ANALYSIS OF POWER GENERATION BY

DIFFERENT WIND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

N.Suryanarayana#1, Bhola Jha#2,V.Vineel Kanna#3, P.A.V.Harish#4,A.V.S.Narasimham#5
#
School of Electrical Sciences ,
K.L.University, Greenfields, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
1
n.suryanarayana@ymail.com
3
vineelkanna007@yahoo.com
4
eragon.harishq@gmail.com
5
simham.solutions@gmail.com

Abstract—These days the implementation and usage of renewable

and non-conventional sources in different fields is growing
rapidly. This is because of fact that, sooner or later a non-
renewable energy source such as coal, which occupies Lions’
share in present day power generation, is getting depleted. More
over they cause environmental pollution by releasing green house
gases into atmosphere. Wind energy is a key source of renewable
energies, which cause no air pollution, greenhouse gases or other
types of pollution and environmental damage. So wind power is
important source of electrical energy. In this paper simulation
approach is adopted to study three types of wind electrical
systems using induction generator, synchronous generator and
doubly fed induction generator. Performance of these systems in
aspects of real power, reactive power, terminal voltage, electrical
torque and mechanical torque is considered. It is found from
those studies that performance of doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) in above-mentioned aspects is efficient. So, wind energy
can be efficiently utilized to obtain electrical energy using DFIG.
Thus growing demand for electricity can be met to some extent
using this.

Keywords: DFIG, Induction generator, synchronous generator,

Wind electrical system II. COMPONENTS OF WIND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Type of Turbines used: Generally two types of wind
I. INTRODUCTION
turbines are used.1) Horizontal axis wind turbine and 2)
In this era, where the population, technology and global Vertical axis wind turbine. In these two types generally
warming are competing each other without overlooking the horizontal type turbine is used. This is because of reason that
consequences in the future. The need of power to meet this when wind direction is changed there will be no provision in
growing population is also growing rapidly. Not just the the vertical axis turbine to change its rotation. But in horizontal
‘power’ but ‘Clean Power’ i.e. the produced power that has axis wind turbine a wind vane can be used which can be used
less effect on environment. For this reason many countries are to detect the changes in wind direction and gives a signal to
expanding their scope in Renewable and Clean Energy. Some yaw drive such that yaw drive changes the axis of turbine so
statistical data are shown below. that generation will not be effected. This is the main advantage
with horizontal axis wind turbine.
Equivalent Saving of coal and other Pollutants because of
Wind Power Generation Blades: Blades constitute the main part of wind electrical
system. Blades are those, which are placed in the wind
Total Saving in
S.no Description direction such that it receives the kinetic energy of the wind, it
Thousand Tons.
rotates and in turn mechanical system connected to it rotates.
1 Substitution of Coal 30,780,000
This mechanical system is connected, as prime mover to the
2 Sulphur di-Oxide [SO2] 500,175
electrical generator used and thus kinetic energy of the wind
3 Nitrogen Oxides 346,275 will be converted into electrical energy using generators
4 Carbon di-Oxides[CO2] 76,950,000
5 Particulates 38,475
 Pitch: The angle at which rotor blades are placed against
the wind is called pitch angle. By controlling the pitch angle
mechanical input to the generator can be varied. For example
if pitch angle is kept 900 then blade will become parallel to the
wind flow such that wind cant sweep over the area of blades
and so no kinetic energy can be converted into electrical
energy. If that blade is placed at 00 then whole wind is swept
over blades such that maximum kinetic energy of the wind can
be abstracted. So depending on requirement, pitch angle is
maintained between 00 and 900. This is called pitch angle
control.
Low speed shaft: The shaft connected directly to wind
turbine is called low speed shaft. This is because the speed
with which this shaft rotates using kinetic energy abstracted
will be less and so will not be sufficient to drive a electrical
generator. So, this particular shaft is called low speed shaft.
Gearbox:As explained in low speed shaft, the shaft cannot
directly drive an electrical generator due to low speed. So, a
gearbox is used to transform low speed shaft to high-speed
shaft, that can be given to an electrical generator.
Anemometer: It is one of the most important parts of wind
electrical system. Anemometer as shown has legs and is
placed open such that it too rotates with wind speed as wind
turbine is rotating. This anemometer while rotating generates
a signal proportional to the speed of the wind. So, wind speed
can be known using this such that control systems can be
efficiently utilised by knowing wind speed.(for ex depending
on wind speed pitch angle can be controlled such that input to
the generator can be maintained.)
Nacelle: It is the outer shell protection for whole wind
system parts explained above.
Wind vane: Wind vane is the one which is to sense the
changes in the direction of wind flow. If wind direction is
reversed it gives a signal such that yaw drive is activated such
that wind turbine is placed in direction of wind.
III. BETZ LAW
According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture more than
59.3 percent of the kinetic energy in wind. The ideal or
maximum theoretical efficiency n max (also called power
coefficient) of a wind turbine is the ratio of maximum power
obtained from the wind to the total power available in the
wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betz's coefficient (from
the name of the man who first derived it). It is the maximum
fraction of the power in a wind stream that can be extracted.
Equation of Betz’s law showing power relation with wind
speed and power coefficient is
.
 speed, n, becomes greater than the Synchronous speed, ns, we
have a negative slip. A negative slip implies that the induction
machine is now operating as induction generator. When the
stator is excited, a synchronously rotating magnetic field is
produced and the rotor begins to run, as an induction motor,
while drawing electrical power from the supply. The prime
mover is then turned on (to rotate the rotor in the direction of
the rotating field). When the rotor speed exceeds synchronous
speed, the direction of electrical power reverses. The power
begins to flow into the supply as the machine begins to
operate as a generator. The rotating magnetic field is produced
by the magnetizing current supplied to the stator winding from
the three-phase source. The supply of magnetizing current
must be available as the machine operates as an induction
IV. TYPES OF GENERATORS USED: generator. For induction generator operating in parallel with a
three-phase source capable of supplying the necessary
A. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR exciting current, the voltage and the frequency are fixed by
Generator Principle: At present, most distributed generation the operating voltage and frequency of the source supplying
systems employ synchronous generators, which can be used in the exciting current
wind power plants. The Alternator consists of an armature
winding and a magnetic field. The standard construction V. SIMULINK CIRCUITS FOR SIMULATING WIND
consists of armature winding mounted on a stationary element ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS USING INDUCTION
called stator and field winding on a rotating element called GENERATOR AND SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
rotor. The stator consists of cast- iron frame, which supports C. USING INDUCTION GENERATOR:
the armature core, having slots on its inner periphery for
housing the armature conductors. The rotor is like a flywheel
having alternate N and S poles fixed to its outer rim. The
magnetic poles are excited from direct current supplied by a d.
c source at 125 to 600 volts. In most cases, necessary exciting
current is obtained from a small d. c shunt generator, which is
belted or mounted on the shaft of the alternator itself. Because
the field magnets are rotating, this current is supplied through
two slip rings .As the exciting voltage is relatively small, the
slip rings and brush gear are of light construction. Brushless
excitation is also possible. When the rotor rotates, the stator
conductors (being stationary) are cut by the magnetic flux,
hence they have induced e.m.f produced in them. Because the
magnetic poles are alternately N and S, they induce an e.m.f
and hence current in armature conductors, which first flows in
one direction and then in the other. Hence an alternating e.m.f
is produced in the stator conductors whose frequency depends
on the number of N and S poles moving past a conductor in
one second and whose direction is given by Fleming’s Right –
hand rule.
B. INDUCTION GENERATOR
Generator Principle: Induction Generator, which generates
alternating current, is presently used for wind farm application.
The stator carries a 3 phase winding and is fed from a 3 phase
supply. It is wound for a definite number of poles, the exact
number of poles being determined by the requirements of As shown in the above fig. Induction generator is
speed. Greater the number of poles, lesser the speed and vice connected in wind electrical system. Basically induction
versa. The squirrel-cage rotor consists of a cylindrical machine is started as an induction motor taking excitation
laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor current from grid. once its speed reaches 90% of rated speed,
conductors, which are not, wires but consist of heavy bars of it turns into generator using prime mover as a wind turbine
copper, aluminum or alloys. If the rotor of an induction shaft. So, at the time of starting it acts as a inductive load to
machine is driven by an auxiliary means such that the rotor
the grid and at that time power factor will also be effected.
The main important results using this simulation are.
Results of this with wind speed 12m/s and 0 beta are:
In case of induction generator, due to sudden loading also
voltage sag problems are not encountered. This is due to
reason that induction machines stator is already being supplied
from grid i.e. it is already connected to grid. Hence voltage
changes are not reflected in case of induction machine. It is
one of the important characteristics.
E. USING SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

This waveform in figure shows line voltage (400v)

obtained and given to load.
In general considerations, it is assumed that flux in air gap
was distributed sinusoidal in space. But due to harmonics it is
not so in actual case. Essential difference in behavior of
wound rotor in this context is that a cage winding, being in
effect a multi phase winding, can circulate a current under any
harmonics. EMF developed by gap flux, except those having
wavelength equal to pitch of rotor bars. Wound rotor on other
hand has a tendency to reduce the effect of most harmonics of
pole pitch different from coil pitch (the effect of most of
harmonics other than fundamental.) This is the basic reason
for distorted output observed. That can be corrected by using a
filter to eliminate 3rd and 5th harmonics, as they are observed Unlike induction generator synchronous generator doesn’t
to be predominant. act as a load to the grid initially. Also power factor doesn’t
D. POWER AND TORQUE WAVEFORMS effect. It needs independent dc excitation.

Voltage and current waveforms for wind speed 12m/s and 0

beta after transient period, when sudden load is not applied:

Current and Voltage waveforms when sudden load is
applied.
As shown in above figure the sudden loading results in
voltage sags and swells, those effects should be mitigated to
maintain the system stability and synchronism. For this a
controller can be designed on load side in which voltage
magnitude at every instant is tracked and compared with
required voltage level for stability and control action can be
employed using a PWM generator to mitigate those effects.
Controllers can be employed either on input side or output
side or even machine parameters can be controlled
instantaneously. But as output side is electrical, designing on
that side is less complicated and so can be designed with ease
compared with respect to input side controller.
VI. IDEAL CHARECTERISTICS OF A GENERATOR IN
WIND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
Selection of an optimal wind generator requires the
following considerations:
1. The generator should be as simple as possible while
tolerating the electromechanical tensions.
2. It should be capable of operating within a wider range
of variations.
3. Maximum controllability of the voltage and frequency
should be a built-in characteristic of the generator itself.
4. Control systems should be minimally necessary and
sufficient and economically justifiable.
5. Minimum requirement for maintenance is needed to be
installed at a high altitude.
6. Maximum generating power.
Comparison in terms of above mentioned ideal characteristics:
Induction motors are very rugged in construction and they
can tolerate electro mechanical stresses suitably. Induction
motors can be used with winder range of variations without
mostly affecting the output voltages. Control systems are not
required for controlling output voltage but required in case of
synchronous machine. Due to rugged construction
maintenance required at such altitude is minimum. Generated
power for same input power is almost same in two cases. No
controller is required to control output voltage in case of
induction motor. A controller is required in case of
synchronous machine in order to reduce changes in the output
voltage.
Advantages of using Induction generator:
• Can generate more than rated output power.
• It is a self-starting type machine.
• Mechanical interface can be easily attached.
• It is robust in construction & maintenance is easy.
Disadvantages of using Induction generator:
• Works at low power factor.
• It draws magnetizing current from the grid.
• Power factor improvement equipment must be
connected with it.
• Needs gear and coupling mechanism. Once the problem
occurs in the gear system, maximum time is required
for maintenance.
• Interruption of supply.
• Cost of maintenance is more.
Advantages of using Synchronous generator:
• Draw less power from grid at time of starting.
• Work at leading and lagging p.f.
• Helps grid in p.f. Improvement.
• Can generate power at low wind speed.
• No gear and coupling mechanism required.
• Power factor control
Disadvantages of using Synchronous generator:
• Cannot generate more than its rated output.
• Maintenance is difficult.
• It is costlier
• Most of the problems occur at electronic interface
• Construction is not as rugged as in the case of induction
motor.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
From above mentioned inferences, it can be concluded that
induction generators are most suited in wind electrical systems
compared to that of synchronous machines. But the main
disadvantage with induction machine is it acts as a load of
same rating at the time of start and hence draw huge amount
of reactive power and works at low power factor, where as
synchronous machine draws very less amount of power at the
time of starting for excitation and works on the leading power
factor. Hence synchronous machine is grid friendly.
VIII. SCOPE
Normal induction machine is given supply on stator side
only, But if supply is also given to rotor side then the machine
becomes doubly fed induction machine. Prime mover is also
provided since the generator works on the principle of
opposition of electromagnetic torque and prime mover torque.
During last two decades, the high penetration of wind
turbines in the power system has been closely related to the
advancement of wind turbine technology and the way of how
to control. Doubly fed induction machines are receiving
increasing attention for wind energy conversion system.
Because the main advantage of such machine is that, if the
rotor current is governed applying field orientation control-
carried out using commercial doubly sided PWM inverters,
decoupled control of stator side active and reactive power
results and the power processed by the power converter is
only a small fraction of total system power. So, doubly fed
induction machine with vector control is very attractive to the
high performance variable speed drive and generating
applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is the result of paper work carried out under the
theme of Renewable Energy Development in K.L.University,
Vijayawada, India. We thank Assoc Prof. Bhola.Jha and
Assoc Prof D.Seshi Reddy for their valuable contribution in
this work.

REFERENCES

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