Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of

genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such

as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies
of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms.
The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such
as digital media or software.

The Process of Animal Cloning

Initial attempts at artificially induced Animal Cloning were done using
developing embryonic cells. The DNA nucleus was extracted from an
embryonic cell and implanted into an unfertilized egg, from which the
existing nucleus had already been removed. The process of fertilization was
simulated by giving an electric shock or by some chemical treatment
method. The cells that developed from this artificially induced union were
then implanted into host mothers. The cloned animal that resulted had a
genetic make-up exactly identical to the genetic make-up of the original cell.

Now animal cloning can be done both for reproductive and non-reproductive
or therapeutic purposes. In the second case, cloning is done to produce stem
cells or other such cells that can be used for therapeutic purposes, for
example, for healing or recreating damaged organs; the intention is not to
duplicate the whole organism.

List of animals that have been cloned

1 Camel

2 Carp

3 Cat

4 Cattle

5 Dog

6 Ferret

7 Frog (tadpole)
 INJAZ THE CAMEL

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing

distinctive fatty deposits, known as humps, on its back. There are two
species of camels: the dromedary or Arabiancamel has a single hump, and
the Bactrian camel has two humps. Dromedaries are native to the
dry desert areas of West Asia, and Bactrian camels are native
to Central and East Asia. Both species are domesticated; they
provide milk and meat, and are beasts of burden.
The term camel, derived from the triconsonantal root signifying "beauty"), is
also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like creatures in the
family Camelidae: the two true camels, and the four South
American camelids: the llama,alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña.
The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A fully grown
adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at
the hump. The hump rises about 30 inches (76.20 cm) out of its body.
Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds
of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).
Fossil evidence indicates that the ancestors of modern camels evolved
in North America during the Palaeogene period (see also Camelops), and
later spread to most parts of Asia. The people of ancient Somalia or
the Kingdom of Punt first domesticated camels well before 2000 BC.

Distribution and numbers

The almost 14 million dromedaries alive today are domesticated
animals (mostly living inSomalia, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle
East and Indian subcontinent). An estimated quarter of the world's
camel population is found in Somalia and in the Somali Region of
Ethiopia, where the camel is an important part of nomadic Somali life.
They provide the Somali people with milk, food and transportation.
Commercial camel market headcount in 2003
The Bactrian camel is now reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals,
mostly domesticated. It is thought that there are about 1000 wild Bactrian
camels in the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia.
There is a substantial feral population of dromedaries estimated at up to
1,000,000 in central parts of Australia, descended from individuals
introduced as transport animals in the 19th century and early 20th century.
This population is growing at approximately 18% per year. The government
of South Australia has decided to cull the animals using aerial marksmen,
because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed
by sheep farmers.
A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians
survived in the Southwest United States until the second half of the 20th
Century. These animals, imported from Turkey, were part of the U.S. Camel
Corps experiment and used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were
released after the project was terminated. A descendant of one of these was
seen by a backpacker in Los Padres National Forest in 1972. Twenty-three
Bactrian camels were brought to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.
Eco-behavioural adaptations
Camels do not store water in their humps as is commonly believed The
humps are actually a reservoir of fatty tissue. Concentratingbody fat in
their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of
their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When
 this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy, and yields more
than 1 g of water for each 1 g of fat converted through reaction with
oxygen from air. This process of fat metabolization generates a net
loss of water through respiration for the oxygen required to convert the
fat.

A camel's thick coat is one of their many adaptations that aid them in desert-
like conditions.
Their ability to withstand long periods without water is due to a series of
physiological adaptations. Theirred blood cells have an oval shape, unlike
those of other mammals, which are circular. This facilitates their flow in
a dehydrated state. These cells are also more stable in order to withstand
high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of
water (100 litres (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) to 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US
gal) in one drink).] Oval red corpuscles are not found in any other mammal,
but are present in reptiles, birds, and fish.
Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water content
that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C
(93 °F) at night and up to 41 °C (106 °F) during the day, and only above this
threshold will they begin to sweat. The upper body temperature range is
often not reached during the day in milder climatic conditions, and therefore,
the camel may not sweat at all during the day. Evaporation of their sweat
takes place at the skin level, not at the surface of their coat, thereby being
very efficient at cooling the body compared to the amount of water lost
through perspiration.
Camels are used as draft animals inPakistan

Domesticated camels at the Pyramids of Giza

A feature of their nostrils is that a large amount of water vapor in their
exhalations is trapped and returned to their body fluids, thereby reducing the
amount of water lost through respiration.
They can withstand at least 20-25% weight loss due to sweating (most
mammals can only withstand about 15% dehydration before cardiac
failure results from circulatory disturbance). A camel's blood remains
hydrated, even though the body fluids are lost, until this 25% limit is
reached.
Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder
conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for
drinking. A camel's thick coat reflects sunlight, and also insulates it from the
intense heat radiated from desert sand. A shorn camel has to sweat 50%
more to avoid overheating. Their long legs help by keeping them further
from the hot ground. Camels have been known to swim.
Their mouth is very sturdy, able to chew thorny desert plants. Long
eyelashes and ear hairs, together with sealable nostrils, form a barrier against
sand. Their gait and their widened feet help them move without sinking into
the sand.
The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water.
Urine comes out as a thick syrup, and their feces are so dry that they can fuel
fires. All camelids have an unusual immune system. In all mammals, the Y-
shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the
length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels
also have antibody molecules that have only two heavy chains, which makes
them smaller and more durable. These heavy chain-only antibodies, which
were discovered in 1993, probably developed 50 million years ago, after
camelids split from ruminants and pigs, according to biochemist Serge
Muyldermans.]
The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North
Africa) where the wheel had already been established. The camel did not
lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal
combustion engine in the 20th century.
Military uses

Camel cavalry have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East
and into modern-day India. Armies have also used camels as freight animals
instead of horses and mules.
In the East Roman Empire the Romans used auxiliary forces known
as Dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces. The camels were
mostly used in combat because of their ability to scare off horses in close
ranges, a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid .
• The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was
stationed in California in the 19th century. One may still see brick
stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they serve
as artists' and artisans' studio spaces. During the American Civil War,
camels were used at an experimental stage, but were not used any
further, as they were unpopular with the men.
• France created a méhariste camel corps as part of the Armée d'Afrique
in the Sahara from 1902, replacing regular units of
Algerian spahisand tirailleurs earlier used to patrol the desert
boundaries. The camel-mounted units remained in service until the
end of French rule in 1962. The French transferred the French
personnel to other units and disbanded the locally recruited
méharistes.
• In 1916, during World War I, the British created the Imperial Camel
Corps, which was a brigade-sized military formation that fought in the
Sinai and Palestine Campaign. It comprised infantry mounted on
camels for movement across desert. In May 1918 the Corps was
reduced in strength to a single battalion and was formally disbanded
in May 1919. Also during World War I, the British Army created
theEgyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of
Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British
war operations in the Sinai desert, Palestine and Syria by transporting
supplies to the troops.
• The Somaliland Camel Corps was a unit of the British Army based
in British Somaliland from the early 20th century until the 1960s.
• The Bikaner Camel Corps was a military unit from India that fought
for the allies in World War I and World War II.
• The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of
Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara
(today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of
the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas
were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit
guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.
Hybrids
Camels have been subject to selective breeding and hybridization to make
them more useful to man. Crosses between
the bactrian anddromedary camels exist, as does a cross between the Camel
and Llama known as a cama.

Camel calf feeding on her mother's milk

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is richer in fat and
protein than cow milk. It is said to have many healthful properties. It is used
as a medicinal product inIndia] and as
an aphrodisiac in Ethiopia. Bedouins believe that the curative powers of
camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain plants. Camel
milk can readily be made into yogurt, but can only be made into butter or
cheese with difficulty. Butter or yogurt made from camel milk is said to
have a very faint greenish tinge.
Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method.
It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent added, or
if it is churned at 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), but times vary greatly in achieving
results. Until recently, camel milk could not be made into cheese
because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the
collection of curds. Under the commission of the FAO, Professor J.P. Ramet
of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries
Alimentaires (ENSAIA) was able to produce curdling by the addition
of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet.[17] The cheese produced from
this process has low levels of cholesterol and lactose.
 Meat

Domesticated camel calves in Dubai

A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male
dromedary carcass can weigh 400 kg (900 lb) or more, while the carcass of a
male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,400 lb). The carcass of a female
camel (or she-camel) weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and
350 kg (550 and 770 lb). The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred
parts, but the hump is considered a delicacy and is most favored. It is
reported that camel meat tastes like coarse beef, but older camels can prove
to be very tough and less flavorful. The meat from older camels is best
prepared by slow cooking. Camel meat is low in fat, and can thus taste dry.
The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger, as this allows the meat
to be mixed with beef or lamb fat, improving both the texture and taste.
In Karachi, Pakistan the exclusive Niharirestaurants prepare this dish from
camel meat, while the general restaurants prepare it with eitherbeef or water
buffalo meat.
Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient
Greek writers as an available dish in ancient Persia at banquets, usually
roasted whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's
heel. Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions includingSomalia, where it
is called Hilib geel, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Kazakhstan and
other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or
where camel meat has had a long cultural history. In the Middle East, camel
meat is the rarest and most prized source of pastırma. Not just the meat, but
also blood is a consumable item as is the case in northern Kenya, where
camel blood is a source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals.
Health issues
A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United
States Center for Disease Control details cases of human bubonic
plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver

What are the risks of cloning?

Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of

cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear
transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In
addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more
compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth,
and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in
poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have
died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals
have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age.
Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of
long-term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For
example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the
day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of
death