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STPM
CHEMISTRY
2nd semester
1 (a) m1 : b) - the more exothermic Hf, the more stable [1] m10 : ∆Hrxn = +46 kJ mol-1 [1]
m2 : - Sc2O3 is more stable than MnO [1] CH3CH(OH)CH2OH(l) + 4O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
m3 : - Sc2O3 consists Sc3+ /oxidation no of Sc is +3 [1] m12 : 3 (–393.5) + 4(–285.8) + (+841) [1]
m4 : -Electronic configuration Sc3+ : 1s22s22p63s23p6 [1] m13 : H = – 1482.7 kJ mol-1 [1]
m5 : -MnO consists Mn2+/oxidation no of Mn +2 [1] ii. m14 : (a)(ii) (practical value) is smaller than (b)(i)
m6 : -Electron configuration Mn2+:1s22s22p63s23p63d5 [1] (theoretical value) [1]
m7 : - Full filled orbitals of 3s23p6 is more stable than half m15 : due to incomplete combustion / some heat released
filled 3d orbitals [1] to surrounding / different initial [1]
(b) m8-m11 : refer to diagram [4]
4. (a) m1 : heat / energy change when 1 mol of sulphur
Ca+ (g) + Cl (g) + e-
dioxide is formed from its element [1]
↑ ∆Hatom of Cl EA of Cl [1] m2 : under standard condition [1]
+ -
Ca (g) + ½ Cl2 (g) + e (b) i.m3:1/8S8 / S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) ∆Hf =183.0 and
↑ ∆HIE of Ca Ca+ (g) + Cl- (g) 1/8S8 / S(s) + 3/2O2(g) SO3(g) ∆Hf =297.0 [1]
Ca (g) + ½ Cl2 (g) m4 : manipulating equation [1]
↑ ∆Hatom of Ca [1] LE [1] 2 SO2(g) → 1/4 S8(s) + 2 O2 (g) ∆Hf = + 366.0 kJ
Ca (s) + ½ Cl2 (g) Total [6] 1/4S8(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2SO3(g) ∆Hf = 594.0 kJ
∆Hf [1] m5 : 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 SO3 (g) [1]
m6 : answer ∆H = 228.0 kJ [1]
CaCl (s)
m7 - m9 : each energy level [1] x 3 [3]
m12 : ∆Hf = (-642) + [(128) + (124) + (590) + (-349)] [1] E S(s) + 3O2 (g)
m13 : = 149 kJ mol-1 [1]
366.0 kJ
m14 : Since ∆Hf is exothermic [1]
m15 : CaCl is stable under standard condition [1] 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) −594.0
2.(a) i. m1 : q = Cθ @ 4.05 x 10 x 0.57
3
[1] −228.0 kJ
m2 : q = 2308.5 J [1] 2 SO3 (g)
m3 : HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaBr(aq) + H2O(l) [1] ii. m10 : SO3 is more stable than SO2 [1]
m4 : Mol of NaOH = MV / 1000 @ 0.027 mol [1] m11 : as ∆Hf of SO3 is more exothermic than SO2[1]
m5 : ∆Hsoln = 2308.5 / 0.027 [1] m12 : Equilibrium shift more to right [1]
m6 : ∆Hsoln = 85.5 kJ/mol [1] (c) m13 : Number of Zn-CO bond = 4 [1]
ii. m7 : Bond energy of HCl [1] m14 : Bond energy = + 712.5 / 4 [1]
m8 : ionisation energy of H [1] m15 : = + 178.1 kJ [1]
m9 : 1st Electron affinity of Cl [1]
m10 : ∆Hhyd of both H+ and Cl- [1] 5.a) i. m1 : mol B.A = 1.98 / 122 @ 0.01623 mol [1]
ii. m11 : Energy (label y-axis) [1] m2 : q = H x mol = 3230 x 0.01623 @ 52.42 kJ [1]
m12 - m15 : each enthalpy change in cycle [1] x 4 [4] m3 : C = q / ; C = 52.42 / (27.8–21.5) [1]
Energy / kJ m4 : C = 8.32 kJ 0C-1 (3 s.f.) [1]
C (g) + 4 H (g) + Br (g ii. m5 : q = C ; q = 8.32 x (25.7-21.8)@ 32.45 kJ [1]
m6 : mol = 2.00 / 76 @ 0.02632 [1]
+ 1305 kJ m7 : H = 32.45 kJ / 0.02632 [1]
CH3(g) + H(g) + Br(g) m8 : = - 1230 kJ mol-1 (3 s.f.) [1]
(correction on question – switch the temperature change
+ 1740 kJ between benzoic acid and sample)
CH3 (g) + HBr (g)
+ 389 kJ
(b) i. m9 – m10 write all 3 equations of formation [2]
+46 kJ C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) H = – 393.5 kJ mol-1
CH4 (g) + Br (g) H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) H2O (l) H = – 285.8 kJ mol-1
3.(a) i. m1 : enthalpy / energy change of a chemical 3C(s) + O2(g) + 4H2(g) CH3CH(OH)CH2OH (l)
reaction is the same [1]
H = – 841.0 kJ mol-1
m2 : regardless of the route taken for the reaction [1]
(b) m11 - m13 : Any 3 equations [3]
ii. m3 : enthalpy / energy change is proportional to the
- 5C(s) + 4H2(g) → C5H8(g) ∆H = +162.0
amount of reactant used in stoichiometry of the reaction[1]
- H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = 286.0
m4 : if a reaction equation is reversed, magnitude remain
the same ; vector/sign becomes opposite [1] - C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g) ∆H = 394.0
(b) i.m5: CH4(g) →C(g) + 4H(g) ∆H = +1740 kJ [1] - C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆H=3230
m6 : CH3(g) → C(g) + 3H(g) ∆H = +1305 kJ [1] m14 : manipulation of equation [1]
m7 : HBr (g) → H(g) + Br (g) ∆H = +389 kJ [1] m15 : calculation [1]
m8 : manipulating equations [1] - C5H8 (g) → 5C (s) + 4H2 (g) ∆H = -162.0 kJ
m9 : calculation [1] - 6H2(g) + 3O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) ∆H = -1716 kJ
CH4(g) →C(g) + 4H(g) ∆H = +1740 kJ - 5C (s) + 5O2 (g) → 5CO2 (g) ∆H = -1970 kJ
C (g) + 3 H (g) → CH3 (g) ∆H = 1305 kJ - 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C5H12 (l) + 8O2(g) ∆H = +3230 kJ
C5H8 (g) + 2H2 (g) → C5H12 (l)
H (g) + Br (g) → HBr (g) ∆H = 389 kJ
m16 : Answer : ∆H = - 618.0 kJ mol-1 [1]
CH4 (g) + Br (g) → CH3 (g) + HBr(g)
ΔH f = ΔH LE + [2 x ΔH atom Na + ΔHatom O +
2x
6. (a) m1 – m6 : Born Haber Cycle
ACCELERATION STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2] ANSWER BOOKLET
Energy / kJ ΔH1st IE Na + ΔH1st EA O + ΔH2nd EA O]
m7 : ΔHLE = (–416) – [2(+109) + (+249) + 2(494)
2 Na+ (g) + O2- (g)
+ (–141)+(+844)] [1]
H1st EA of O (g) m8 : = –2574 kJ mol-1 [1]
2 Na (g) + O (g) + 2 e- + H2nd EA of O- (g)
+ m9 : (b) S2- has greater ionic radius than O2- [1]
m10 : Since LE Qn+ Qn- / r+ + r- [1]
Hatom of O (g) m11 : Na2S has lower lattice energy than Na2O [1]
2 Na+ (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) + 2 e- m12 : (c) Na : 1s22s22p63s1 [1]
m13 : 1st IE is low since e- is removed from 3s orbital at
2 x H1st IE of Na (g) the outermost shell [1]
HLE of Na2O (s) m14 : 2nd e- is removed from an inner shell with octet
2 Na (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) configuration [1]
m15 : Na+ has higher effective nuclear charge [1]
2 x Hatom of Na (s)
2 Na (s) + 1/2 O2 (g)
2. (a) A : BaCl2 [1] B : BaCO3 [1] 6 (a) - valence electrons are ns2 [1]
C : BaO [1] D : Ba(OH)2 [1] E : BaSO4 [1] - with low ionisation energy [1]
(b) BaO : crowning in glass/coating in hot cathode [1] (b) - At anode : 2 Br- → Br2 + 2e- [1]
BaSO4 : barium meal in scanning of X-ray [1] - At cathode : Ra2+ + 2e- → Ra [1]
(c) i. - Ra (s) + 2 H2O (l) → Ra(OH)2 + H2 [1]
3.(a) i. draw face center cubic [1] ii. - effervescence occur [1]
- with Mg2+ and O2- alternating [1] - mixture ignites under room temperature [1]
ii. high melting point [1] iii. 13 - 14 [1]
iii. - lining refractory furnace /
insulating case in electrical cable / 7. (a) - screening effect increased as more shells [1]
fireproof ingredient for construction - effective nuclear charge decreased [1]
material (any two) [2] (b) Line A is atomic radius ; B is ionic radius [1]
(b) i. - carbon dioxide and water vapour [1] - ions have lesser screening effect than atom [1]
ii. - CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 [1] (c) – sketch decreasing curve [1]
- CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 [1] - metallic bond strength decreased [1]
- as metallic radius increased [1]
4. (a) i. - nitrogen has short and strong triple bond [1]
ii. Calculate mol of Mg and N [1] 8 (a)i. - since Mg has higher effective nuclear charge
Mg (24.3) N(14.0) than Ca [1]
Mass 72 28 - as screening effect of Ca is greater than Mg [1]
Mol 72 / 24.3 28 / 14 ii. Sr + 2 H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2 [1]
= 2.96 =2 iii. - Sr(OH)2 is more alkaline than Ca(OH)2 [1]
Ratio 2.96 / 2 = 1.5 2/2=1 - since Sr(OH)2 is more soluble hence dissociate
- empirical formula : Mg3N2 [1] completely in water [1]
iii. - white suspension : magnesium hydroxide [1] iv. – bubbling / effervescence occur. Gas released turned
- Mg3N2 + 6 H2O → 3 Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH3 [1] lime water chalky [1]
(b)-MgSO4 treat constipation / low blood pressure [1] - MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 [1]
- CaSO4 : plaster of paris [1]
1. (a) m1 : atomic radius increased down Group [1] m14 : Si and Ge are semiconductors with a small energy
m2 : number of shell / screening effect increased [1] gap between conduction and valence band [1]
(b) m3 : C, Si and Ge are giant covalent structure [1] m15 : Sn and Pb are conductors as they are metals that can
m4: atomic radius increase C < Si < Ge / bond length of delocalised electrons [1]
CC < SiSi < GeGe increase [1] 2.(a) m1 : General formula MO and MO2 [1]
m5 : melting point decrease from C < Si < Ge [1] m2 : When going down group 14, +2 oxidation state
m6 : Sn and Pb are hold by metallic bond [1] getting more stable / +4 getting more unstable [1]
(c) m7 : ionisation energy generally decrease [1] m3 : CO2 is more stable than CO [1]
m8 : as atomic radius increased down Group [1] m4 : Valance electronic configuration: ns2np2 [1]
m9 : effective nuclear charge increase [1] m5 : In +4 oxidation state. Group 14 elements are bonded
m10 : ionisation energy of Pb is higher than Sn [1] to O by covalent bond [1]
m11 : due to ineffective shielding of 4f orbitals [1] m6 : Strength of covalent bond weaker as atomic size
(d) m12 : Conductivity increased down Group 14 [1] increase [1]
m13 : Cdiamond is an insulator / there is no electron m7 : +2 oxidation state changes from covalent to ionic [1]
delocalised by C [1] m8 : Pb2+ has stable 6s2 due to inert pair effect [1]
ACCELERATION STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2] ANSWER BOOKLET
(b) m9 : CO and SiO are neutral oxide [1] m9 : bond length of C-C is shorter than Si-Si / bond
m10 : GeO, SnO and PbO are amphoteric [1] strength of C-C is stronger than Si-Si [1]
m11 : As base : MO + 2 H+ → M2+ + H2O [1] m10 : C undergoes sp3, sp2 and sp hybridisation [1]
m12 : As acid : PbO + 4OH- + H2O → [Pb(OH)6]4 @ PbO m11 : therefore form σ-bond and -bond [1]
+ 2 OH- + H2O → [Pb(OH)4]2- @ (c) m12 : C has no d orbitals @ cannot expand its octet /
MO + OH- + H2O → [M(OH)3]- [1] Sn and Pb, have d orbitals @ expand their octet [1]
m13 : CO2 and SiO2 are acid, [1] m13 : Accept lone pair electrons from ligand/Cl- [1]
m14 : SiO2 + 2 OH- SiO32- + H2O [1] m14 : form coordinate/dative bond [1]
m15 : GeO2, SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric [1] m15 : form octahedral complex or diagram [1]
m16 : As acid : MO2 + 2 OH- + 2 H2O M(OH)62- @
5. (a)(i) m1 : Lead has greater atomic mass [1]
MO2 + 2 OH- MO32- + H2O [1]
m2 : lead is more close pack / face centered cubic [1]
m17 : As base : MO2 + 4 H+ M4+ + 2 H2O [1]
(ii) m3 : (a x 7.30) + [(100-a) x 11.3] / 100 = 9.70 [1]
m4 : a = 40% tin [1]
3.(a) m1 : Boiling point of MCl4 increased when going
m5 : 60% lead [1]
down Group 14 [1]
m2 : MCl4 are simple covalent molecule hold by weak (b) m6 : Pb4+ (aq) + 2e- Pb2+ (aq) E0 = + 1.69V[1]
Van Der Waals forces [1] m7 : Sn4+ (aq) + 2e- Sn2+ (aq) E0 = + 0.15 V [1]
m3 : as molecular mass / size increased [1] m8 : Since E0 value Pb4+/Pb2+ is more positive, therefore
m4 : strength of the weak intermolecular increased down Pb2+ is more stable [1]
the Group [1] m9 : while Sn2+ is less stable than Pb2+ [1]
(b) i. m5 : CCl4 does not dissolve in water / form two later m10 : as E0 value is less positive than Pb4+/Pb2+ [1]
with water [1] (c) m11 : PbCl4 decomposed / dissociate when heated
m6 : CCl4 does not undergoes hydrolysis since it does not gently [1]
have empty d-orbital [1] m12 : PbCl4 PbCl2 + Cl2 [1]
m7 : cannot allocate water via dative bond [1] m13 : Cl2 is passed by KI, displacement occur [1]
m8 : PbCl4 undergoes hydrolysis with water [1] m14 : 2 KI + Cl2 2 KCl + I2 [1]
m9 : white fume is formed from reaction [1] m15 : white solid is PbCl2 ; brown solution I2 (aq) [1]
m10 : PbCl4 + 2 H2O → PbO2 + 4 HCl [1] 6. (a) i. m1 : formula of dioxide, CO2 to PbO2 [1]
ii. m11 : CCl4 is thermally stable / does not decompose on m2 : Basicity increase from CO2 to PbO2 [1]
heating [1] m3 : as ionic character increase / covalent character
m12 : as C is more stable in +4 oxidation state [1] decreased [1]
m13 : when PbCl4 heated gently, yellow greenish gas is m4 : CO2 and SiO2 are acidic [1]
released [1] m5 : SiO2 + 2 OH- SiO32- + H2O [1]
m14 : PbCl4 → PbCl2 + Cl2. [1] m6 : GeO2, SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric [1]
m15 : As Pb is more stable in +2 oxidation state [1] m7 : As acid : MO2 + 2 OH- + 2 H2O M(OH)62- @
m16 : due to inert pair effect in Pb [1] MO2 + 2 OH- MO32- + H2O [1]
4. (a) m1 : carbon exist as CO and CO2 / carbon monoxide m8 : As base : MO2 + 4 H+ M4+ + 2 H2O [1]
and carbon dioxide [1] ii. m9 : This is a redox reaction. [1]
m2 : CO is neutral [1] m10 : Lead(IV) oxide is an oxidising agent. [1]
m3 : CO is does not hydrolyse in water [1] m11 : Mn2+ is oxidised from +2 to +7 [1]
m4 : CO2 is acidic [1] m12 : The solution turns purple at the end of the reaction.
m5 : CO2 soluble in water [1] [1]
m6 : H2CO3 is a weak acid [1]
or m5 : CO2 dissolve in alkaline (NaOH) solution [1]
m6 : CO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O [1]
(b) m7 : Catenation is the linking of like atoms via (b) m 13 : [1]
covalent bond [1] m14 ii. - talcum [1] m15 : used as powder [1]
m8 : atomic radius of C is smaller than Si [1] @ - kaolinite /mica [1] use in pottery, clay. [1]
CHAPTER 6 : GROUP 17
Section A - Objective Questions
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D
11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. C
21. B 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. D 26. D 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. B
31. D 32. B 33. C 34. A 35. C 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. C
Section B - Structure Questions
1. (a) i. - Cl2 + 2 KOH → KOCl + KCl + H2O [1] 2. (a) i. - 2 H2O + 2e- → 2 OH- + H2 [1]
ii. - 0 to +1 and 0 to 1 [1] ii. Na+ from NaCl react with OH- to form NaOH [1]
iii. - OCl- or KOCl [1] iii. to allow cation only to be attracted to cathode [1]
(b) i. - AgBr / silver bromide [1] iv. sodium chloride / sodium hypochlorite [1]
ii. - under the exposure of ultraviolet [1] - Cl2 + 2 NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O [1]
- AgBr decomposed to Ag and Br2 [1] (b) - Cl2 undergoes disproportionation in water [1]
- 2 AgBr → 2 Ag + Br2 [1] - Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl [1]
ACCELERATION STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2] ANSWER BOOKLET
3.(a) i. intense yellow is caused by Br2 water [1] (b) - bromine gas / sulphur dioxide [1]
- Cl2 + 2e- → 2 Cl- E0 = + 1.36V - 2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O [1]
2 Br → Br2 + 2e-
-
E0 = - 1.07 V [1] (c) - H3PO4 is weaker oxidising agent than H2SO4 [1]
- Cl2 + 2 Br- → Br2 + 2Cl- Ecell = + 0.29 V [1] - will not oxidised X- to X2 [1]
ii. bromine is non-polar molecule [1] - only gaseous product is formed / easily separate [1]
- dissolve better in non-polar organic solvent [1]
7.(a)(i) – heat absorbed when 1 mol of gaseous atom is
iii. 3 Br2 + 6OH- → BrO3- + 5 Br- + 3H2O [1]
formed from its element [1]
- Br- + H2SO4 → HBr + HSO4- [1]
- Under standard condition [1]
- 2 HBr + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + SO2 + Br2 [1]
(ii) – F2 is less endothermic than Cl2 since repulsion of
4. - Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl [1] lone pair electrons in F2 caused the bond strength to be
ii. active ingredient : HOCl [1] weakened [1]
iii. Since 1 Cl2 produce 2 of acid (HCl and HOCl) - Br2 is more endothermic than I2 since Br has smaller
- mol of NaOH used = 2.00 x 10-3 mol [1] atomic radius than I2 / bond strength of Br-Br is greater
- mol = MV/1000 ; V = 2.00x10-3 (1000) / 0.0100 [1] than I-I [1]
volume = 200 cm3 [1] (b)(i) - as molecular mass / size increased from HCl < HBr
(b) i. under ultraviolet light [1] < HI [1]
ii. 2 HOCl → 2 HCl + O2 [1] - strength of weak Van Der Waals forces increased from
iii. 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O → 4 HCl + O2 [1] HCl < HBr < HI [1]
(ii) - HF is hold by strong hydrogen bond [1]
5. (a) - reddish brown liquid [1] - as F is more electronegative than Cl, Br and I [1]
(b) - both Cl2 and Br2 are simple covalent molecule hold
by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
- Br2 has greater molecular mass / size than Cl2 [1]
(c) i. - P4 + 10 Cl2 → 4 PCl5 [1] 8. (a) Lewis structure : [1]
ii. - PCl5 + 4 H2O → H3PO4 + 5 HCl [1] (b) CaF2 + H2SO4 CaHSO2 + HF [1]
iii. - NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3 [1] (c) – Br2 is a weaker oxidising agent than H2SO4 [1]
iv. - AgCl + 2 NH3 → Ag(NH3)2Cl [1] - Cl2 is stronger oxidising agent than H2SO4 [1]
- NaBr + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HBr [1]
6. (a) - sodium bromide [1] - 2HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O [1]
- as red/orange gas (bromine) is released [1] (d) – purple vapour / black spot released [1]
Section C - Essay Questions
1.(a) m1 : equation : Ag+ + X- → AgX [1] (b) i. m9 : - Cl2, Br2, I2 are simple covalent molecule hold
m2 : AgCl is white precipitate [1] by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
m3 : AgCl dissolve readily in concentrated / dilute m10 : melting & boiling point increase Cl2 < Br 2< I2
ammonia aqueous solution [1] m11 : molecular mass/size increase Cl2 < Br 2< I2 [1]
m4 : AgCl + 2 NH3 → Ag(NH3)2Cl [1] m12 :strength of weak Van Der Waals forces increased [1]
m5 : AgBr is cream precipitate [1] (c) m13 : chlorine : yellow greenish gas [1]
m6 : AgBr dissolve only in concentrated NH3 but not in m14 : bromine reddish brown liquid [1]
dilute solution [1] m15 : iodine : black solid [1]
m7 : AgI is yellow precipitate that does not dissolve in 3.(a) i. m1 : using correct E0values [1]
ammonia aqueous solution [1] Cl2 + 2 e- → 2 Cl E0 = + 1.36 V
(b) m8 : The relative strength of the ligands are in the
2 Br → Br2 + 2 e- E0 = 1.07 V
order: S2O32 > NH3 > H2O [1] m2 : Cl2 + 2 Br → Br2 + 2 Cl E0cell = + 0.29 V
[1]
m9 : H2O is the weakest ligand [1] m3 : E0cell is positive, the reaction is spontaneous [1]
m10 : since it is not strong enough to displace Cl- [1] I2 + 2 e- → 2 I E0 = + 0.54 V
m11 : NH3 is strong enough to displace Cl- but it cannot 2 Br → Br2 + 2 e- E0 = 1.07 V
displace I-. [1] m4 : I2 + 2 Br → Br2 + 2 I E0cell = 0.53 V
[1]
m12 : since the ionic characteristic / bond in AgI is very m5 : E0cell is negative, reaction is non spontaneous [1]
strong [1] i. m6 : using correct E0values [1]
m13 : S2O32 is the strongest ligand since it can displace Cl2 + 2 e- → 2 Cl 0
E = + 1.36 V
even P [1] Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- E0 = 0.77 V
(c) m14 : under exposure to ultraviolet [1]
m7 : Cl2 + 2Fe → 2Fe + 2Cl E0cell = + 0.29 V
2+ 3+
[1]
m15 : AgBr decomposed to Ag and Br2 / equation
m8 : E0cell is positive, the reaction is spontaneous [1]
2 AgBr → 2 Ag + Br2 [1]
I2 + 2 e- → 2 I E0 = + 0.54 V
2.(a)i. m1 : Cl2 undergo disproportionation NaOH [1] Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- E0 = 0.77 V
m2 : Cl2 + 2 NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O [1] m9 : I2 + 2Fe → 2Fe + 2I E cell = 0.53 V
2+ 3+ 0
[1]
m3 : oxidation changes from 0 to +1 and 1 [1] m10:E0cell is negative, reaction is non spontaneous [1]
m4 : NaOCl further disproportionate [1] (b) Cl2 oxidised S2O32- according to equation
m5 : 3 NaClO → 2 NaCl + NaClO3 [1] m11 :S2O32- + 5 H2O + 4 Cl2 → 2 SO42- + 8Cl– +10 H+ [1]
m6 : oxidation state changes to +1 to +5 and 1 [1] m12 : S change from +2 to +6 [1]
ii.m7 : 3Cl2 + 6NaOH→5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O [1] I2 oxidised S2O32- according to equation
m8 : oxidation state change from 0 to +5 and1 [1] m13 : 2 S2O32- + l2 → S4O62- + 2 l– [1]
m14 : S change from +2 to +2.5 [1]
m15 : Cl2 is a stronger oxidising agent than I2 [1]
ACCELERATION STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2] ANSWER BOOKLET
4.(a) m1 : I has a greater atomic radius than Cl [1] (ii) m11 : mol AgBrO3 = 1.18/235.9 @ 5.00x10-3 [1]
m2 : bond strength of H-Cl is higher than H-I [1] m12 : mol of AgCl = 4.31 / 143.5 [1]
m3 : H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl [1] m13 : = 0.0300 mol [1]
(iii) m14 : mol ratio BrO3- : Cl-
= 5.00 x 10-3 : 0.0300 = 1 : 6 [1]
m4 : [1] m15 : 3Cl2 + NaBr + 6NaOH
(b) i. m5 : H2SO4 act as Bronsted Lowry acid [1] NaBrO3 + 6NaCl + 3H2O [1]
m6 : Cl- + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4- [1]
m7 : H2SO4 is stronger oxidising agent than Br2 and I2 (ins 6.(a) I m1 : X is iodine / I2 [1]
both)/weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 [1] m2 : I2(g) + H2 (g) 2HI(g) [1]
m8 : HBr and HI were further oxidised by H2SO4 [1] m3 : since HI is strong acid, it dissolve / dissociate
m9 : 2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O [1] completely in water / HI H+ + I- [1]
m10 : 8 HI + H2SO4 → 4 I2 + H2S + 4 H2O [1]
m4 : I–(aq) + Ag+ (aq) Agl (s) [1]
ii. m11 : phosphorous react with limited iodine to in order
m5 : yellow precipitate is formed
to first reduce iodine to iodide ion [1]
m6 : Agl cannot formed complex ion with NH3 [1]
m12 : P4 + 6 I2 → 4 PI3 [1]
ii. m7 : I2 dissolves in KI form brown solution [1]
m13 : PI3 undergoes hydrolysis with water [1]
m8 : I2 dissolves in trichloromethane to form purple
m14 : PI3 + 3 H2O → 3 HI + H3PO3 [1]
solution [1]
m15 : H3PO3 form is a weak oxidising agent / will not
m9 : Equation: I– (aq) + I2 ↔ I3– (aq) [1]
oxidise HI [1]
m10 : I2 is a non-polar covalent compound and dissolves
5. (a) m1 : colourless solution turn brown [1] in organic solvent (trichloromethane) [1]
m2 : Cl2 + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 Cl- [1] (b) m11 : Silver bromide [1]
(b) NaOCl @ HClO act as bleaching agent / DDT is m12 : Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as an acid [1]
insecticide / NaClO3 is used as herbicide / NaCl is table m13 : Br- + H2SO4 → HBr + HSO4- [1]
salt / CCl4 is used as organic solvent / CHCl3 is used as m14 : Br- ion is oxidised by concentrated sulphuric acid
anesthetic (any 3 pairs x 2) [6] to Br2 [1]
(b)(i) m9 : calculate mol of each element [1] m15 : 2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O [1]
Ag Br O m16 : In black-white photography,
mass/g 45.8 33.9 20.3 2 AgBr + hv → 2 Ag + Br2 [1]
Mole 45.8 / 108 33.9 / 79.9 20.3 / 16
= 0.42 = 0.42 = 1.27
Ratio 0.42 / 0.42 0.42 / 0.42 1.27 / 0.42
=1 =1 =3
m10 : formula of the cream solid is AgBrO3 [1]
(b) i. Before e- filled [1] After e- filled [1] iv. complex ion [1]
Section A 1 C 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 C 6 D 7 A
8 A 9 C 10 B 11 B 12 C 13 B 14 B 15 D
16 a) i. copper is produced at cathode @ Cu2+ + 2e- Cu [1] 19. a) Each comparison [1] x 4 [1]
- since E0 value of Cu2+/Cu is more positive than water [1] Graphite Silicon
ii. - 2 H2O 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e- [1] Conductor Semi-conductor
b) - copper place at anode corroded/dissolved while brown solid Contain delocalised Valence band and
deposited at cathode [1] electron between the conduction band have
- since copper is oxidised / overvoltage occur at anode [1] layer small gaps
c) - Q = It @ Q = 1.50 x 2 x 60 x 60 @ 10800 C [1] ii. - increased the temperature [1]
mol of e- = 10800 / 96500 @ 0.1119 mol [1] - doping with phosphorous / boron [1]
since 2 e = 1 Cu ; mol of Cu = 0.05596 mol b) - Catenation: linking of like atoms [1]
mass of Cu = 0.05596 x 63.5 = 3.55 g (3 s.f. with unit) [1] - catenation between C-C is more stable than Si-Si [1]
- atomic radius /size of C is smaller than Si / bond length C-C is
17. a) elements that can form more than one stable ion with shorter than Si-Si [1]
incomplete filled d-orbital [1] - Si-Si bond strength is weaker/C-C bond is strong [1]
b) i. Co2+ is more stable than Co3+ [1] - C can even form pi, π bond between C-C [1]
- since positive E0 value indicates equilibrium favour forward c) - CO2 is simple covalent molecule [1]
reaction [1] - hold by weak Van Der Waals' forces [1]
ii. each space filled in correctly = [1] x 4 [4] - SiO2 held by giant covalent structure [1]
Formation of complex ion Co2+ + 6NH3 [Co(NH3)6]2+ - Si-O are bonded to each other by strong covalent bond to form a
Act as catalyst 2 Co2+ + S2O82- gigantic network [1]
2 Co3+ + 2 SO42- 20. a) m1 : In cold NaOH
2 NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaOCl + H2O [1]
18. a) i. heat/energy released/liberated when 1 mol of substance m2 : oxidation state changes from 0 +1 ; -1 [1]
(stearic acid) is burn in excess oxygen (air) [1] m3 : In hot NaOH
- under standard condition [1] 6 NaOH + 3Cl2 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O [1]
ii. - mol of benzoic acid = 1.22 / 122 @ 0.01 mol [1] m4 : oxidation state changes from 0 +5 ; -1 [1]
- q = ∆H x mol ; q = - 3230 x 0.01 @ 32.3 kJ [1] m5 : Chlorine undergoes disproportionation reaction. [1]
- C = q / θ @ C = 32.3 kJ / 7.8 @ 4.14 kJ 0C-1 [1] m6 : The greenish-yellow colour of chlorine gas disappearing
- For stearic acid ; q = 4.14 x 17.0 kJ 0C-1 @ 70.4 kJ [1] makes it clear that the chlorine had reacted, [1]
- mol of stearic acid = 2.50 / 284 @ 8.80 x 10-3 mol [1] b) m7 : Cl, Br and I exist diatomic naturally [1]
- ∆HC steatic acid = 70.4 kJ / 8.80 x 10-3 mol [1] m8 : all of the are simple molecule [1]
= - 7997 / - 8000 kJ mol-1 [1] m9 : molecular mass increase goes down to group 17 [1]
b) Each steps and enthalpy change =1m [3] m 10 : this will increased weak Van Der Waals (or
intermolecular) forces [1]
m11 : causing the melting point and boiling point going down
Group 17 increased. [1]
c) m12 - m14 : Comparison between Cl, Br, I [3]
Cl2 Br2 I2
Colour Yellowish Brownish Black
Phase Gas Liquid Solid
m15 : particles become closer / attraction forces increased / weak
- ∆Hsoln = [(-352)+(-364)] - (-701) [1] Van Der Waals forces increase [1]
- = - 15 kJ mol-1 [1]
- Since ∆Hsoln is exothermic, KCl is soluble in water. [1]
ACCELERATION STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2] ANSWER BOOKLET
CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2
SET 2
Section A [15 marks]
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. A
16. a) i. Calcium : Observation - little / small amount of 19. a)i. m1 :Cath : O 2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH- [1]
calcium dissolved in water. [1] m2 : Anode : H2 + 2 OH- 2 H2O + 2e- [1]
Equation : Ca + 2 H2O ↔ Ca(OH)2 + H2. [1] m3 : Overall : 2 H 2 + O2 2 H2O [1]
ii. Strontium : Observation : strontium dissolve completely ii. m4 : Eocell = E0cat - E0ano @ + 0.40 - (-0.83) [1]
/ almost completely in water [1] m5 : = + 1.23 V [1]
Equation : Sr + 2 H2O ↔ Sr(OH)2 + H2. [1] iii. m6 : Ano : H 2 2H+ + 2e E0 = 0.0 V [1]
b) i. 2 Sr(NO3)2 2 SrO + 4 NO2 + O2 [1] m7 : Cath :4H + + O2 + 4e- 2H2O E 0 = +1.23V
iii. Ionic character of strontium nitrate is high [1] Overall 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O E cell = + 1.23 V
Sr-NO3 is more stable than Sr-O [1] iv. m8 & m9 : light / does not produce toxic [1]
b) m10 : finding both half equation [1]
17. a) i. sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) or calcium silicate Oxi : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- E0 = + 0.44 V
CaSiO3) [1] Red : 4H + + O2 + 4e- 2H2O E 0 = +1.23V
- SiO2 + Na2CO3 → Na2SiO3 + CO2 or m11 : Ov :2Fe + 4H + + O2 2Fe2+ + 2H2O [1]
SiO2 + CaCO3 → CaSiO3 + CO2 [1] m12 : E cell = + 1.67 V [1]
ii. boron oxide (or B2O3) [1] m13 : Find both equation [1]
- B2O3 + 3 SiO2 B2(SiO3)3. [1] Oxi : Fe 2+ Fe3+ + e– E0 = – 0.77 V
- high melting point / less brittle / low thermal expansion / Red : 4H + + O2 + 4e- 2H2O E 0 = +1.23V
resistant to heat or chemical [1] m14 : 4Fe + O2 + 4H 4Fe + 2 H2O
2+ + 3+
[1]
m15 : E 0cell = + 0.46 V [1]
m16 : 2 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3.H2O + 6 H + [1]
b) i. [2] 20. a) m1 : In cold NaOH
ii. - insoluble in water / non-toxic /stable to heat [1] 2 NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaOCl + H2O [1]
m2 : oxidation state changes from 0 +1 ; -1 [1]
18. m1 : a) i. enthalpy / heat absorbed when 1 mol of m3 : In hot NaOH
substance is changed into gaseous atoms [1] 6 NaOH + 3Cl2 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O [1]
m2 - m5 :ii. Each equation of atomisation = 1m [4] m4 : oxidation state changes from 0 +5 ; -1 [1]
C2H6 (g) 2 C (g) + 6 H (g) ∆H = +405 kJ m5 : Chlorine undergoes disproportionation reaction. [1]
Cl2 (g) Cl (g) ∆H = +242 kJ m6 : The greenish-yellow colour of chlorine gas disappear
C2H5Cl (g) 2C(g) +5H(g) + Cl(g) ∆H = +418 kJ makes it clear that the chlorine had reacted, [1]
HCl (g) H (g) + Cl (g) ∆H = + 184 kJ b) m7 : Cl2, Br2, I2 are simple molecule hold by weak Van
m6 : ∆H = (-184) + (-418) + 405 + 242 [1] Der Waals forces [1]
m7 : = - 45 kJ (insist '-' and kJ) [1] m8 : molecular mass/size increase down to group 17 [1]
m8 - m10 : iii. Axis [1] Label [1] Exothermic [1] m9 : this will increased weak Van Der Waals (or
Energy/ kJ C2H6 (g) + Cl2 (g) intermolecular) forces [1]
c) m10 : chlorine is oxidised to form HOCl and reduced
- 45 kJ to HCl [1]
C2H5Cl (g) + HCl (g) m11 : Cl2 + H2O HCl + HclO [1]
m12 : HClO act as bleaching agent [1]
m13 : HClO decomposed upon exposed to UV light [1]
m14 : 2 HClO 2 HCl + O 2 [1]
m11 : b) - PbCl2 is less soluble than NaCl [1]
m15 : Overall : 2 Cl 2 + 2 H2O 4 HCl + O2 [1]
m12 : - Since Pb is less electropositive than Na [1]
m13 : - Difference of electronegativity between Pb and Cl
is smaller than Na and Cl [1]
m14 : - NaCl has greater ionic character [1]
m15 : PbCl2 has high covalent character [1]