Overview ISDN and B-ISDN

!Last Lecture !ISDN and B-ISDN

» Telephone systems » Integrated Services Digital Network
» Source: reference book (Narrowband ISDN)
» Broadband ISDN
!This Lecture
» ISDN and Broadband ISDN !ISDN is a new WAN technology
» Source: Appendix A beyond circuit-switching and packet-
switching
!Next Lecture
» Review !It provides a set of channels at a
single interface
» B channel: 64kbps, a principal channel to
replace circuit switching, packet switching,
and leased lines.
» D channel: used for control signaling (call
setup) and may also carry some data
» For residential users two B channels and one
D channel are adequate
!B-ISDN
» A second-generation specification for ISDN
» It provides for high data rates. The enabling
technique is ATM
!Why ISDN?
» Merger of computer and communication
technologies
» Demands for efficient and timely processing
of information (single interface)
» Demands for high data rates
TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 1 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 2 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang

ISDN Principles of ISDN

!The ISDN is intended to be a single, !Support of voice and nonvoice
uniformly accessible, worldwide applications using a limited set of
network standards
» It is intended to replace the current public !Support of switched and nonswitched
telecommunications network and computer
networks. applications
» It is already in its second generation without !Reliance on 64-kbps connections
achieving the universal deployment hoped for
» It is the fundamental building block of ISDN
» The major technical contributions are frame
» The rate was chosen because it was the
relay and ATM
standard rate for digitized voice at the time
» It is limited for current applications
!Intelligence in the network
» AI flavor is attractive
!Layered protocol architecture
» Similar to OSI model
» Compatible with OSI-related standards and
applications
» ISDN standards can be implemented on
existing standards
!Variety of configurations
» More than one physical configuration is
possible for implementing ISDN

TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 3 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 4 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
 User interface
!The user has access to the ISDN by
means of a local interface to a
“digital pipe”
» The pipe has a fixed capacity, but the traffic
on the pipe may be variable.
» Complex control signals are required to
manage a dynamic mix of different traffic,
e.g. circuit switching and packet switching
TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 5 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
Architecture
!ISDN architecture consists of a new
physical interface for DTE-DCE
connection, a digital subscriber loop,
and central office equipment
» The new interface should be usable for
telephone, computer and videotex terminals
» Subscriber loop consists of twisted-pair links
carrying 4-kHz analog signals
» The central office should provide circuit-
switched network, dedicated lines, packet-
switched networks, and other transaction
services.
TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 7 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
Objectives
!Standardization
» A single set of ISDN standards should be
provided to permit universal access and the
development of cost-effective equipment
!Transparency
» This permits users to develop applications
without knowing the implementation of the
underlying ISDN
!Separation of competitive functions
» Some fundamental functions must be
retained without being affected by
competition
!Leased and switched services
» Require high performance for leased lines
!Cost-related tariffs
» Price should depend on service, not types of
traffic
!Smooth migration
» The deployment of ISDN should be
evolutionary, not revolutionary
!Multiplexed support
» For high data rate links
TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 6 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
Standards
!Development of ISDN is governed by
a set of recommendations issued by
ITU-T, called I-series
» I-series of recommendations are centered on
three main areas
– Services offered to users
– User-network interfaces
– ISDN capabilities
!I-series are broken up into 7 groups
» I.100 Series - general concepts
» I.200 Series - service capabilities
» I.300 Series - network aspects
» I.400 Series - user-network interfaces
» I.500 Series - internetwork interfaces
» I.600 Series - maintenance principles
» I.700 Series - B-ISDN equipment aspects
TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 8 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
 ISDN channels User access
!The pipe consists of a number of !Network termination 1 (NT1)
basic channels » OSI layer 1
» B channel: 64kbps, basic user channel » A boundary isolating the user from the
» D channel: 16/64kbps, control channel subscriber loop
» H channel: 384kbps(H0), 1536kbps(H11), » Provide a physical connector interface
1920kbps(H12) » Multiplexing: supports multiple channels
!Four kinds of connections can be set » Support multiple devices
up over a B channel !Network termination 2 (NT2)
» Circuit switched: voice service » OSI layer 3
» Packet switched: X.25 » Intelligent switching device
» Frame mode: Frame Relay » Examples: digital PBX, terminal controller,
» Semipermanent: leased line LAN switch

!D channel serves two purposes !Network termination 1,2

» Signaling for call setup
» Packet-switching or low-speed telemetry
!H channels provide higher data rate
» High speed trunk for user’s own TDM
» Basic access: 192kbps, 2 B channels(64kbps),
1 D channel (16kbps), sync and frame bits
» Primary access: 2.048Mbps(Europe),
1.544Mbps(US)
– Europe: 30 B channels, 1 D channel
(64kbps)
– US: 23 B channels, 1 D channel (64kbps)
» Combination of NT1 and NT2
!Terminal equipment type 1 (TE1)
» Devices supporting ISDN interface
» Examples: digital telephone, integrated
voice/data terminal, digital FAX
!Terminal equipment type 2 (TE2)
» Encompass existing non-ISDN equipment
» Examples: devices using RS-232, X.25
» They require a terminal adapter (TA) to plug
into an ISDN interface

TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 9 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 10 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang

ISDN protocol architecture ISDN connections

!Layer 1: I.430 and I.431 !ISDN provides four types of service
» Physical interface for both basic and primary for end-to-end communication
access
!Circuit-switched calls
» B and D channels are multiplexed over the
same physical interface » D channel is used to set up connections
» B channel is used to exchange data
!Layer 2: LAPD and LAPB
» For D channel a new data link layer protocol !Semipermanent connections
Link Access Protocol, D channel is used » A layer 1 connection is set up in advance
» For B channel Link Access Protocol Balanced » No D channel is involved
is used
» All transmission on the D channel is in the
!Packet-switched calls over B channel
form of LAPD frames » For data traffic
» Three applications are supported: control » A separate network may be used for packet-
signaling, packet-switching, and telemetry. switching
!Layer 3 !Packet-switched calls over D channel
» Control signaling: Q.931 » Packet-switching can also be integrated into
ISDN
» Packet-switching: X.25
» Telemetry

TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 11 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 12 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang
 Broadband ISDN B-ISDN protocols
!Two recommendations were issued !ATM network is used as user-
by CCITT in 1988 network interface
» I.113, vocabulary of terms for broadband » B-ISDN is a packet-based network
aspects of ISDN » Circuit-switching is done over packet-
» I.121, broadband aspects of ISDN switching
!High data rate require » A new era for ISDN, which began from
circuit-switching telephone network
» 155Mbps or 622 Mbps for high-resolution
video !Protocol reference model
» Optical fiber is essential » User plane: for user information transfer
» Fast packet-switching techniques, e.g. ATM, » Control plane: call control and connection
are required management
!B-ISDN must support all of 64-kbps » Management plane: management functions,
coordination between planes, and layer
transmission services supported by management
Narrowband ISDN
!User-network interface is the same as
Narrowband ISDN
!Three transmission services
» 155 Mbps full-duplex
» 155 Mbps from the subscriber to the network,
622 Mbps from the network to the subscriber
» 622 Mbps full-duplex

TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 13 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 14 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang

Summary
!ISDN and B-ISDN, attempts to use a
single network to serve all tele/data
communications customers
!Enabling techniques
» ATM
» Frame relay
!Principles of ISDN
!A standard and uniform interface is
provided to users
!Objectives of ISDN
!ISDN Channels
» B channel
» D channel
» H channel
!ISDN protocol architecture
!ISDN connections
!B-ISDN protocol reference model

TELE201 Lecture 25 ISDN and Broadband ISDN 15 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang