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acetate C2H3O2± ferric Fe3+ (yellow) oxalate C2O42±
aluminum Al3+ ferrous Fe2+ (green) oxide O2±
ammonium NH4+ fluoride F± perbromate BrO4±
barium Ba2+ hydrogen H+ perchlorate ClO4±
bicarbonate HCO3± hydronium H3O+ periodate IO4±
bisulfate HSO4± hydroxide OH± permanganate MnO4± (purple)
bisulfide HS± hypobromite BrO± peroxide O22±
bisulfite HSO3± hypochlorite ClO± phosphate PO43±
bromate BrO3± hypoiodite IO± phosphide P3±
bromide Br± iodate IO3± phosphite PO33±
bromite BrO2± iodide I± potassium K+
calcium Ca2+ iodite IO2± silver Ag+
carbonate CO32± lead Pb2+ sodium Na+
chlorate ClO3± lithium Li+ stannic Sn4+
chloride Cl± magnesium Mg2+ stannous Sn2+
chlorite ClO2± manganese Mn2+ strontium Sr2+
chromate CrO42± (yellow) mercuric Hg2+ sulfate SO42±
chromium Cr3+ mercurous Hg22+ sulfide S2±
cupric Cu2+ (blue) nickel Ni2+ (green) sulfite SO32±
cuprous Cu+ (green) nitrate NO3± thiocyanate SCN±
cyanide CN± nitride N3± thiosulfate S2O32±
dichromate Cr2O72± (orange) nitrite NO2± zinc Zn2+

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Always soluble: MnO4± in acid solution o Mn2+ + H2O
alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), NH4+, MnO2 in acid solution o Mn2+ + H2O
NO3±, ClO3±, ClO4±, C2H3O2±, HCO3 MnO4± in neutral RUEDVLFVRO¶Q o MnO2
Generally soluble: !"#$"%#&'() Cr2O72± in acid solution o Cr3+ + H2O
Cl±, Br±, I± *%+,-+$.$/'$01 Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ !2345). Cr2O72± with a base o CrO42± + H2O
6± *%+,-+$.$/'$01 Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ , Mg2+ CrO42± in basic solution o CrO2± + H2O
!78*93:) HNO3, concentrated o NO2 + H2O
SO42± *%+,-+$.$/'$01 Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ !78*438*) HNO3, dilute (e.g. 6 M) o NO + H2O
Generally insoluble: H2SO4, hot, concentrated o SO2 + H2O
O2±, OH± ;#(%+,-+$.$/'$01 <+=<+&."$1<+.&%#(.<#> NH4+ Free halogens (e.g. Cl2) o halide ions (Cl±)
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ !78*).(%"$?@<1.(%+,-+$ H2O2 in acid solution o H2O
Note: H2O2 decomposes o H2O + O2
CO32±, PO43±, S2±, SO32±, C2O42±, CrO42±
Na2O2 o NaOH
;#(%+,-+$.$/'$01.<+=<+&."$1<+(.<#> NH4+
HClO4 o Cl± + H2O
40!/!%"'0"%$(.5% Other Oxidizers
o H 2CO3 o CO2 + H2O o NH 4OH o NH 3 + H2O Metal-³LF´LRQVHJ6Q4+, Fe3+) o ³-RXV´LRQV6Q2+, Fe2+)
o H 2SO3 o SO2 + H2O o H 2S H2O o H2 + OH±
o 2HNO2 o NO + NO2 + H2O o HCN
!".(,4%./*#6/.!%:(&2#+1-4'54&-.6;%
-/0+%/)/6".()3"/!% Halide ions (e.g. Cl±) o Free halogen (Cl2)
Weak Acids (esp. HC2H3O2 and HF) Free metals o metal ions
!:$PRUL]HWKHVWURQJDFLGV«DOORWKHUVDUHZHDN. ³LWHV´6232± or SO2, NO2± o ³DWHV´6242±, NO3±
HCl hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid )UHHKDORJHQVGLOEDVLFVRO¶Q o hypohalite ions (ClO±)
HBr hydrobromic acid HIO4 periodic acid )UHHKDORJHQVFRQFEDVLFVRO¶Q o halate ions (ClO3±)
HI hydroiodic acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid S2O32± o S4O62±
HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid
2""%#&,".5A>B%/&>$ (NH4OH | NH3(aq)) C<1$B (H2O) Other Reducers
Metal-³RXV´LRQVHJ6Q2+) o ³-LF´LRQV6Q4+)
*.&7&,4%$(.6/!%²²%!"#$%&'(&)%*+&,&-.% H2O o O2 + H +
x Insoluble Solid (Precipitate)
x Weak Electrolyte (H2O or Weak Acid)
x Gas Formation
St u f f I Sh o u l d K n o w (Pa g e 2 )
Complex Ions & Common Ligands
Ligands polar molecules & anions NH3 , H2 O, OH−, CN−, Cl− Odd example:
Central Ions transition metals and Al3+ Ag +, Cu 2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, etc. & Al3+ Fe3+ + SCN− FeSCN2+
Examples usually twice the number of ligands as Ag(CN)2 −, Cu(NH3 )4 2+,
Reaction with Acid:
the charge on the central ion. Ni(OH)4 2−, Zn(NH3 )4 2+,
Key Words: “excess, concentrated” Cu(NH3 )4 2+ + H+ → Cu 2+ + NH4 +
Al(OH)6 3−
Organic Chemistry & Functional Groups
alkanes alkenes alkynes aromatics (benzene) nuclear chem ΔH ΔS Spont.?
Cn H2n+2 Cn H2n Cn H2n−2 C6 H6 alpha − + at all temps
alcohol aldehyde ketone ether 4 + + high temps
He
2 − − low temps
beta/electron + − no temps
0
e Note: ΔS in J
−1
ΔG & ΔH in kJ
carboxylic acid ester amine amide neutron
1 Ksp & Solubility, s
0 n 1:1 Ksp = s 2
1:2 Ksp = 4s 3
positron 1:3 Ksp = 27s 4
0
+1 e 2:3 Ksp = 108s 5
Substituted benzene: ortho = 1,2 meta = 1,3 para = 1,4
Lewis Acids & B ases Electrochemical Cells Bond Orders
BF3 + NH3 → BF3 NH3 anode cathode bond B.O.
acid anhydrides (oxides of nonmetals, CO2 ) oxidation reduction single 1 σ
basic anhydrides (oxides of metals, MgO) − side + side double 2 σ+π
MgO + CO2 → MgCO3 lower E° higher E° triple 3 σ+π+π
decomposition reactions: MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 e− leave e− enter
Strange Examples: P4 O10 + H2 O → H3 PO4
SN & hybridization & shape
Strange Ions: (nitride, N3−) (hydride, H−) Steric Number hybridization basic shape
Li + N2 → Li3 N LiH + H2 O → H2 + Li+ + OH− 1 s −−
Flame Test Colors Quantum Numbers 2 sp linear
Barium – green 1, 2, 3, … 3 sp2  planar
n
4 sp3 tetrahedral
Sodium – yellow l 0 … (n−1)
5 sp3 d  bipyramidal
Copper – blue (w/ green) ml −l … +l
6 sp3 d2 octahedral
Potassium – lavender ms +½, −½
Strontium – red IMF’s
Lithium – red l 0 = s, 1 = p, London nonpolar molecules, ex: CH4 , He
Calcium – orange 2 = d, 3 = f dipole−dipole polar molecules, ex: H2 S, SO2
Writing Lewis Structures hydrogen bonding H−F, H−O−, H−N−, NH3 , H2 O
hint: use one valence electron to connect F’s or Cl’s then amines and alcohols
determine lone pairs (Ex: XeF4 ) metallic metals, Ag, Pb
ionic salts, NaCl, CaCO3
Product−Favored (Spontaneous) Reactions
(Note: “ates” contain covalent bonds)
ΔG < 0 E° > 0 Keq > 1 covalent network C(graphite), C(diamond), SiO2 , WC,
Properties Indicate Strength of Intermolecular Forces (IMF’s) Si, SiC (Note: graphite = London, too)

IMF BP FP Hvap Hfus VP Activity of Metals (Four Groups)

Metals React with…
IMF BP FP Hvap H fus VP Groups I & II H2 O ex: Li + H2 O → Li+ + OH− + H2
Non-oxidizing Acid, ex: HCl
all others
Orders of Reactions & Graphs That Give Straight Lines Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
0 Order 1st Order 2nd Order Cu, Ag, Hg
Oxidizing Acid, HNO3 or H2 SO4 (conc.)
[R] vs. Time ln[R] vs. Time 1/[R] vs. Time Cu + HNO3 → NO2 + H2 O + Cu 2+
slope = -k slope = -k slope = k Au, Pt, Ir Aqua Regia (HNO3 + HCl)