Chapter 3

Analysis and Design of T-Beams and

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam

DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Occasionally, beams are restricted in small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent that
the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression. Compression
reinforcement is needed to increase the moment capacity of a beam beyond that of a tensilely
reinforced beam with a maximum steel percentage of 0.75 Aside from these reasons, compression
reinforcement makes beam tough and ductile and reduces long-time deflection of beams.

Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur during
earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning stirrups and keeping them
in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various tests show that compression concrete
crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.

Compression steel in beams must be enclosed by lateral ties, at least 10mm in size for longitudinal
bars in 32mm or smaller, and at least 12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled bars. Deformed wire or
welded wire fabric of equivalent area is allowed. The spacing of these ties shall not exceed the
following:
 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal bars;
 48 times tie bar or wire diameter; or
 Least dimension of the compression member.

ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure. For this reason, therefore, the stress
in tension steel is always equal to fy. On the other hand, the stress of compression steel may either be fy
or below fy. The stress must always be checked.

If the compression steel yields, then As’ = As2, otherwise As’ = As2 (fy/f’s), where f’s is the stress of
compression steel and is given by the following equation.

For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of equalized by compression

reinforcement need not be reduced by the factor 0.75 factor. Thus, the maximum permissible As is:

STEPS TO COMPUTE As AND A’s OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM, GIVEN MU AND OTHER BEAM
PROPERTIES
I. Solve for and
If design as Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam
If design as Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam (Proceed to step II)
II. Solve for As1, Mu1, Mu2, and As2

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 1|P age

 III. Solve for the stress of compression steel
If , compression steel yields, proceed to step IV
If , compression steel does not yield, proceed to step V
IV. If then use
A’s = As2
V. If , then use

STEPS TO COMPUTE MU OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM WITH GIVEN As, A’s AND OTHER BEAM
PROPERTIES

I. Assume compression steel yields ( )

Solve for As2 and As1.
II. Solve for a and c;
III. Solve for stress in compression steel;
If , compression steel yields, proceed to step IV
If , compression steel does not yield, proceed to step V
IV. Since compression steel yields, Solve for Mu;
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
V. If , assumption is wrong, compression steel does not yield
Solve for actual stress on steel, c, and a
Solve for Mu:

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 2|P age

Problem Set No.02
1. Design a rectangular beam to carry a factored moment of 272 kN-m. The beam width is
b=250mm and its effective depth is d=400mm. Use f’c = 20.70 MPa and fy = 344.70 MPa and
d’=60mm.

Solution:
Solve for
=0.75
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )

( √ )

( )
( √ )
( )

( )( )( )

Since >

Solve for

( )( )

Solve for

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 3|P age

 Check if compression steel yields:
Solve for a and c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

( )

( )

Therefore compression steel yields; use

( )
( )
( )( )

Compression Steel Area;

Tension Steel Area;

=2,707.10 m

2. Design a rectangular beam to resist a dead load moment of 300 kN-m (including its own
weight) and a live load moment of 400 kN-m. The size of the beam is limited to 375x600mm.
Steel covering (from bar centroid to outermost fiber) is 100 mm for both tension and
compression bars. Use f’c = 27.50 MPa and grade 60 steel with fy = 414 MPa.
Solution:

( ) ( )

Solve for :
=0.75
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
30

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 4|P age

 ( √ )

( )
( √ )
( )

( )( )( )

Since

( )( )

Solving for

( )
( )
( )( )

( )( )

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 5|P age

 Tension steel Area,

Compression Steel:
Solving for and c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

Solve for

( )

( )
=329.62 MPa<
Therefore, compression steel will not yield.

( ) ( )
Compression steel Area,

3. Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of a beam with b=350mm and h=650 mm.
Tension steel and compression steel provided are 4-D36mm and 2-D28mm respectively.
Assume steel covering from centroid of the bar to outermost fiber is 60mm for both
compression and tension. Use f’c = 20.70 MPa and grade 55 steel with fy = 345 MPa.

SOLUTION:
Solve for As and A’s ;
( )

( )

Assume compression steel yields ( )

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 6|P age

 0.85
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

Verify if assumption is correct using Eq.3-4:

( )

( )

Solving for Ultimate Moment Capacity:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

4. A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:

Beam width, b = 350 mm
Effective Depth, d = 600 mm
Effective concrete cover, d’= 63 mm
Compression steel, A’s = 775 mm2
Tension steel, As = 3625 mm2
Compression strength, f’c = 27.50 MPa
Yield strength, fy = 414 MPa

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 7|P age

 SOLUTION:
Assume compression steel yields: ( )

0.85
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

Check if compression steel yields:

( )

( )

Therefore, compression steel does not yield.

( )

( )
From the stress diagram:
T=

( ) ( )( )( ) [ ( )]

(governs)

( )

Stress of compression steel;

( )
( )

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 8|P age

Stress of tension steel,
( )

( )
=1726.63 MPa > ( )

Solve for Ultimate Moment Capacity;

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

Let’s try to solve for :

( )
( )( )( )
* +( )( ) ( )
( )
( )

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-CUA 9|P age