ASEAN

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN
[show]

Flag

Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"

"10 countries, 1 identity"

Anthem: "The ASEAN Way"

Seat of Secretariat Jakarta

Largest city Jakarta
Working language English[show]
Demonym Southeast Asian
Member states 10[show]
Government Regional organisation
- ASEAN Summit Presidency Indonesia [1]
- Secretary General Surin Pitsuwan
Formation
- Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967
- Charter 16 December 2008
Area
- Total 4,479,210.5 km2
 2,778,124.7 sq mi
Population
- 2010 estimate 601 million
135/km2
- Density
216/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate
- Total US$ 3.084 trillion [2]
- Per capita US$ 5,131
GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate
- Total US$ 1,800 billion
- Per capita $2,995
HDI (2007) 0.742 (medium) (100th¹)
Currency 10[show]
Time zone ASEAN (UTC+9 to +6:30)
Internet TLD 10[show]
Website
asean.org
Calling code 10[show]
1
If considered as a single entity.
2
Selected key basic ASEAN indicators
3
Annual growth 1.6%

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Bangkok Declaration

The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[3] commonly abbreviated ASEAN

(generally pronounced /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[4] occasionally /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-
ahn[5] in English, the official language of the bloc),[6] is a geo-political and economic
organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August
1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[7] Since then,
membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and
Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural
development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region,
and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[8]
ASEAN spans over an area of 4.46 million km2, 3% of the total land area of Earth, with a
population of approximately 600 million people, 8.8% of the world population. In 2010,
its combined nominal GDP had grown to USD $1.8 trillion.[9] If ASEAN were a single
country, it would rank as the 9th largest economy in the world and the 3rd largest in Asia
in terms of nominal GDP.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
o 1.1 Continued expansion
o 1.2 Environment and democracy
• 2 The ASEAN way
o 2.1 Policies
• 3 Meetings
o 3.1 ASEAN Summit
o 3.2 East Asia Summit
o 3.3 Commemorative summit
o 3.4 Regional Forum
o 3.5 Other meetings
 3.5.1 Another Three
 3.5.2 Asia-Europe Meeting
 3.5.3 ASEAN-Russia Summit
• 4 Economic Community
o 4.1 Free Trade Area
o 4.2 Comprehensive Investment Area
o 4.3 Trade in Services
o 4.4 Single Aviation Market
o 4.5 Free Trade Agreements With Other Countries
o 4.6 ASEAN six majors
• 5 Charter
• 6 Cultural activities
o 6.1 S.E.A. Write Award
o 6.2 ASAIHL
o 6.3 Heritage Parks
 6.3.1 List
o 6.4 Scholarship
o 6.5 University Network
o 6.6 Official song
• 7 Sports
o 7.1 Southeast Asian Games
o 7.2 ASEAN Para Games
o 7.3 FESPIC Games/ Asian Para Games
o 7.4 Football Championship
 • 8 Criticism
• 9 See also
• 10 Notes

• 11 External links

[edit] History
See also: List of ASEAN member states

ASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia,

commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand
that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967,
when foreign ministers of five countries– Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore, and Thailand– met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in
Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok
Declaration. The five foreign ministers– Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the
Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman
of Thailand– are considered as the organisation's Founding Fathers.[10]

The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members’ governing elite could
concentrate on nation building, the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or
mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, as well as a desire for economic development;
not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional
cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia
and bring it into a more cooperative framework.

In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status.[11]
Throughout the 1970s, the organisation embarked on a program of economic cooperation,
following the Bali Summit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only
revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc then
grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on 8 January
1984, barely a week after the country became independent on 1 January.[12]

[edit] Continued expansion

On 28 July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member.[13] Laos and Burma (Myanmar)
joined two years later in 23 July 1997.[14] Cambodia was to have joined together with
Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The
country later joined on 30 April 1999, following the stabilisation of its government.[14][15]

During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership as well as in the
drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia
Economic Caucus[16] composing the then-members of ASEAN as well as the People's
Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the
growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) as well as in the Asian region as a whole.[17][18] This proposal failed, however,
because of heavy opposition from the United States and Japan.[17][19] Despite this failure,
member states continued to work for further integration and ASEAN Plus Three was
created in 1997.

In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a
schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage
as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework
for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival
of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai
Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as
the ASEAN Plus Three countries (China, Japan, and South Korea).[20]

Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace
and stability in the region. On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-
Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-
Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the
member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the
Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[21]

Satellite image of the 2006 haze over Borneo

[edit] Environment and democracy

At the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental
perspective. The organisation started to discuss environmental agreements. These
included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002
as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[22] Unfortunately, this was
unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast
Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organisation include the Cebu
Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[23] the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement
Network (ASEAN-WEN) in 2005,[24] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean
Development and Climate, both of which are responses to the potential effects of climate
change. Climate change is of current interest.

Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic
peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote
regional peace and stability. Also, the non-democratic members all agreed that it was
something all member states should aspire to.[25]

The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the
need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating
organisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus
Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's
Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East
Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New
Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia
Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European
Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible
successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN
Charter.

In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[26]
As a response, the organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United
Nations.[27] Furthermore, on 23 July that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of
East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process
to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[28][29]

In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of
diplomatic relations with the United States.[30] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it
aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India,
Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN
Economic Community by 2015.[31][32] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the
ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and
establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.[citation needed] During the same
year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed in Cebu on 15
January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, People's
Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy
security by finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]

On February 27, 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10
countries and New Zealand and its close partner Australia was signed, it is estimated that
this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion
over the period 2000-2020.[33][34]

[edit] The ASEAN way

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
The flags of 10 ASEAN members.

In the 1960s, the push for decolonisation promoted the sovereignty of Indonesia and
Malaysia among others. Since nation building is often messy and vulnerable to foreign
intervention, the governing elite wanted to be free to implement independent policies
with the knowledge that neighbours would refrain from interfering in their domestic
affairs. Territorially small members such as Singapore and Brunei were consciously
fearful of force and coercive measures from much bigger neighbours like Indonesia and
Malaysia. "Through political dialogue and confidence building, no tension has escalated
into armed confrontation among ASEAN member countries since its establishment more
than three decades ago".[35]

The ASEAN way can be traced back to the signing of the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia. "Fundamental principles adopted from this included:

• mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity,

and national identity of all nations;
• the right of every State to lead its national existence free from external
interference, subversion or coercion;
• non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
• settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
• renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
• effective cooperation among themselves".[36]

On the surface, the process of consultations and consensus is supposed to be a democratic

approach to decision making, but the ASEAN process has been managed through close
interpersonal contacts among the top leaders only, who often share a reluctance to
institutionalise and legalise co-operation which can undermine their regime's control over
the conduct of regional co-operation. Thus, the organisation is chaired by the secretariat.
[37]

All of these features, namely non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation,

consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation have constituted
what is called the ASEAN Way.

Since the late 1990s, many scholars have argued that the principle of non-interference has
blunted ASEAN efforts in handling the problem of Myanmar, human rights abuses and
haze pollution in the region. Meanwhile, with the consensus-based approach, every
member in fact has a veto and decisions are usually reduced to the lowest common
denominator. There has been a widespread belief that ASEAN members should have a
less rigid view on these two cardinal principles when they wish to be seen as a cohesive
and relevant community.

[edit] Policies

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (May 2008)

Apart from consultations and consensus, ASEAN’s agenda-setting and decision-making

processes can be usefully understood in terms of the so-called Track I and Track II. Track
I refers to the practice of diplomacy among government channels. The participants stand
as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their
governments during negotiations and discussions. All official decisions are made in
Track I. Therefore, "Track I refers to intergovernmental processes".[38] Track II differs
slightly from Track I, involving civil society groups and other individuals with various
links who work alongside governments.[39] This track enables governments to discuss
controversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or binding
commitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions.

Although Track II dialogues are sometimes cited as examples of the involvement of civil
society in regional decision-making process by governments and other second track
actors, NGOs have rarely got access to this track, meanwhile participants from the
academic community are a dozen think-tanks. However, these think-tanks are, in most
cases, very much linked to their respective governments, and dependent on government
funding for their academic and policy-relevant activities, and many working in Track II
have previous bureaucratic experience.[38] Their recommendations, especially in
economic integration, are often closer to ASEAN’s decisions than the rest of civil
society’s positions.

The track that acts as a forum for civil society in Southeast Asia is called Track III. Track
III participants are generally civil society groups who represent a particular idea or brand.
[40]
Track III networks claim to represent communities and people who are largely
marginalised from political power centres and unable to achieve positive change without
outside assistance. This track tries to influence government policies indirectly by
lobbying, generating pressure through the media. Third-track actors also organise and/or
attend meetings as well as conferences to get access to Track I officials.

While Track II meetings and interactions with Track I actors have increased and
intensified, rarely has the rest of civil society had the opportunity to interface with Track
II. Those with Track I have been even rarer.
Looking at the three tracks, it is clear that until now, ASEAN has been run by
government officials who, as far as ASEAN matters are concerned, are accountable only
to their governments and not the people. In a lecture on the occasion of ASEAN’s 38th
anniversary, the incumbent Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
admitted:

“All the decisions about treaties and free trade areas, about declarations and plans of
action, are made by Heads of Government, ministers and senior officials. And the fact
that among the masses, there is little knowledge, let alone appreciation, of the large
initiatives that ASEAN is taking on their behalf.” [41]

[edit] Meetings
[edit] ASEAN Summit

The organisation holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit, where heads of
government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to
conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of
promoting external relations.

The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. Its third
meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during this meeting, it was decided that the
leaders would meet every five years.[42] Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in
Singapore in 1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently, deciding to
hold the summit every three years.[42] In 2001, it was decided to meet annually to address
urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host
in alphabetical order except in the case of Myanmar which dropped its 2006 hosting
rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the European Union.[43]

By December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN
Summit will be held twice in a year.

The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows:

• Leaders of member states would hold an internal organisation meeting.

• Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers
of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
• A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue
Partners (People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea)
• A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of
two Dialogue Partners (Australia, New Zealand).[citation needed]

ASEAN Formal Summits

Date Country Host
1st 23–24 February Indonesia Bali
 1976
2nd 4–5 August 1977 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
14–15 December
3rd Philippines Manila
1987
27‒29 January
4th Singapore Singapore
1992
14‒15 December
5th Thailand Bangkok
1995
15‒16 December
6th Vietnam Hanoi
1998
5‒6 November
7th Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan
2001
4‒5 November
8th Cambodia Phnom Penh
2002
7‒8 October
9th Indonesia Bali
2003
29‒30 November
10th Laos Vientiane
2004
12‒14 December
11th Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
2005
11‒14 January
12th Philippines2 Cebu
20071
18‒22 November
13th Singapore Singapore
2007
27 February - 1
March 2009 Cha Am, Hua Hin
14th3 Thailand
10–11 April Pattaya
2009
15th 23 October 2009 Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin
16th 8–9 April 2010 Vietnam Hanoi
28-31 October
17th Vietnam Hanoi
2010
18th4 2011 Indonesia Manado
1
Postponed from 10‒14 December 2006 due to Typhoon Seniang.
2
hosted the summit because Myanmar backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU
3
This summit consisted of two parts.
The first part was moved from 12‒17 December 2008 due to the 2008 Thai political crisis.
The second part was aborted on April 11 due to protesters entering the summit venue.
4
Indonesia proposed a swap with Brunei as it will play host to APEC (and possibly
the G20 meeting) in 2013.
During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between
each formal summit:[42]

ASEAN Informal Summits

Date Country Host
1st 30 November 1996 Indonesia Jakarta
2nd 14‒16 December 1997 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
3rd 27‒28 November 1999 Philippines Manila
4th 22‒25 November 2000 Singapore Singapore

[edit] East Asia Summit

Participants of the East Asia Summit:

ASEAN
ASEAN Plus Three
Additional members
Observer
Main article: East Asia Summit

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of 16
countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit
has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in
regional community building.

The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN together with China, Japan,
South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand who combined represent almost half of
the world's population. Russia has applied for membership of the summit and in 2005
was a guest for the First EAS at the invitation of the host - Malaysia.[44]

The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005 and subsequent
meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting.

Meeting Country Location Date Note

14
First Malaysi Kuala
December Russia attended as a guest.
EAS a Lumpur
2005
Second Philippi Cebu City 15 January Rescheduled from 13 December 2006.
EAS nes 2007 Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy
Security
Singapore Declaration on Climate Change,
21 Energy and the Environment[45]
Third Singapo
Singapore November
EAS re
2007 Agreed to establish Economic Research
Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
The date and location of the venue was
rescheduled several times, and then a
Summit scheduled for 12 April 2009 at
Cha-am
Fourth Thailan 25 October Pattaya, Thailand was cancelled when
and Hua
EAS d 2009 protesters stormed the venue. The Summit
Hin
has been rescheduled for October 2009 and
transferred again from Phuket[46] to Cha-am
and Hua Hin.[47]
Officially invited the US and Russia to
Fifth 30 October
Vietnam Hanoi participate in future EAS as full-fledged
EAS 2010[48]
members [49]

[edit] Commemorative summit

A commemorative summit is a summit hosted by a non-ASEAN country to mark a

milestone anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and the host
country. The host country invites the heads of government of ASEAN member countries
to discuss future cooperation and partnership.

Meeting Host Location Date Note

To celebrate the 30th anniversary of
the establishment of relations
ASEAN – Japan 11, 12 between ASEAN and Japan. The
Jap
Commemorative Tokyo December summit was also notable as the first
an
Summit 2003 ASEAN summit held between
ASEAN and a non-ASEAN country
outside the region.
ASEAN – China 30, 31 To celebrate the 15th anniversary of
Chi
Commemorative Nanning October the establishment of relations
na
Summit 2006 between ASEAN and China
ASEAN – Republic To celebrate the 20th anniversary of
Sou
of Korea 1, 2 June the establishment of relations
th Jeju-do
Commemorative 2009 between ASEAN and Republic of
Korea
Summit Korea
[edit] Regional Forum

█ ASEAN full members

█ ASEAN observers
█ ASEAN candidate members
██ ASEAN Plus Three
███ East Asia Summit
██████ ASEAN Regional Forum

The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia
Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to
foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive
diplomacy in the region.[50] The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current
participants in the ARF are as follows: all the ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh,
Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea,
South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-
Leste, United States and Sri Lanka.[51] The Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) has
been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait
are neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.

[edit] Other meetings

Aside from the ones above, other regular[52] meetings are also held.[53] These include the
annual ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[54] as well as other smaller committees, such as the
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.[55] Meetings mostly focus on specific
topics, such as defence[52] or the environment,[52][56] and are attended by Ministers, instead
of heads of government.

[edit] Another Three

The ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea,
and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit.

[edit] Asia-Europe Meeting

The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with
the intention of strengthening cooperation between the countries of Europe and Asia,
especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in particular.[57] ASEAN,
represented by its Secretariat, is one of the 45 ASEM partners. It also appoints a
representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-
cultural organisation associated with the Meeting.

[edit] ASEAN-Russia Summit

The ASEAN-Russia Summit is an annual meeting between leaders of member states and
the President of Russia.

[edit] Economic Community

ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the “three pillars” of security,
sociocultural and economic integration.[58] The regional grouping has made the most
progress in economic integration, aiming to create an ASEAN Economic Community
(AEC) by 2015.[59]

[edit] Free Trade Area

The foundation of the AEC is the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), a common external
preferential tariff scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN.[59] The
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is an agreement by the member nations of ASEAN
concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was
signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[60] When the AFTA agreement was originally
signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and
Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they
are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement
upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's
tariff reduction obligations.[61]

[edit] Comprehensive Investment Area

The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area (ACIA) will encourage the free flow of
investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the ACIA are as follows[62]

• All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased

out according to schedules
• National treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few
exclusions
• Elimination of investment impediments
• Streamlining of investment process and procedures
• Enhancing transparency
• Undertaking investment facilitation measures

Full realisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in
manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most
ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and
Vietnam) countries.[62]

[edit] Trade in Services

An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN

Summit in Bangkok in December 1995.[63] Under AFAS, ASEAN Member States enter
into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of
submitting increasingly higher levels of commitments. The negotiations result in
commitments that are set forth in schedules of specific commitments annexed to the
Framework Agreement. These schedules are often referred to as packages of services
commitments. At present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under
AFAS.[64]

[edit] Single Aviation Market

The ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM), proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport
Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and
endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will introduce an open-sky arrangement to
the region by 2015.[65] The ASEAN SAM will be expected to fully liberalise air travel
between its member states, allowing ASEAN to directly benefit from the growth in air
travel around the world, and also freeing up tourism, trade, investment and services flows
between member states.[65][66] Beginning 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and
fourth freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states for air passengers
services will be removed,[67] while from 1 January 2009, there will be full liberalisation of
air freight services in the region, while[65][66] By 1 January 2011, there will be
liberalisation of fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities.[68]

[edit] Free Trade Agreements With Other Countries

ASEAN has concluded free trade agreements with PR China, Korea, Japan, Australia,
New Zealand and most recently India.[69] The agreement with People's Republic of China
created the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on
January 1, 2010. In addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating a free trade agreement with
the European Union.[70] Republic of China (Taiwan) has also expressed interest in an
agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.[71]

[edit] ASEAN six majors

ASEAN six majors refer to the six largest economies in the area with economies many
times larger than the remaining four ASEAN countries. The six majors are: GDP nominal
2010 based on IMF data. The figures in parentheses are GDP PPP.

• Indonesia: 695 billions (1,027 billions)

• Thailand: 312 billions (584 billions)
• Malaysia: 218 billions (412 billions)
 • Singapore: 217 billions (291 billions)
• Philippines: 189 billions (350 billions)
• Vietnam: 101 billions (275 billions)

[edit] Charter
Main article: ASEAN Charter

On 15 December 2008 the members of ASEAN met in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta
to launch a charter, signed in November 2007, with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-
style community".[72] The charter turns ASEAN into a legal entity and aims to create a
single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million people. President of
Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono stated that "This is a momentous development
when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating and transforming itself into a community. It is
achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time
when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift," he added, referring to
climate change and economic upheaval. Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided,
war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s." "The fundamental principles include:

a) respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national
identity of all ASEAN Member States;

b) shared commitment and collective responsibility in enhancing regional peace, security

and prosperity;

c) renunciation of aggression and of the threat or use of force or other actions in any
manner inconsistent with international law;

d) reliance on peaceful settlement of disputes;

e) non-interference in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States;

f) respect for the right of every Member State to lead its national existence free from
external interference, subversion and coercion;

g) enhanced consultations on matters seriously affecting the common interest of ASEAN;

h) adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the principles of democracy and
constitutional government;

i) respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and
the promotion of social justice;

j) upholding the United Nations Charter and international law, including international
humanitarian law, subscribed to by ASEAN Member States;
k) abstention from participation in any policy or activity, including the use of its territory,
pursued by and ASEAN Member State or non-ASEAN State or any non-State actor,
which threatens the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political and economic stability of
ASEAN Member States;

l) respect for the different cultures, languages and religions of the peoples of ASEAN,
while emphasising their common values in the spirit of unity in diversity;

m) the centrality of ASEAN in external political, economic, social and cultural relations
while remaining actively engaged, outward-looking, inclusive and non-discriminatory;
and

n) adherence to multilateral trade rules and ASEAN's rules-based regimes for effective
implementation of economic commitments and progressive reduction towards elimination
of all barriers to regional economic integration, in a market-driven economy".[73]

However, the ongoing global financial crisis was stated as being a threat to the goals
envisioned by the charter,[74] and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body
to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009. This proposition caused
controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish
countries who violate citizens' rights and would therefore be limited in effectiveness.[75]
The body was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on
Human Rights (AICHR).

[edit] Cultural activities

Logo of the S.E.A. Write Award

The organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region.
These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of
these include the ASEAN University Network, the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, the
ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, and the Singapore-sponsored
ASEAN Scholarship.

[edit] S.E.A. Write Award

The S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writers
annually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognition of
an author's lifetime achievement. Works that are honoured vary and have included
poetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly and religious works.
Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and are presided by a member of the Thai royal family.

[edit] ASAIHL

ASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is a non-

governmental organisation founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higher learning
institutions, espescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of
cultivating a sense of regional identity and interdependence.

[edit] Heritage Parks

ASEAN Heritage Parks[76] is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004.
It aims to protect the region's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas,
including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and the Kinabalu National Park.[77]

[edit] List

ASEAN Heritage Sites

Site Country Site Country
Alaungdaw Kathapa National Ao Phang-nga Marine
Myanmar Thailand
Park National Park
Apo Natural Park Philippines Ba Be National Park Vietnam
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Gunung Leuser National
Indonesia Indonesia
Park Park
Gunung Mulu National Park Malaysia Ha Long Bay Vietnam
Hoang Lien Sa Pa National
Vietnam Iglit-Baco National Park Philippines
Park
Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Inlé Lake Wildlife
Myanmar Myanmar
Sanctuary Sanctuary
Kerinci Seblat National
Kaeng Krachan National Park Thailand Indonesia
Park
Khakaborazi National Park Myanmar Khao Yai National Park Thailand
Kinabalu National Park Malaysia Komodo National Park Indonesia
Lampi Kyun Wildlife
Kon Ka Kinh National Park Vietnam Myanmar
Reserve
Meinmhala Kyun Wildlife
Lorentz National Park Indonesia Myanmar
Sanctuary
Mu Ko Surin-Mu Ko Similan
Thailand Nam Ha Protected Area Laos
Marine National Park
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Preah Monivong (Bokor)
Vietnam Cambodia
Park National Park
Puerto Princesa Subterranean Sungei Buloh Wetland
Philippines Singapore
River National Park Reserve
Tarutao Marine National
Taman Negara National Park Malaysia Thailand
Park
Tasek Merimbun Wildlife Thung Yai-Huay Kha
Brunei Thailand
Sanctuary Khaeng National Park
Ujung Kulon National
Tubbataha Reef Marine Park Philippines Indonesia
Park
Virachey National Park Cambodia Keraton Yogyakarta Indonesia

[edit] Scholarship

The ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other

member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers
accommodation, food, medical benefits & accident insurance, school fees, and
examination fees.[78]

[edit] University Network

The ASEAN University Network (AUN) is a consortium of Southeast Asian universities.

It was originally founded in November 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.
[79]
Currently AUN comprises 21 Participating Universities.[80]

[edit] Official song

• The ASEAN Way - the official regional anthem of ASEAN, music by Kittikhun
Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom Thailand; Lyrics by Payom Valaiphatchra
Thailand.
• ASEAN Song of Unity or ASEAN Hymn, music by Ryan Cayabyab
Philippines.
• Let us move ahead, an ASEAN song, composed by Candra Darusman
Indonesia.

[edit] Sports
[edit] Southeast Asian Games

The Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-
sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The
games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by
the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia.
[edit] ASEAN Para Games

Logo of the ASEAN Para Games

The ASEAN Para Games is a biennial multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian
Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11
countries located in Southeast Asia. The Games, patterned after the Paralympic Games,
are played by physically challenged athletes with mobility disabilities, visual disabilities,
who are amputees and those with cerebral palsy.

[edit] FESPIC Games/ Asian Para Games

The FESPIC Games, also known as the Far East and South Pacific Games for the persons
with disability, was the biggest multi-sports games in Asia and South Pacific region. The
FESPIC Games were held nine times and bowed out, a success[81] in December 2006 in
the 9th FESPIC Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Games re-emerges as the 2010
Asian Para Games in Guangzhou, China. The 2010 Asian Para Games will debut shortly
after the conclusion of the 16th Asian Games, using the same facilities and venue made
disability-accessible. The inaugural Asian Para Games, the parallel event for athletes with
physical disabilities, is a multi-sport event held every four years after every Asian
Games.

[edit] Football Championship

The ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial Football competition organised by the

ASEAN Football Federation, accredited by FIFA and contested by the national teams of
Southeast Asia nations. It was inaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific
Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, "Tiger" was renamed "ASEAN".

[edit] Criticism
Non-ASEAN countries have criticised ASEAN for being too soft in its approach to
promoting human rights and democracy in the junta-led Myanmar.[82] Despite global
outrage at the military crack-down on peaceful protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused
to suspend Myanmar as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.[83]
This has caused concern as the European Union, a potential trade partner, has refused to
conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.[84]
International observers view it as a "talk shop",[85] which implies that the organisation is
"big on words but small on action".[86] Head of the International Institute of Strategic
Studies – Asia, Tim Huxley cites the diverse political systems present in the grouping,
including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching cooperation outside the
economic sphere. He also asserts that in the absence of an external threat to rally against
with the end of the Cold War, ASEAN has begun to be less successful at restraining its
members and resolving border disputes such as those between Burma and Thailand and
Indonesia and Malaysia.[87]

During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-
globalisation and anti-Arroyo rallies.[88] According to the activists, the agenda of
economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would
cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.[89] They also viewed the organisation as
imperialistic that threatens the country's sovereignty.[89] A human rights lawyer from New
Zealand was also present to protest about the human rights situation in the region in
general.[90]

ASEAN has been criticized, in the past, of being a mere talking shop.[91] However,
leaders such as the Philippines' Foreign Affairs Secretary, Alberto Romulo, said it would
be a workshop not a talk shop.[92] Others have also expressed similar sentiment.[93]

[edit] See also

• ASEAN Common Time
• Asian Union
• ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)
• ASEAN kecil
• Asian Monetary Unit
• Chiang Mai Initiative
• Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
• List of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)
• Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
• SEA-EU-NET
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
• US-ASEAN Business Council
• Blue card system - motor insurance scheme of ASEAN

[edit] Notes
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A-test-of-democracy.aspx
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49. ^ Invitation to US & Russia
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55. ^ Asean.org, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
56. ^ "Malaysians have had enough of haze woes". The Malaysian Bar.
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57. ^ Lay Hwee Yeo (2003). Asia and Europe: the development and different
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59. ^ a b Sim, Edmund "Introduction to the ASEAN Economic Community",
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62. ^ a b "Highlights of the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA)".
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63. ^ "ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (1995)". Asean.org.
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[edit] External links

Organization

• ASEAN Secretariat Retrieved on 13 March 2007.

• ASEAN Regional Forum Retrieved on 13 March 2007.
• BBC Country Profile/Asean Retrieved on 13 March 2007.

Summits
 • 14th ASEAN Summit
• 13th ASEAN Summit Singapore official site. Retrieved on 16 September 2007.
• 12th ASEAN Summit Retrieved on 13 March 2007.
• 11th ASEAN Summit 12 December-14, 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia official
site. Retrieved on 13 March 2007.

ASEAN organisations

• ASEAN official directory of ASEAN organisations

• ASEAN Architect
• ASEAN Law Association
• ASEAN Ports Association
• US-ASEAN Business Council

[show]
v•d•e
Association of Southeast Asian Nations

[show]
v•d•e
International trade

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World government
 [show]
v•d•e
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

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South-South Cooperation & Third Worldism

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Power in international relations