Our Heritage: Bhaskar Y. Kathane, Pradeep B. Dahikar

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ISSN: 0474-9030,Vol-68, Special Issue-9

International Conference On E-Business, E-Management,
E-Education and E-Governance (ICE4-2020)
Organised by
Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur
7th & 8th February-2020
Development of Virtual Experiment on Transistors Characteristics

Using Virtual Intelligent Soft lab for Virtual Learning Environment
Bhaskar Y. Kathane, Pradeep B. Dahikar

Bhawabhuti Mahavidyalaya Amagon, Gondia (MS), India
Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya Sakkardara, Nagpur (MS), India
bykathane@rediffmail.com, pbdahikarns@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
The scope of this paper includes development and implementation of virtual lab for
Transistors Characteristics. The study of Transistors Characteristics is important in
Electronics, Computer Science and Engineering. The Transistors Characteristics
experiment can be performed by using the concept of virtual Intelligent SoftLab (VIS).
The virtual experiment described here will help students to perform virtual experiments
anywhere and anytime anywhere. The screen shows the Characteristics of Transistor
and shows related outputs. VIS gives us a facility to change of Input values using virtual
instruments and observed the outputs. In this paper we check the input output
characteristics of Field Effect Transistor (FET), Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and
Uni-Junction Transistor (UJT). The effect of Transistors Characteristics is visible on
the screen.
Keywords
SoftLab, Transistor Characteristics, UJT, BJT, FET, Virtual Lab etc.
1. Introduction
The basic concept of VIS (Virtual Intelligent SoftLab) Model is to provide a virtual
platform for learners to perform the experiment with their own selection. The Virtual
experiments are designed in such a manner as to give a real feel of performing the
experiment. During the experiment, the learner can store and edit the desired data for
his/her analysis. Apart from these the focus is aims to embed a maximum number of
learning components in virtual experiments. Virtualizations of experiments could be
broadly classified, based on the data used for performing the experiment. The Soft Lab
philosophy provides us to link the physical laboratory experiment with its theoretical
simulation model with interactive environment. The goal for each instance of a SoftLab
laboratory is to create a software environment where experimental research and interact
with each other. In SoftLab project, we have elaborated the various issues involved in
the design and development of SoftLab model for Electronics, Computer science and
engineering. VIS model describes how the SoftLab philosophy was used to design and
implements. The VIS forces us to challenge of solving experiments. The SoftLab
framework should provide the infrastructure that serves the needs for basic research.
SoftLab is such a flexible laboratory environment. Its goal is to simulate a laboratory
space having a well-equipped instruments and a variety of materials. Using SoftLab
students may be learned from an instructor to perform an experiment. The student may
study, take out the instruments he needs, connect them together, make his
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measurements, and record and plot his results. The computer screen is the laboratory
room [1].
2. Transistors Characteristics
This virtual experiment demonstrates the working of Transistors. We observed the
Input and Output Characteristics of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Field Effect
Transistor (FET) and Uni-Junction Transistor (UJT).
2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has 3 terminals called emitter, base, and collector
semiconductor device. There are two basic types of transistors called NPN and PNP. It
consists of two P-N junctions called emitter junction and collector junction. In Common
Emitter the input is applied between base and emitter and the output is taken from
collector and emitter. Here emitter is common for input and output and hence the name
common emitter configuration. Input characteristics are obtained from the input current
and input voltage. The graph is plotted between VBE and IB at constant VCE in CE.
Output characteristics are obtained between the output voltage and current taking input
current as parameter. It is plotted a graph between VCE and IC. Now let‟s know about
the working principle of NPN Bipolar Junction transistor with the example of below
given Fig 3. When no voltage is applied to the transistor‟s base, the electrons in the
emitter are prevented from passing to the collector side due to the PN Junction.
Similarly if the negative voltage is applied on the base of transistor, things get even
more dangerous as the PN junction between the base and emitter becomes reversed
biased. [2, 3]
Input Characteristics
 Connect the transistor in CE as per circuit diagram.
 Keep output voltage VCE = 0V by changing in VCC.
 Changing VBB gradually, note down both base current IB and base - emitter voltage
(VBE).
 Repeat above procedure for various values of VCE.
Output Characteristics
 Make the connections as per given circuit diagram.
 By varying VBB note the base current I B = 20µA.
 Varying VCC, note down the readings of collector-current (IC) and collector-
emitter voltage (VCE).
 Repeat above procedure (step 3) for different values of IE, IB in CE configuration.
2.2 Field Effect Transistor (FET)

The field effect transistor (FET) is made of N type material called the SUBSTRATE
with a P type junction. Positive voltage on the drain, with respect to the source, electron
current flows from source to the drain through the CHANNEL. If the gate is made - ve
with respect to the source, an electrostatic field is created which squeezes the channel
and reduces the current. If the gate voltage is high enough to the channel will be

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"pinched off" and the current will be zero. In Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
there are further two types which are N-channel and P-channel transistors. Normally
JFETs are used in those switches which are controlled electrically, in current amplifiers
and in voltage controlled resistors. The interesting and important point to be considered
about BJTs and JFETs is they do not require any bias current, they are controlled by
using only a voltage.
JFETs are normally on when VG–VS=0.
When VG – VS ≠ 0, then the JFETs become resistive to current flow through the drain-
source pair → “JFETs are depletion devices”. In N-Channel JFET, a –ve voltage
applied to the gate (with VG < VS) reduces current Flow from drain to source. It
operates with VD > VS. In P-Channel JFET, a +ve voltage applied its gate (with VG >
VS) reduces current flow from source to drain [2, 3]. It operates with VS > VD.
2.3 Uni Junction Transistors (UJT)

A uni-junction transistor is a 3 terminal semiconductor device having 2 doped regions.
In the three terminals, it has one Emitter (E) and two Bases (B1 & B2). It has only one
junction. Two end connections are taken from the bar called B1 and B2.
Fig 1: Transistor Symbols Fig 2: BJT Characteristics
Fig 3: FET Characteristics Fig 4: UJT Characteristics
This model demonstrates the characteristic of Transistors. Inputs characteristics and

Output characteristics will observe on screen. In this experiment we provide different
input values and observe output. This model provide circuit connection facility to
learner to made connection properly otherwise the result not generated. You need to
design transistor circuit that accepts inputs and generate. For developing the concepts
of transistor characteristics based on simulation technique. The screen shot for
studying the characteristics of transistor shown in Fig 3.
3. Tools and Technology

Visual Basic is a third generation and an event-driven programming language with IDE
(integrated development environment) from Microsoft for its COM programming
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model. VB is also considered it is easy to learn and used in programming language,

because of its graphical features. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC language and
enables use of GUI (graphics user interface), access to database and creation of ActiveX
controls and objects. A programmer allows us to put together the components, provided
with Visual Basic itself to develop an application. The language not only allows
programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop system
applications. Programming in VB is combinations of visually arranging predefine
Component or control on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components.
Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX control or DLL files, but is
primarily used to develop Windows applications as well as GUI applications. This
model does not require the Database to manage data [4].
4. VIS Model
We have constructed the program code in Visual Basic such that all the blocks in the
model can be fully visualized on the screen. This model can demonstrate the activities
of Transistor Characteristics display visually. Inputs accepted throw VIS model and
virtual output will observe on screen. In this experiment we can provide different input
values and observe output. This model provide circuit connection facility to learner to
made connection properly otherwise the result not generated.
4.1 Design Specification

A program is constructed for conduct of Transistors Characteristics experiment in VIS
such that all the blocks in the model can be fully visualized on the screen. This model
also can demonstrate the activities of Transistors Characteristics including circuit
connection visually. Inputs accepted through the virtual instruments and virtual output
observable on screen. In this experiment, we can provide different input values using
virtual instruments and observe results on virtual instruments. This model provides
circuit connection to user so that the user can practice circuit connection. The screen
shot for studying the characteristics of Transistor shown in Fig 3.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per given in Fig 3.
2. Set the sine wave generator frequency and amplitude using virtual instrument.
3. Change the Amplitude, frequency and observe the virtual output waveform.

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Fig 5: Before Connection Fig 6: BJT Input Characteristic
Fig 7: FET Output Characteristic Fig 8: UJT Characteristic
4.2 Implementations
Once the VIS model is ready then we implement the circuits using the following steps.
The Circuit Connection Steps are
 Connect AC socket pin to DC Converter device pin
 Connect DC power supply pin to IC VCC pin
 Connect Ground Socket pin to IC Ground Pin
 Connect Output IC pin to Output switches pin
 Connect Input IC pin to Input switches pin
Experiment Implementation Steps are

 For connection we selection two switches using mouse.
 Click on Check Button to verify the circuit connection.
 Click on Reset Button if the connection is WRONG.
 Click on Help Button if you need circuit connection HELP
 Click on Menu Button if you want to perform other Experiments
5. Result

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Virtual outputs are totally animated with the combination of software and observed
actual outputs virtually using VIS model.
6. Conclusions
SoftLab will help Electronics, Computer Science and Engineering learner to perform
and practice experiments to improve their understanding of the subject. The design of
the VIS model is more effective and realistic as necessary inputs and outputs are visible
on the monitor screen. This virtual experiment provides practice for learner for the
„touch & feel‟ part they have already performed in the laboratory.
7. Acknowledgement
We are very much thankful to Dr. P. K. Butey and Dr. S. M. Bhuskute, Principal,
Bhawabhuti Mahavidyalaya Amgaon for their valuable inputs, constant guidance and
their extensive support and encouragement in this work.
8. REFERENCES
[1]. Tiwari, R. & Singh, K. (2011), Virtualization of engineering discipline experiments for an Internet-
based remote laboratory. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(4), 671-692.
http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet27/tiwari.html.
[2]. Malvino Electronic Principles, Tata McGraw-Hill , Sixth Edition 1999.
[3]. SoftLab- A Virtual Laboratory for
Computational Science 1 (1980), By CM Hoffman
[4]. B.Y. Kathane, P.B. Dahikar (Sept 2011), “Virtual Intelligent SoftLab for p-n junction Experiment”,
“Journal of the Instrument Society of India”, ISSN 0970-9983, Vol.41 No.3, pp161-162.
[5]. Digit FastTrack “to Virtualization” Volume 07, issue 04, April 2012.
[6]. Physical Science Resource Center (PSRC)
http://www.psrc-online.org/, Dec 2012.
[7]. Remoter Dynamical System Laboratory, STEVENS, Institute of Technology
http://www.stevens.edu/remotelabs/Dec12.
[8]. Mercer University Online Interactive Chaotic Pendulum, http://physics.mercer.edu/pendulum,
Retrieved on Dec 2012.
[9]. http://www.cage.curtin.edu.au/mechanical
/info/vibrations, Retrieved on Dec 2012.
[10].http://www.lci.kent.edu/ALCOM/alcom.html, Retrieved on Dec 2012.

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OUR HERITAGE

ISSN: 0474-9030,Vol-68, Special Issue-9

Development of Virtual Experiment on Transistors Characteristics

Bhaskar Y. Kathane, Pradeep B. Dahikar

P a g e | 171 Copyright ⓒ 2019Authors

2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

2.2 Field Effect Transistor (FET)

P a g e | 172 Copyright ⓒ 2019Authors

2.3 Uni Junction Transistors (UJT)

Fig 1: Transistor Symbols Fig 2: BJT Characteristics

Fig 3: FET Characteristics Fig 4: UJT Characteristics

This model demonstrates the characteristic of Transistors. Inputs characteristics and

3. Tools and Technology

model. VB is also considered it is easy to learn and used in programming language,

4.1 Design Specification

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Fig 5: Before Connection Fig 6: BJT Input Characteristic

Fig 7: FET Output Characteristic Fig 8: UJT Characteristic

Experiment Implementation Steps are

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P a g e | 176 Copyright ⓒ 2019Authors

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