
Job
 the task needed to achieve a result
 governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
 requires learning, training and skill
Workstation
 place of deployment
 where duties are carried out
 where equipment are located
 machines are the tools
 8 hours are spent
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 most accidents happen
Tool
 integral part of the man-machine system
 powerful, fast, tireless
 enables man to accomplish his job with reduced effort
Man
 Integral part of the man-machine-system.
 intelligent, adaptive and versatile
 the basis of existence - survival
Workplace Design
Fit the workplace to the worker; not the worker to the workplace
Tool Design
Fit the tool to the worker; not the worker to the tool
****************************************************************************************************
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its
movements and its cognitive abilities.
The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding
of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that
applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-
being and overall system performance.
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the
design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and
equipment. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which
can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
Five aspects of ergonomics

There are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use,
productivity/performance, and aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples
are given of how products or systems could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic
principles.
1. Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who
may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and
label. Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.
2. Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing oneʼs eye to
the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this
based on contrast principles.
3. Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street
signs. This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
4. Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular

TV. So when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically.
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Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in
loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel
levels.
5. Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout

the workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is
easily accessible
Risk Factors on Ergonomics

1. Position
a. Wrist straight, shoulders
relaxed
b. Back and neck as close to
their natural alignment as
possible
c. Elbows near the side, bent at
a 90º angle to reach the work
d. Keep materials close to the
body when carrying
e. Don’t twist, bend, reach
2. Force
a. Use as little effort as allowable
b. Push a cart, don’t pull
c. Seek assistance from others
d. Don’t exceed 25kgs when lifting
3. Frequency
a. Reduce the repetitions of movements in activities
b. Rest breaks
Source: https://www.microsoft.com/accessories/en-us/support/ergonomic-comfort
The Necessary Health Personnel in the Workplace
First Aider
 The one who gives immediate and temporary treatment

in case of sudden injury or illness and refer the injured to the physician
or dentist if necessary. The First aider must maintain the medical and
dental services and facilities.
Nurse
 Provide nursing care to the ill and injured. Performs

health examinations which are within the scope of
nursing profession, and refer the same to the physician
if more intensive examination is needed. He/she maintains health
records and submits annual medical report and gives suggestions to
improve conditions that affect the worker’s health.
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Physician
 Organize, administer, and maintain an occupational

health services program. Conducts studies on
occupational health. Prevents disease or injury in the
workplace and conserve the health of the workers
Provides medical and surgical care. Maintains and
analyze records of all medical cases. Continually
monitors the work environment for possible health hazards. Acts as an
adviser to management and labor health hazards. He/ she reports
directly to the top management.
Dentist
 The duties of the dentist employed in a

workplace shall be in accordance with the
Standards prescribed by the Bureau of Dental
health Services, Department of Health.
Summary Key Points
 Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest

degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
 Occupational Health Hazards are classified on the Physical, Chemical,
Biological and Ergonomic hazards.
 Noise is an unwanted sound.
 The characteristics of sound are: Frequency, loudness, duration.
 Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more
heat than it can dissipate.
 Cold Stress or Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops
below that required for normal metabolism and body functions which is
defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).
 Vibration is a continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than
heard.
 Illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or
practical effect.
 Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.
 Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to
fit the worker
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Module 16 – Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community.
Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional
experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in workplace and
environmental studies.
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social,
spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types
or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could
be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from
exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of
people or of possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom from accidents.
Accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly
progress of any activity. Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay
in operation.
Causes of Accidents
➢ Unsafe acts. A violation of safe procedure

• act of omission
• act of commission
➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents
➢ Identify - to map a known quantity to an unknown entity so as to make it known

➢ Evaluate - to ponder on something.
➢ Correct - an action to rectify, to make right a wrong.
1. Identify = Hazard Identification. Identification of hazard is done through:
➢ Inspection. An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the

measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or
activity. The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for
determining whether the item or activity is in line with these targets. Inspections are usually
non-destructive. It is done before an incident or an accident occurs.
➢ Investigation. To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically. It is done

after an incident or an accident.
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2. Evaluate = Risk Assessment
Compare what you identified with OSH standards

3. Correct = Control
➢ Engineering control. Eliminate or reduce the hazard through:
• Initial design specification

• Substitution
• Change the process
• Isolation (Place)
• Ventilation
➢ Administrative control. Control of employee’s exposure
• Increased breaks
• SOPs
• Isolation (time)
• Medical Exams
• Workplace monitoring
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas
➢ PPE. Use protective barrier to protect the worker from the

hazard.
Other General Examples of Control Methods of Industrial Hygiene
1. Substitution of non-toxic or less-toxic for one which is harmful to health (lead in paint
pigment with zinc, barium or titanium oxide)
2. Change in the process to improve working condition (spray paint to dipping or
brushing)
3. Isolation or enclosure of a process or work operation to reduce the number of
employees exposed
4. Wet methods to reduce generation of dust
5. Local exhaustion ventilation at the point of generation or dispersion of contaminants
6. Dilution ventilation to provide safe, healthful atmosphere
7. Personal Protective Equipment (devices) such as special clothing, eye or respiratory
protection
8. Good housekeeping, including cleanliness of workplace, waste disposal, adequate
washing, toilet and eating facilities
9. Administrative exposure controls, including adjusting work schedules or rotating job
assignments so no employee receives an overexposure
10. Special control methods for specific hazards, such as shielding, monitoring devices
and continuous sampling with preset alarms
11. Medical controls to detect evidence of absorption of toxic chemicals
12. Training and education to supplement engineering controls
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Environmental monitoring - describes the processes and activities that need to take
place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental
monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in
many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural
environment. All monitoring strategies and programmed have reasons and justifications
which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish
trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed,
analyzed statistically and published. The design of a monitoring programmed must
therefore have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts.
The Three Basic Components of environmental monitoring are:
1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace

environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in
an opinion as to the degree of health hazard that
exists from chemical of physical agents from
industrial exposure.
3. Correct- Engineering, Administrative Control and
PPE.
Sources of Data
1. Walk-Through Survey- is done to pinpoint the

location of the existing health hazard so that proper
corrective actions can be taken and to identify
potential health hazards under normal and abnormal
conditions.
2. Chemical Inventory
 SDS (Safety Data Sheet) - Raw materials (it is available to anyone who
requests for it. It should be accompanied to any delivery or storage materials)
 PSDS (Product Safety Data Sheet) - Normal written on the labels of the
products themselves. It contains the necessary
information about:
o Description
o Structural formula
o Hazard/ toxicity
classification
o First aid
o Physical data
o Fire and explosion data
o Emergency
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Examples of Occupational Health Instruments/

Equipment
 Physical Agents
o Noise/ sound- sound level meters, waveband

analyzers, audiometer
o Light- Photometer, illumination meter
o Heat stress- heat stress monitor
o Radiation- radiation survey meter
 Chemical Agents-
o Gas/ dust- indicator tubes, stationary and personal
samplers
 Biological Agents- microscope, microbial samplers

 Other equipment- atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
gas chromatograph
Summary Key Points:
 Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to recognition, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which
may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among
workers or among citizens of the community.
 Accident is usually a result of contact of a man with a source of energy above the
threshold limit of the body or structure.
 Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions are the Causes of Accidents.
 Steps to control the Hazard are Identify, evaluate, and correct.
 Inspection is done before an accident or an incident occurs. Investigation is after an

incident or an accident.
 Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact
assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a
risk of harmful effects on the natural environment.
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 Work environmental monitoring is carried out to evaluate occupational hazards
resulting from exposure to the following agents: Physical Agents, Chemical Agents,
and Biological Agents.
 It is important to recognize environmental hazards or stresses in the workplace. The

magnitude or level of hazards can be accurately determined by using industrial
hygiene equipment. Prevention is better than cure so it is necessary to assess and
evaluate these hazards.
Module 17: Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

Job hazard analysis is one of the safety management tools that can be used to define
and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure. Job Hazard
Analysis is a term used interchangeably with Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment.
The purpose of a JHA is to ensure that the risk of each step of a task is reduced to ALARP
(As Low As Reasonably Practicable).
Some type of risk analysis should be performed before every job. Some tasks are routine
and the hazards and controls well understood. For routine tasks consider using a
Standard Operating Procedure, a set of standing orders that control the known hazards.
For tasks that are complex, unusual, difficult, require the interaction of many people or
systems or involve new tools or methods, a JHA should be performed.
JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient
to review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before
but the work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure
that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job this time. The JHA is usually
completed on a form.
Uses of JHA:
 Create/ Improve SOP’s
 Guide in observing employee performance
 Accident investigation
 Safety inspection
Establishing priorities are based on the following criteria:

 High frequency of accidents or near- misses
 History of serious accidents or fatalities
 Potential for serious harm
 New jobs
 Changes in procedures and standards
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Selecting a JHA team:
 Involving others in the process reduces the possibility or overlooking an individual
job step or potential hazard
 It increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of
eliminating or controlling the hazards.
An effective JHA team usually includes:

o The supervisor
o The employee most familiar with how the job is done and its related hazards
o Other employees who perform the job
o Experts or specialist when necessary, such as safety officer, maintenance
personnel, occupational hygienist, ergonomists, or design engineers.
Sample of JHA:
Step Hazard Control

(1) Prepare Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome Wear thick gloves
Surface Using
Electric Wire Use vibrating tool no more
Brush than 20 minutes at a time and for
no more than 2 hours a shift
Paint dust possibly containing lead Wear a P3 organic vapor mask
when disturbing old paint. Wear
disposable coveralls. Wash
hands thoroughly before eating
or smoking. Thorough
housekeeping.
Slips trips and falls Route all electrical cables
sensibly to keep walkways and
stairs free of hazards.
Sunburn Wear broad brim and SPF 40+
sun block.
(2) Paint Damage to adjacent surfaces from Use drop sheets
Handrails thinners and paint
Exposure to fumes from thinners If poorly ventilated, use P3
organic vapor mask
Paint in eyes Wear safety goggles when
working above shoulder height,
safety glasses at other times
Fire Keep containers of thinners and
flammable solvents closed
properly and stored in a cool
place away from sources of
sparks
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(3) Housekeeping Slip and trip hazards Remove waste to bin, tools to
store, ensure barriers and signs
are in place to denote wet paint.
Accidents can occur when:
 Work is performed incorrectly

 Workers use hazardous materials
 Work Under hazardous conditions
JHA Procedure
 List/ enumerate basic job steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
 Identify every existing or potential hazards associated with each job step.
 Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.
1. Identifying Basic Job Steps
The purpose of JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to make
recommendations for ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Describing job steps in
terms of what they are supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore
alternative ways of performing the job in a safer, healthier manner.
Most common errors:
 Describing the job in too much detail

 Describing the job in too little detail
Solution:
 List as steps only those tasks that would be described to someone being
trained to perform the job.
2. Determine the Hazards
Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an
injury or illness, or harm to the environment. To make sure that each step is
examined thoroughly, consider the following:
 Hazard guide:
o The physical actions required for that specific step
o The materials used
o The equipments used
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o The conditions under which the step is normally performed.
 Physical action:
o Force (weight)
o Frequency (repetition)
o Posture (Prolonged)
o Position (distance)
 Materials
o Chemicals
o Corrosive
o Flammable
o Volatile
 Equipment
o Mechanical hazard
o Electrical hazard
o Conditions
o Noisy environment
o Temperatures extremes
o Vibration present
o Poor or high Illumination
o Pressure (atmospheric force)
o Prolonged hours
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:
 Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
 Should be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazard
 Must be specific
Correcting the hazards
 Administrative control
 PPE
 Engineering control
 Physical action
o Modifying/Rearranging/Combining actions
o Change the process
o Training
o Use of PPE
 Material
o Substitution of materials
o Machine guarding or Safe guarding
o Limit employee exposure
o Use of PPE
 Equipment
o Installation of machine
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o Use of automatic safeguard devices
o Replacement of a particular piece of equipment
o Training, experience, skills
o Use of PPE should also be considered
 Work Area Condition
o Relocation (isolation by place)
o Rescheduling (isolation by time)
o Redesign of the work area
Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis
1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to

perform the job in the safest & healthiest way possible.
2. Employee Training
 Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
 To point out particular job steps / hazards that requires special precautions.
 Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
 Increase awareness on hazards
3. Employee Observations
 Guide in employee performance observations
 Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
 Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help
identify hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
5. Accident Investigations
 To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
 To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
Summary Key Points:
 Job hazard analysis (JHA) is one of the safety management tools that can be used
to define and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or
procedure.
 Should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is
expedient to review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been
performed before but the work group must take special care to review all of the
steps thoroughly to ensure that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job
this time.
 JHA increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of
eliminating or controlling the hazards.
 To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly, consider the following:
Physical actions, materials and equipments used, and the working conditions.
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 Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis: Develop/ Implement SOP’s, Employee Training,
Employee Observations, Inspections, and Accident Investigations.
Module 18: Construction Safety & Health Program

(CSHP)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To practice preparing construction OSH program in compliance to Rule 1410 of the

OSHS and DO 13, series 1998 and best practices.
 To submit to DOLE-OSHC the construction OSH program duly signed by the Project
Manager and OSH Consultant, for their review and approval.
 To fully understand that construction OSH program must be strictly implemented,
monitored and sustained until project completion.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
When submitting the construction OSH Program to DOLE-OSHS for their review and
approval, the following must be incorporated:
 Three (3) copies of letter of intent;

 Name of authorized contact person with telephone numbers; and
 Three (3) copies of the Occupational Safety and Health Program. One (1) copy-
Client, one (1) copy-RO, one (1) copy-OSHS.
CONTENTS OF CONSTRUCTION OSH PROGRAM
Name of Person who prepared the program

(Please indicate if accredited by DOLE as OSH Practitioner)
Project Description
Specific name of project Name of main contractor

Location of the project Estimated number of workers to be deployed
Project classifications Estimated start of execution of project
Project owner Estimated duration
 Company Safety Policy written on a company letterhead.

 Must be duly signed by the highest company official or the highest ranking
company representative who has over-all control of project execution.
 Management/Owner's Commitment to comply safety and health policy.
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 Composition of Safety and Health Committee. (Per project)

 Must specify the proposed structure and membership of the safety and Health
committee. (Specify the names)
 Names of site safety and health personnel.(depending on the number of workers
to be deployed in the in the construction site)
 Specific duties and responsibilities of the Safety Officer.
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE FOLLOWING:
o On site safety and health promotion and continuing information

dissemination.
o Accident and incident investigation and reporting.
o Protection of the general public within the vicinity of the construction site.
o Environmental control.
o Guarding of hazardous machinery.
o Personal Protective Equipment.
o Handling of Hazardous substances.
o General material handling and storage procedures.
o Workers’ skills and certification.(for critical occupation)
o Provisions for transportation facilities for workers in case of emergency
o Temporary Fire Protection Facilities and equipment
o First aid and health care medicines, equipment Workers’ Welfare Facilities
o Minimum wage and other statutory benefits
o Proposed Hours of Work and Rest Breaks
o Construction waste disposal
o Testing and inspection of construction heavy equipment (if construction
heavy equipment will be utilized in the project per requirements of Sec.
10, D.O. No. 13)
o Disaster and Emergency Preparedness contingency plan.
Standards Operating Procedure and Job Hazard Analysis for the following
activities and other hazardous work not outlined herein.
 Site cleaning
 Excavations
 Erection and dismantling of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Temporary electrical connections/installations
 Use of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Working at unprotected elevated working platforms or surfaces
 Use of power tools and equipment
 Gas and electric welding and cutting operations
 Working in confined spaces
 Use of internal combustion engines
 Handling hazardous and/or toxic chemical substances.
 Use of hand tools
 Use of mechanized lifting appliances for movement of materials.
 Use of construction heavy equipment.
 Demolition
 Installation, use and dismantling of hoist and elevators.
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Penalties/Sanctions for violations of the provisions of the OSH Program
ATTACHMENTS
 Application Form, 3 copies

 Photocopy of Registration Forms received and approved by the concerned DOLE
Regional Office per D.O. 18-02 (require yearly renewal)/PCAB per Rule 1020 of
the OSHS.(one time Registration)
 Photocopy of Invitation to Bid/Project Contract.

 Photocopy of Certificate of Completion on required Training of all designated OSH
Personnel. o Safety Officer - Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training
for Construction Site
Safety Officer
 OH Nurse - Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training for OH Nurse

(for more than 50 workers.
 First Aider - Standard First Aid Training and valid

PNRC ID as First Aider.
 OH Physician - Basic Course on Occupational

Medicine.
Certificate of Inspection and Testing of Construction Heavy Organization accredited

by DOLE.(if any)
Skills Certificate of Construction Heavy Equipment operators issued by TESDA.(if
any)
Contract with nearby hospital/clinic in lieu of the required infirmary hospital.(if any)
Module 19: Site Safety Inspection / Site Actual Visit /

Activity Presentation
An inspection is, most generally, an organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It
involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an
object or activity. A safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate
existing and potential hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace.
Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure. When a safety inspection has become part of a supervisor’s
routine, the safety responsibilities of each department will then be integrated to improve the whole
company.
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It is recommended that formal inspection must be done at least once a month, using a checklist.
However, in some areas, frequent safety inspections should be done.
Objectives and Purposes
 To maintain a safe work environment through hazards recognition and removal

 To ensure that people are following proper safety procedures while working
 To determine which operations meet or exceed acceptable safety and government
standards
 To maintain product quality and operational profitability
A safety Inspection Program should answer the following questions:
 What items need to be inspected?

 What aspects of each item need to be examined?
 What conditions need to be inspected?
 How often must items be inspected?
 Who will conduct the inspection?
Types of inspections
 Continuous or On- Going Inspections

o This process is done by supervisors, employees and maintenance personnel as
part of their job responsibilities. This sometimes called informal because it does
not have a schedule, plan or a checklist.
 Planned inspection at intervals
o These inspections can be the foundation of a strong loss control program. This
process is what most people call as “real” safety and health inspection. It is
deliberate, thorough and systematic by design.
Three Types of Planned Inspection Intervals
 Periodic inspection- includes those inspections scheduled at regular

intervals. It can be made weekly, monthly, semi- annually or at other
intervals.
 Intermittent Inspection- is those made at regular intervals and they are
performed unannounced.
 General Inspections- are planned and covers places not inspected
periodically.
Checklists
A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential
limits of human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in
carrying out a task. A basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a
schedule, which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or other factors.
How to create checklists
1. Enumerate every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in our work
area
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2. Check the written source you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that needed to be
checked, and note the specific location of the hazards already listed.
4. Have your employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and
unidentified the locations of each one.
Chemical Hazard Mechanical Hazard Ergonomics Hazard
Checklists should have the following items:
 Hazardous locations, work processes, and machineries

 Grounds
 Loading and Shipping Platforms
 Outside Structures
 Floors
 Stairways
 Housekeeping
 Others- fire hazards, poor electrical installations, damaged chains, etc.
Samples of written records:
 Previous inspection reports

 JHA
 Maintenance of records
 MSDS
 Accident investigation reports
 Work environment monitoring
Tips for Scheduling Inspection
 Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection

 Inspect as often as possible
 Make sure each inspection is thorough so it will not be a waste of time
 If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections
 Stick to the schedule
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Safety Observation Plan
There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. These are:
 Know what to look for.

 Practice observing.
 Keep an open mind.
 Do not be satisfied with general impressions
 Guard against habit and familiarity
 Record observations systematically
 Prepare a checklist.
Communicating the results
It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees. If poor work practices
and bad habits have developed, employees must be advised of the observations immediately and
explain the correct ways on how the work is to be done. Many supervisors forget to mention the
positive actions and practices that take place in their department. It is important to encourage
people to follow good work practices.
Site Visit
This activity would depend if there would be a construction site project that will allow the
COSH class to perform an exercise on what they have learn during the discussion of
Safety Inspection.
The COSH Class will be divided into several groups and will be assigned to several
allowed locations within the selected construction (if allowed) and will perform simulated
safety inspection looking for any unsafe acts and unsafe conditions based on the recent
learning of past COSH Training topics.
If they may be allowed to take pictures, they will asked to show it during their group
presentations together with their findings and subsequent recommendations.
Summary Key Points:

 A safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate existing and
potential hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace.
 Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure.
 A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for
potential limits of human memory and attention.
 It is important to encourage people to follow good work practices.
 It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees
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Module 20: Incident / Accident Investigation

Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or
future accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas within
the organization. Investigations are conducted to prevent recurrence, comply with policies
and regulatory requirements, improve supervisor’s management approach, and maintain
employee awareness-HSE. Accident investigation must be fact-finding not faultfinding.
This means that investigation itself should be concerned only with facts. All accidents are
incidents and should be investigated. The supervisor is the person who most often
investigates accident and makes out reports. Supervisors are more familiar with the
people involved; they have better understanding of the operations and equipment, and
have personal interest in investigations. LTI, NON-LTI, Property Damage, Near Misses
that did not happened and could happen need to be investigated.
Accident Investigations are done to…
 prevent recurrence
 comply with policies and regulatory requirements
 improve supervisor’s management approach
 maintain employee awareness
Accident Investigations should immediately be investigated

because…
 Operations are disrupted

 Memories fade
 Employees are at risk
 May be considered in the supervisor’s performance review
 Required by the law in some cases
 Upper management uses them to judge the quality of the investigation work
 They are often used in the system for managing the follow-up of the
remedial action
Method of Investigation
Secure the Accident Site. It is essential to secure the accident site for the
duration of the investigation. In some cases, it may be necessary to barricade
or isolate the accident area to warn people about the accident. Nothing should
be removed from the site to preserve the evidence and not contaminate other
passersby.
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Step One: Gathering Information (Preliminary Facts)
Sources of information:
 Witnesses
 Physical Evidences
 Existing records

Collect facts/ Data Gathering. Start the investigation as
soon as the accident has taken place to preserve evidences like chemicals that are easy
to evaporate and to prevent physical and chemical changes. Time is of the essence
during investigation.
Look for…
 Nature, Place, Date, Time

 Personnel involved
 Property damages
 Environmental harm
Existing Records
 Employee records
 Equipment records
 Job or task records
 Previous accident investigation reports.

a. Collect physical evidence and store them. Preserving this evidence in
the accident scene makes the investigative process much less
frustrating.
b. Take photographs to record the actual condition of the accident site.
The camera is a useful tool for studying the accident site to prevent
recurrence.
c. Make sketches and drawings. Objects involved

in the accident must be identified and measured
to show the proper perspective. Measurements
are vital to accident investigations.
Identify the Witnesses. Witnesses are important source

of information. Ask them to identify and document the names of the persons
involved, the time of accident so that all information are recorded.
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Witnesses should be interviewed one at a time and ASAP. For their
memories fade and minimize the possibility for the witness to
subconsciously adjust, edit, or alter the story.
Whenever possible, interviews should be conducted inside the accident

site. If there is more than one witness, they should be interviewed one at a
time and away from other witnesses to imitate the thoughts of other
witnesses.
Some witnesses could be the…
 Victim
 Onlookers
 Those who heard what happened
 Saw the area prior to the accident
 Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or
circumstances.
Step Two: Analyze the Facts
After the evidences have been collected, witnesses have been interviewed,
photographs have been taking, and it is now time to analyze the facts that have been
gathered.
 Why-Why Analysis
 Cause and Effect Diagram
 Fault Tree. Make a fault tree diagram to show where the accident taken
place, the persons involved, the kind of accident that happened and the
persons in charge of that place.
Step Three: Recommending Corrective Actions
 Engineering Control. Note what engineering control should be done to

prevent the recurrence of possible similar accidents.
 Administrative Control. If the employee did some unsafe acts or did the
job wrong, make sure to have reorientation to check his knowledge about
the job his doing.
 PPE. If PPE is needed, the employer should provide a PPE to protect people
from hazards.
Kinds of Reports and Records Used
Accident reports are essential to an efficient and successful safety programs. It has
necessary information to control the conditions and acts that contribute to accidents.
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Keeping records also helps the supervisor or the top management evaluate if the
employee has been violating safety rules again and again.
1. The First Aid Report. The first aider or nurse fills out the first aid
report for each new case. Copies of the report are sent to the safety
departments or where the management may wish.
This is just a Sample
2. Supervisor’s Accident Report. Supervisors should make a detailed

report about each accident, even near misses and small accidents.
Accident investigation report should be completed as soon as
possible.
3. Monthly Accident Statistics Report. The monthly accident

statistics reports allow the tabulation of cumulative totals and the
computation of frequency and severity rates. With it the management
can determine if the goals on safety are attainable or not.
NOTE: Refer to DOLE/BWC/OSH/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees Work

Accident/ Illness Report” form on your OSH Standards.
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Summary Key Points
 Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing

recurring or future accidents.
 The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and
makes out reports.
 The sources of information are the witnesses, the physical evidences and
the existing records.
 Witnesses are important source of information.
 Analyze the facts: Why-Why, Cause & Effect, Fault tree
 Recommend Corrective Action: engineering, Admin, PPE.
Module 21: Re-Entry Program

Participants of the BOSH training are now required to apply
what they learned. The re-entry program introduces the
BOSH trainees to his/ her new role in the safety committee.
The re-entry for the Safety and Health Committee is
outlined as follows:
1.) Review
- After completing the BOSH training, participants need

to review their notes, manuals, workshop exercises,
experiences and other materials.
2.) Application
- When the participant returns their respective

companies, they should make a verbal or written report
to their supervisor signifying their intention to apply the contents of the BOSH training.
The simplest way to immediately use the material is by specific task, so as not to get
overwhelmed by the project.
NOTES:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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___
Module 22 – Employee Compensation Commission
Objective
To explain and update the participants with the Employees Compensation Program of the
Government.
WORK CONTINGENCY PREVENTION is not a 100% guarantee against work-

connected sickness, injury or death.
That’s why there is the EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM.
The Employees’ Compensation Program
Compensable Diseases
Not any disease is compensable
Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set
Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the disease
to be compensable
Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish
causal connection with the nature of his work or the working environment
“Increased Risk Theory” but not for pre-existing disease o The Compensability of
Injuries
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the
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injury must be the result of an accident arising out of or in the course of

employment.
Work-Connected Injuries
Seven Instances where injury can be compensable:
1.
Happened at the workplace
2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
Excepting Circumstances
Intoxication
Notorious negligence
Willful intent to injure oneself or another
8 ECP Benefits
Loss of Income
Benefit Medical
Benefits
Carer’s Allowance
Death Benefits
Rehabilitation Services
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9 Loss of Income Benefit

Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is compensated.
It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that

is being compensated.
10 Types of Disability
Temporary Total Disability (TTD) Permanent Total Disability (PTD)

Permanent Partial Disability (PPD
Loss of the use of a body part including function loss

Lump sum or monthly pension for PPD per ECC schedule
Monthly Income Benefit for Permanent Loss of the Use of Body Part or
Permanent
Partial Disability (PPD)
Medical Benefits
Ward services for hospital confinement
Medical attendance by an accredited

doctor Surgical expense benefit
Reimbursement of cost of medicines
Carer’s Allowance
Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has
difficulty taking care of basic personal needs P575/month allowance for the
private sector employees only
Death Benefits
Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent
child not exceeding five funeral benefit of P10,000 for private sector; P3,000
for public sector
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Rehabilitation Services for Occupationally-Disabled Workers (ODWs)
Physical therapy
Rehabilitation appliances e.g. hearing aid, crutches, wheelchair, etc
Kagabay Program of ECC
Re-skilling for re-employment
Training for Entrepreneurship
for program administration or settlement of claims and management of

the State Insurance Fund
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EC Contributions and Payments,

1975-2008 (in million pesos)
Work Contingency Prevention

To a worker, it will mean not getting sick or injured and be free from its
psychological, emotional and financial costs
To the employer, it will mean less absences from work by workers, high level
of productivity, ability to meet delivery schedules and good company image
In summary
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The ECP Benefits are welcome but…
“Di bale ng hindi ako mabiyayaan ng Employees’ Compensation Program huwag lang
akong magkasakit o ma-aksidente ng dahil sa trabaho.”
UPDATES ON COMPENSATION CRITERIA FOR WORK-RELATED ILLNESSES
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Department of Labor and Employment

Occupational Safety and Health Center

Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao

Module 1 – Introduction to OSH/OSH Standards

o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement

VISION & MISSION

What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?

• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?

• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?

• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?

• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments?

Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

•Who enforces OSH Standards?

•What is visitorial power?

• What is enforcement power?

•How are these Standards enforced?

• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?

• Fines and Penalties

Rules of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS

Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

General Provisions (Rule 1010)

DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS

Rule 1020 - Registration

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

Rule 1033: Training and Personal Complement:

a.) For hazardous workplaces:

Number of Workers Minimum Number of Safety Officers

1-50 One (1) part-time One (1) Full time

A workplace is deemed hazardous if:

Considered “highly hazardous workplace"

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

Requirements for Accreditation

 Four (4) years’ experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4 or 5-year

What are the requirements for Accreditation?

1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).

Validity and Renewal of Accreditation

RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?

Safety and Health Committee shall:

What are the duties of the Safety Officer?

Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (OSHS Rule 1034.01)

No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice of

D.O. 13-- Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.

GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION

a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical

Section 5. Construction Safety and Health Program

a) Composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one

b) specific safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes

Section 6. Personal Protective Equipment

6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided with special protective

Section 7. Safety Personnel

All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis

Section 8. Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and