A e r o d y n a m i c Coefficients of an Oscillating
Airfoil in Two-Dimensional Subsonic F l o w
R . T I M M A N , t A. I. V A N D E V O O R E N . t A N D J. H . G R E I D A N U S * *
National Aeronautical
SUMMARY
A method yielding a direct solution in terms of known func-
tions is presented for the aerodynamic forces acting on an oscil-
lating wing in a two-dimensional subsonic flow. The solution is
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based on the linearized equations of motion. Lift and pitching
moment, coefficients are calculated for a translation and for a ro-
tation of the airfoil. Results are presented for five different
values of the Mach Number (0.35, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) and for
values of a> ranging from 0.1 to 3.
L I S T OF SYMBOLS
x, y =rectangular coordinates in the physical plane
/ =semichord
v =air speed
c —speed of sound
j8 =Mach Number, v/c
t =time
v = frequency
co =reduced frequency, vl/v
<p =acceleration potential
$ =velocity potential
po =density of the undisturbed airflow
A =amplitude of translation (positive if downward)
B =amplitude of rotation about mid-chord (positive if
trailing edge downward)
K = total force on airfoil (positive if downward)
M = total moment about mid-chord point (positive if tail-
heavy)
Subscripts denote partial differentiation with respect to the
subscript variable.
A bar above a letter denotes an amplitude.
INTRODUCTION
N UMERICAL VALUES OF THE aerodynamic coeffi-
cients of an oscillating wing in two-dimensional
subsonic compressible flow have been calculated, for the
first time, by Possio.1 These calculations were based
on his own integral equation for the chordwise pres-
sure distribution. They have been repeated and ex-
tended by Frazer. 2 ' 3 No analytical solution being
known at that time and the kernel of the equation
being highly complicated, the rather crude and pro-
visional direct numerical methods used are not apt to
yield high accuracy. More careful and elaborate
methods to obtain numerical results from Possio's
equation, still without solving it analytically, have been
* This investigation was sponsored by the Netherlands Air-
craft Development Board.
t Research Mathematician, Chief Section Applied Mathe-
matics at Mathematical Centre.
% Research Engineer.
** Chief Section Flutter and Theoretical Aerodynamics.
Research Institute, Holland
developed and employed in Germany by Schade 4 and
by Dietze.5 The method of Schade involves a re-
duction of the integral equation to a finite set of alge-
braic equations, and the method of Dietze is an itera-
tion method. The maintenance of satisfactory ac-
curacy should, however, still be considered difficult in
view of the fact that no rigorous limits to errors can be
indicated.
During the war, Timman 6 developed a rigorous ana-
lytical method to solve the equivalent boundary value
problem to the wave equation based on expansions in
terms of Mathieu and modified Mathieu functions.
By this method, complete analytical solutions applying
to a plain wing and to a wing with an aerodynamically
balanced control surface have been elaborated in col-
laboration with van de Vooren.7 This work is now
being used to obtain new numerical results. The ex-
tensive computations required are being performed in
the Computation Department of the Mathematical
Centre at Amsterdam under the direction of van
Wijngaarden and with the assistance of Scheen and
Berghuis.
The results of the first part, applying to the plain
wing, have just been completed and are given in this
paper. Other results will follow as soon as they are
ready. All tabulated values should be accurate up to
one unit in the last decimal supplied.
Graphs and tables will be preceded by a short review
of the mathematical principles involved. Other ap-
proaches to the subject involving Mathieu functions
have been given by Reissner and Sherman,16 Haskind,17
Billington,18 and Reissner.19
AERODYNAMIC THEORY 7
The Mathematical Problem
It is well known8 that the linearized equation for
the acceleration potential
<p(x, y, t) = <P(X, y)etvt
of an oscillating airfoil in a two-dimensional subsonic
flow can be reduced to the time-free wave equation
(Pockel's equation)
uxx + uYY + [.2A2(1 - P2)]u = 0 (1)
involving independent variables
X = x/Vl - /32; Y = y (2)
797
 798 JOURNAL OF THE A E R O N A U T I C A L S C I E N C E S — D E C E M B E R , 1951

(Prandtl-Glauert transformation), and the auxiliary

cosh £ cos '
function
vT = x = VI iS2
u(Xt Y) = $(xVl~^~(i*, Y) exp (-ivpX/cVT^P) (3)
Y = — — = sinh £ sin 771
T h e problem consists of finding a solution to Eq. (1) V I - £2 /
which: (a) satisfies the boundary condition 0 ^ £; 0 ^ 77 < 2TT (8)
1 d Cx x - £ adapted to the boundary value problem under con-
" ^7 / ^o(f* ^) exp iv{t ) d£ = w(x, t)
v oy J - 00 v sideration, the wave equation changes into
(4) u
% + w + 2&2(cosh 2£ - cos 2rj)u = 0 (9)
on the segment —l<x ^ + / of the axis of xt the verti-
(1/2) ]8n, tt - w/1 - (10)
cal velocity w(x, t) following from the assumed motion
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and the boundary condition (6) for the regular part of

y{Xy t) = y(x)etvt
the function u becomes
of the points of the centerline of the airfoil b y substan-
tial differentiation w f (0, 77) = wv (0, 77) — i<j)w(0} 77) sin 77 X
V1 0s
w(xf /) = yt(xy t) + vyx(x, t) (5) exp(—//3 2 0 cosr?) (11)
(b) is regular everywhere in the closed region of the
with
x, y plane, cut open along the segment —I < x < + I
of the axis of x, except in the point x = —l,y = 0 rep- w(£t 77) = w(%} 7])eild
resenting the leading edge of the airfoil, where it should
Putting
become infinite like R~l/* (R = distance to leading
edge) and except a t points where t h e (piecewise con-
tinuous) function w(x, t) is discontinuous.*
and separating variables, t h e modified Mathieu and
This solution consists of a regularf p a r t uniquely
M a t h i e u equations
determined b y the condition
(tti)« - (a 2k2 cosh 2£)ui = 0 (12)
, x , \ - K x ^ + l
(6) 2
y = 0 (u2)vv + (a - 2k cos 2rj)u2 = 0 (13)

following from Eq. (4) b y substantial differentiation, are obtained.

and a singular p a r t uniquely determined, safe for a
multiplicative constant, (1) b y the condition
(<Psh ,). = o} - < <=*0« + '
(2) b y t h e requirement stated under (b) about t h e
nature of the singularity in the point x = — l,y = 0.
T h e multiplicative constant is determined by the
requirement t h a t the complete solution should satisfy
Eq.(4).
T h e regular solution, being finite at t h e leading edge
(which implies t h a t pressure and velocity are finite
there), corresponds with shock-free entrance of the
flow. Both parts of the solution imply vortex sheets
along the p a r t x > + I of t h e axis of x, t h e evolution
of which is implicitly determined b y t h e imposed con-
tinuity of the pressure field.
The Regular Solution
Introducing elliptic coordinates £, 77,
Since in the variable 77 the acceleration potential
(pressure) is odd and periodic with period 27r, the rele-
v a n t solutions of Eq. (13) are the functions, usually 10
(7) denoted by sen(i]). T h e subscript n determines the
order of the corresponding characteristic value a = bn.
T h e relevant solutions of Eq. (12) are t h e functions
Nen{2){£)y since these solutions represent waves moving
away from the origin with a speed c.
Hence, the regular solution of Eq. (1) can be written
«(£, V) = ^ (2) E anNe^n(0sen(v) (14)
where a factor v2 has been added to make the quantities
an dimensionless.
By developing the function u^(0, 77) from Eq. (11)
in a uniformly convergent series of M a t h i e u functions
sen(7])y the coefficients an can be determined by com-
parison with t h e function u^(0, 77) following from Eq.
(14). T h e regular solution is t h u s completely known.

* Such points, representing breaks in the airfoil's centerline, The Singular Solution
do not occur in the case of a plain rigid airfoil.
t A solution is defined to be regular when it is continuous at T h e singular solution can conveniently be derived
the boundary, continuous together with its second derivatives at from the function
all inner points of the region, and regular at infinity; compare
Kellogg. 9 ./(£» v) = sin 77/(cosh £ + cos 77)
 A E R O D Y N A M I C C O E F F I C I E N T S 799

representing the acceleration potential of the steady
compressible flow about a fixed flat airfoil at some non-
vanishing incidence and thus showing a singularity of
the required t y p e a t the leading edge (£ = 0, TJ = TT).
Multiplying b y etPt, the function does not remain an
acceleration potential, because it does not satisfy the
wave equation [Eq. (1)] replacing Laplace's equation
in the case of unsteady flow. T h e function is modi-
fied into a solution of the wave equation b y a series of
correction terms, preserving the condition of vanishing
normal derivative a t the contour £ = 0.
Using the series expansion, valid for £ > 0,
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causes a slight difficulty in that, for this function, inter-
change of differentiation and integration in Eq. (4) is
not admissible. This difficulty can be eliminated b y
aid of a partial integration (see reference 7).
T h e function ^(£, TJ) now being known, the accelera-
tion potential and the pressure distribution can be a t
once written down, and aerodynamic forces and mo-
ments can be obtained by the appropriate integrations.
N U M E R I C A L CALCULATIONS
T h e complex dimensionless derivatives ka, kb, may mb,
defined b y

^ = - 2 I ) ( - 1 ) "e"* sin nv K = irp,lv2eivt(Aka + Bkb)

COSh £ + COS 7] n=l

the modified function is formally written as M = 7rPol2v2eivt(Ama + Bmh)

sin r] were calculated for five values of 0—viz., (3 = 0.35,

«(£, rj) = v2
cosh £ + cos rj 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8—while, for each (3, ten different
values of co, ranging from to = 0.1 to co = 3, were taken.
2 E(-ir anNe^n^)sen(rj) e n
^ sin U7] (15) T h e values of co were chosen in such a way t h a t , b y Eq.
(10), they led to a limited number of simple &-values,
which for £ > 0 is a solution of the wave equation. T h e since k is the parameter determining the M a t h i e u
coefficients an are determined by the condition functions.
^ ( 0 , TJ) = 0. T h e functions sen(rj) have been obtained b y calcula-
For the purpose of determining an, the expansion tion of the coefficients BJm) from the Fourier series

sin.^77 = 22 Bn{m)sem{7])

is introduced, and the order of summation is inter-

changed. Eq. (15) then formally changes into

sin 7]
w(£, v) = v2 2 £ (-1)" X

(n) -m£
*nNeV\.(Z) - £ B, •i. & sen(rj)

and the coefficients an are determined b y imposing the

condition u^O, TJ) = 0 on each of the terms in this se-
ries. T h e resulting expression becomes

sin 7]
«(£> v) = v2 2 £ (-1)" X
cosh £ + cos 7] «=1
{n)
sen\0) i - V Bm
+ e-"* sen(v)> (16)
Nen^(0) m—\
T h e series of correction terms can be shown 7 to be
uniformly convergent, together with its first deriv-
atives in the region £ ^ 0, 0 ^ rj < 2TT.

The Resulting Potential

Writing
w(S, v) = *w.(£, v) + <w>s :.(£, V)
R . H . S . Eq. (14) + a0 R.H.S. Eq. (16)

the arbitrary constant a0 is to be determined b y going

back to the velocities a t the boundary and imposing
FIG. 1. Aerodynamic coefficients as functions of the reduced
Eq. (4) in one arbitrary point — l ^ x ^ + l , y = 0. frequency co with Mach Number /3 as parameter. Points cal-
In this calculation, t h e singular function (16) again culated for co < 1 have not been marked separately.
 800 JOURNAL OF THE A E R O N A U T I C A L S C I E N C E S — D E C E M B E R , 1951

2D

1,5
-^^35
to

^^o
—^06
I+Q5
o,t^ ^
2.5 -0.5
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2.0 -10
0,35/
1,5

1.0

+-Q5

L^A
u
Q5zz
.^

:
to
^
^
_^£

1.5
/ * {

2.0
D.8
O
/

2,5
-

3,0 (JQ
"I
3,5
+ Q5!

FIG. 2. Aerodynamic coefficients as functions of the reduced
frequency co with Mach Number (5 as parameter. Points calcu-
lated for co < 1 have not been marked separately.
-0,5
3 0 co 3,5
FIG. 4. Aerodynamic coefficients as functions of the reduced
frequency co with Mach Number (3 as parameter. Points cal-
culated for co < 1 have not been marked separately.

se, ,.(n) = £ Bn(m) sin nr, (17)

For small values of q( = k2), the coefficients Bnm) and

the characteristic values bn were calculated from their
power series 11 to q. For q ^ 0.3025 these quantities
were calculated from their expansions in factorial
series, 11 which form an application of the general theory
of factorial series as developed b y Norlund. 1 2
T h e modified M a t h i e u functions Nen(2)(g) are written
as a linear combination

Nen^(0 = SeH(i) + aGen(& (18)

of the two independent solutions Sen(i-) and Gen(£) of

Eq. (9). In analogy to Eq. (17), the expansion for
Sen{£) is

Sen(i) = E Bjn) sinh wf

m=1

while the following relation 10 holds for Gen(£):

Ge»(f) = -&&»({) + E & (») cosh ra£

w=0
(w)
T h e coefficients g w can, similar to the ^ w ( w ) , be
3,0 3.5
calculated either from their recurrence relations or from
w
their factorial series. Finally, the factor a, b y which
FIG. 3. Aerodynamic coefficients as functions of the reduced Sen(g) a n d Gen(£) a r e l i n e a r l y c o m b i n e d t o y i e l d t h e
frequency co with Mach Number 8 as parameter. Points calcu- „ . . . ,oWtX . . . ., . ,1 ...,.
lated for co < 1 have not been marked separately. function Nen™(£), is determined b y the condition
 A E R O D Y N A M I C C O E F F I C I E N T S 801

t h a t the required combination behaves asymptotically
as Hn(2)(ke^), where Hn(2) is the Hankel function of the
second kind.
When calculating with aid of Eq. (18) the vertical
velocity a t the airfoil, there appear integrals of the type
with/(£) = cosh m%, sinh m% or £ sinh m£. I t is known 1 3
t h a t the integrals w i t h / ( f ) = cosh m£ are proportional to
Hankel functions of the second kind, while the integrals
with /(£) = sinh tni; have an elementary character. B y
partial integration, the integrals with /(£) = £ sinh ra£
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can again be reduced to Hankel functions of the second
kind.
T h e coefficients an in the expansion (14) of the regu-
lar p a r t of t h e function u can also be calculated, and it
follows without difficulties t h a t they are expressible
in M a t h i e u functions of the argument 6 = c o s " 1 13.
T h e resulting values for the aerodynamic derivatives
ka> kbi ma> Mb are given in Table 1, while Figs. 1-4
illustrate the general character of these quantities as
dependent of /3 and co. I n the figures, only points with
co ^ 1 have been marked. T h e values in Table 1 are
guaranteed to be accurate u p to a few units in the last
digit.

Approxima tions
To obtain additional information about the derivatives in the region of small co-values (i.e., co ^ 0.1), the
following expansions were established: 1 4

ka = Vl - £2 (W27 + 1 + 2 In ^ ~ £2[2 + F(P)]} - (212 - TTQ2)/)

ma = - Vl - /32 (&{y + In ^ - \ /32[2 + F(0)]\ - ^ (2(2 - T T ^ J

h = - 2 + xO + Q*< - - - - /32 + 2/3* + - /32 In f + (1 - 2/32) X

vrr 1
2 4 2 2
7 + ln") - (/3»-||8*jF(/3) + 2 7 + In ® - \ PsF(0)
(19)
2 2
(a J 2 + 2 7 + 2 In ~ - /3 [3 + ^(/3)]j - *fi*j^ + 2T + 2 In | - /3 [1 + ^(/?)]j)

1 9 , 5 ,
w6 =
V l - 0S 1 - - TTO + Q 2 < - H
2 U 8
1
16
/32 - - /34
4
\->)t> + *i) +
0 1
/32 - ^ )F(ff) 7 + In - - - 0*F(0) +
0 1 0
ft S 7 +
''\
In - -
2
- I32 [2 +
2
F(0)] V - TT122<- + 7 + In
2 Hi +w, l})
2

where 7 denotes Euler's constant (7 = 0.5772157), T h e diagrams show t h a t the derivatives assume an
while F( 13) is given by oscillatory character if both co and ft are large (k being
the decisive parameter). This makes interpolation
rather uncertain when co exceeds the value 1. A further
VM;
02 2 J3 2 f3 /
investigation of the derivatives in this region will form
the subject of a separate publication.
T h e error in the approximations (19) is of order
Comparison with Other Results
123 In ft. I t is estimated t h a t the neglected terms affect
only the third decimal digit, provided Q is smaller t h a n Until now, numerical values for the derivatives have
0.05. been given b y Schade 3 [co = 0, (0.2), 1, /3 = 0.5, (0.1),
 802 JOURNAL OF THE A E R O N A U T I C A L S C I E N C E S —DECEMBER, 1951

TABLE 1
Aerodynamic Coefficients for an Oscillating Wing Without Control Surface in a Subsonic, Compressible Flow
kb kb" Mb

0 = 0.35 0.12536 -0.038045 - 0.20720 0.028172 0.10315 -1.68089 +0.20041 0.83907 -0.24038
0.25071 -0.046232 - 0.35499 0.058948 0.17540 -1.47408 +0.00944 0.73686 -0.28289
0.37607 -0.009959 - 0.48879 0.084936 0.23925 -1.38264 -0.21186 0.69524 -0.31115
0.50143 +0.06580 - 0.62253 0.10905 0.30117 -1.34665 -0.43091 0.68350 -0.34275
0.62679 0.17760 - 0.76220 0.13361 0.36340 -1.34317 -0.64462 0.68934 -0.38003
0.75214 0.32346 - 0.91167 0.16032 0.42683 -1.36265 -0.85400 0.70718 -0.42308
1.00286 0.71222 - 1.25357 0.22520 0.55843 -1.45668 -1.26494 0.76829 -0.52552
1.25357 1.22655 - 1.67687 0.31275 0.69590 -1.61994 -1.66819 0.85423 -0.64961
1.88036 2.94154 - 3.31464 0.68339 1.03275 -2.36967 -2.59076 1.13288 -1.06234
3.25929 5.69807 -10.6691 2.26557 0.90273 -5.31768 -2.72070 1.65624 -2.37072
£ = 0.5 0.15 -0.054862 - 0.24624 0.042830 0.12136 -1.68380 +0.24477 0.83345 -0.31277
0.3 -0.058224 - 0.41738 0.087937 0.20082 -1.47586 -0.00545 0.72258 -0.37209
0.45 -0.003371 - 0.58385 0.13209 0.27225 -1.42102 -0.26263 0.68800 -0.43239
0.6 +0.09903 - 0.76466 0.18199 0.34195 -1.44023 -0.50450 0.68552 -0.50786
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0.75 0.24182 - 0.97049 0.24237 0.41035 -1.50998 -0.73080 0.69855 -0.59940

0.9 0.41792 - 1.21067 0.31685 0.47559 -1.62300 -0.93994 0.71826 -0.70676
1.125 0.72441 - 1.65357 0.46004 0.55918 -1.86798 -1.21015 0.74633 -0.89558
1.650 1.39131 - 3.12396 0.92502 0.58912 -2.69906 -1.48356 0.71801 -1.41513
3 1.50438 - 7.08452 1.43907 -0.48300 -3.69380 -0.17490 0.26512 -2.19422
3 = 0.6 0.10667 -0.05034 - 0.19603 0.034663 +0.096452 -1.87186 +0.37583 0.92318 -0.34456
0.21333 -0.08031 - 0.32744 0.075165 0.15676 -1.60711 +0.22084 0.77647 -0.41251
0.32 -0.07722 - 0.44631 0.11429 0.20660 -1.50147 +0.03649 0.70842 -0.46619
0.42667 -0.04808 - 0.56767 0.15588 0.25206 -1.47193 -0.13766 0.67389 -0.52852
0.53333 +0.00180 - 0.69827 0.20283 0.29418 -1.48870 -0.29712 0.65439 -0.60239
0.64 0.06767 - 0.84310 0.25724 0.33233 -1.54038 -0.43990 0.64064 -0.68791
0.8 0.18783 - 1.09168 0.35411 0.37673 -1.66589 -0.62281 0.61552 -0.83276
0.96 0.31597 - 1.38548 0.46874 0.39854 -1.83983 -0.75393 0.57364 -0.99169
1.17333 0.46521 - 1.84129 0.63545 0.37720 -2.11168 -0.82932 0.47683 -1.20183
1.70667 0.60534 - 3.05547 0.92597 0.08896 -2.63026 -0.57421 0.10857 -1.52439
3.2 +0.96358 - 6.33758 1.00499 -0.44435 -2.72741 +0.09652 0.15806 -1.72177
(3 = 0.7 0.10929 -0.06566 - 0.20758 0.045313 0.10047 -1.94357 +0.50111 0.94333 -0.44332
0.21857 -0.10485 - 0.33866 0.096150 0.15523 -1.63907 +0.32599 0.75805 -0.52526
0.36429 -0.10752 - 0.49998 0.16528 0.20793 -1.51768 +0.08661 0.64075 -0.63102
0.54643 -0.06375 - 0.72084 0.26618 0.24898 -1.54169 -0.14542 0.53483 -0.79581
0.65571 -0.02552 - 0.87102 0.33432 0.25586 -1.60498 -0.24453 0.46137 -0.90187
0.80143 0.02529 - 1.09191 0.42586 0.23881 -1.71801 -0.32436 0.33959 -1.03115
0.94714 0.06553 - 1.32783 0.50418 0.19333 -1.83523 -0.34523 0.19735 -1.12448
1.16571 0.10495 - 1.68198 0.57313 0.10040 -1.96611 -0.30050 -0.00355 -1.17553
1.74857 0.25388 - 2.59601 0.64543 -0.02899 -2.07784 -0.15406 -0.15024 -1.14710
2.91429 0.97723 - 4.64536 0.64424 -0.72862 -1.98196 +0.04479 -0.20001 -1.52697
£ = 0.8 0.1125 -0.09107 - 0.21913 0.063153 0.10152 -2.00751 +0.70906 0.93271 -0.60983
0.225 -0.14333 - 0.34375 0.12729 0.13996 -1.63890 +0.49597 0.66763 -0.70161
0.3375 -0.16308 - 0.45833 0.18918 0.15577 -1.51321 +0.31454 0.49838 -0.79352
0.495 -0.16302 - 0.62636 0.26882 0.14488 -1.48420 +0.13713 0.27487 -0.90157
0.585 -0.15701 - 0.72849 0.30309 0.12534 -1.50212 +0.07412 0.14915 -0.92865
0.72 -0.14703 - 0.88543 0.33397 0.09432 -1.53969 +0.02445 -0.00200 -0.91614
0.9 -0.13013 - 1.09148 0.36225 0.07570 -1.57055 +0.00753 -0.09255 -0.87376
1.08 -0.09809 - 1.28664 0.41640 0.06448 -1.57102 +0.00624 -0.11260 -0.89342
1.8 0.46458 - 2.25957 0.45568 -0.22942 -1.56060 -0.28730 -0.35909 -0.97449
2.7 -0.67692 - 3.45168 1.23055 -0.097835 -1.43405 +0.78844 -0.01237 -1.70254

0.8], by Dietze4 [co = 0, (0.02), 0.1, (0.1), 0.7, f3 = 0.5,
0.6, 0.7], and by Turner and Rabinowitz15 [co = 0,
(0.02), 0.1, (0.1), 0.7, p = 0.7], the last authors using
the same method as Dietze. Comparison with these
values shows that the values of Schade and Dietze agree
mutually better than they do with the values presented
here. The differences between Dietze and Schade are
less than 11/2 per cent in modulus, while the new values
show differences up to 5 per cent, with, in general,
greater differences in the arguments. The reason for
these discrepancies is not known. All steps of the
present analysis, both in the establishment of the for-
mulas as well as in the numerical part, were carefully
and frequently checked, and the authors believe that
no error has slipped through.
The greatest differences occur in ka and ma when
co « 1 and in kb and mb when co is about 0.5, both for
0 = 0.8. In the last case (however for ^ = 0.7, since
Dietze gives no values for /3 = 0.8), the difference be-
tween Schade and Dietze is also relatively great.
REFERENCES
1
Possio, C , Uazione aerodinamiche sul profilo oscillante in un
fluido compressibile a velocita ipsonora, Aerotecnica, Vol. 18, pp.
441-458,1938.
2
Frazer, R. A., Possio's Derivative Theory for an Infinite Aero-
foil Moving at Subsonic Speeds, A.R.C. 4932, 1941.
3
Frazer, R. A., and Skan, S. W., Influence of Compressibility on
the Flexural-Torsional Flutter of Tapered Cantilever Wings, A.R.C.
5916,1942.
4
Schade, Th., Numerische Losung des Possioschen Integralglei-
chung der schwingenden Tragflache in ebener Unterschallstromung,
ZWB. UM. 3209, 3210, 3211, 1944. Also, A.R.C. 9506 and
10108, 1946.
(Continued on page 834)
 D Y N A M I C E F F E C T S OF ROTOR BLADE B E N D I N G 829

accuracy is desired, one may resort to the tabular
method.
REFERENCES
1
Flax, A. H., The Bending of Rotor Blades, Journal of the Aero-
nautical Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 42-50, January, 1947.
2
Hufton, P. A., Nutt, A. E. W., Bigg, F . J., and Beavan,
J. A., General Investigation into the Characteristics of the C30
Autogyro, British R. & M. No. 1859,1938.
3 Engineering, August, 1940.
Johnson, W. C , and Mayne, R., Effect of Second-Harmonic
Flapping on the Stresses of a Hinged Rotor Blade, Goodyear Air-
craft Report No. R-107-4, Part I I I , 1946.
4 1940.
Hohenemser, K., Zur Festigkeit von umlaufenden und quer
zur Drehebene belasten Staben, die gelenkig an die Brehachse Ange-
schlossen sind, Ingenieur Archiv, B D V I I I , Heft 3, pp. 203-213,
Downloaded by UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS on February 12, 2015 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.2121
7
Theodorsen, Th., General Theory of Aerodynamic Instability
and the Mechanism of Flutter, N.A.C.A. Report No. 496, 1940.
8
Biot, M. A., and Boehnlein, C. T., Aerodynamic Theory of
the Oscillating Wing of Finite Span, Galcit Report No. 5, Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology, September, 1942.
9
Isaacs, R., Airfoil Theory for Flows of Variable Velocity,
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 113-117,
January, 1945.
10
Bennett, J. A. J., Rotary Wing Aircraft, Part VIII, Aircraft
11
von Karman, Th., and Biot, M. A., Mathematical Methods in
Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York,
12
Rayleigh, Lord, Theory of Sound, Vol. 1, p. 137; Dover Pub-
lications, Inc., 1945.

June, 1937. 13
5 Myklestad, N. O., Vibration Analysis, p. 210; McGraw-Hill
Flax, A. H., and Kline, J., Interim Report on Dynamic Effects
Book Company, Inc., 1944.
in Rotor Blade Bending, CAL Report No. BB-427-S-8, September, 14
1948. Johnson, W. C , and Mayne, R., Helicopter Air-Load Char-
6
de Guillenchmidt, P., Calculation of the Bending Stresses in acteristics, Goodyear Aircraft Report No. R-107-4, Part IV, 1946.
15
Helicopter Rotor Blades, Proposed N.A.C.A. Technical Memo- Hirsch, H., The Contribution of Higher Mode Resonance to
randum, January, 1950, Rotor Blade Bending, in preparation.

Analysis of the Elastic and Plastic Stability of Sandwich Plates

by the Method of Split Rigidities—II
{Continued from page 796)

and Struct. Eng., 3rd Congress, Liege, September, 1948, Prelim- with anisotropic core. This affects only P2 for Case 2.
inary Publ. pp. 119-128,1948. Denoting the moduli of rigidity for deformation by the
7
Bijlaard, P. P., Some Contributions to the Theory of Elastic
and Plastic Stability, Publ. Internat. Assoc. Bridge and Struct.
transverse shears Qx and Qy by Gcx and Gcy, the differ-
Eng., Zurich, Vol. 8, pp. 17-80,1947. ential equation (81) for Case 2 transforms into
8
Stowell, E. Z., A Unified Theory of Plastic Buckling of Col-
umns and Plates, N.A.C.A. T.N. No. 1556, April, 1948. d2w c)2w
Gc_
9
Timoshenko, S., Theory of Elastic Stability; McGraw-Hill dx2 by2
Book Company, Inc., New York 1936. ~d2w d2w „ ~d2w
10
Timoshenko, S., Theory of Elasticity, pp. 191-192; McGraw- Pyv 2 + 2 P.xv - 0 (91)
Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1934. dx 2 by dxby
11
Stowell, E. Z., Critical Shear Stress of an Infinitely Lon,£ where
Plate in the Plastic Region, N.A.C.A. T.N. No. 1681, August
1948. ^cyl 0"c: (92)
12
Bijlaard, P. P., On the Elastic Stability of Thin Plates, Sup-
ported by a Continuous Medium, Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., In the same way as for isotropic core one obtains, in-
Amsterdam, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 1189-1199, December, 1946. stead of Eq. (30),
13
Bijlaard, P. P., On the Elastic Stability of Sandwich Plates,
I-II, Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Vol. 50, Nos. P 2 = « [ ( * + h)*G„/t] (93)
1 and 2, pp. 79-87 and 186-193, January-February, 1947.
14
Bijlaard, P. P., Stability of Sandwich Plates in Combined a is given in Table 3, where again /3 = L/b and 7 =
Shear and Compression, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. •Lxf-txy
17, No. 1, p. 63,1950.
15
Ilyushin, A. A., Stability of Plates and Shells Beyond the Pro- TABLE 3
portional Limit, N.A.C.A. T.M. No. 1116, October, 1947.
16
Stowell, E. Z., Plastic Buckling of a Long Flat Plate Under Case a
Combined Shear and Longitudinal Compression, N.A.C.A. T.N. A 1
B, C, D 1 + e/32
No. 1990, December, 1949. E, F 1 + ( e /3V4)
G, H [e(l + e£2)]V2
I (1 + 6/3')/(l + /32)
K
Appendix e { - ( T / 2 ) + [ ( T 2 / 4 ) + ( l / e ) + £2]V2)

All other formulas and values in Table 1 remain the

SANDWICH PLATES WITH ANISOTROPIC CORE
same, except that in the expression for r now Gc has to
Although not published in reference 1, it may be use- be replaced by Gcx. Furthermore in Case I, assuming
ful to give here the necessary data for sandwich plates the plate to have infinite length, fa = 1 + (1/ (32)»