‫وزارة اﻟـﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟـﻌﺎﻟـﻲ‬

‫ﻛـﻠﯿﺔ اﻟـﮭﻨﺪﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﻗـﺴﻢ اﻟـﻤﺪﻧـﻲ‬
‫ا‬

‫‪Drains‬‬

‫‪Student: sultan muzahim niamaa‬‬

‫‪Stage 3 section B‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
Drainage:-is defi ned as the removal of excess water and salts from
adequately irrigated agricultural lands.

Drains :- it defined as network of canals or little secondery drains that

withdraw salty water from form land to the main drain ( outfall drain) .

benefits of the drainage of farm land

1-improves soil structure and increases the soil productivity

2-facilitstes early ploughing and planting

3-incrases the depth of root zone thereby increasing the available soil
moisture and plant food
4-increases soil ventilation

5-increases water infiltration into the ground thereby decreasing soil

erosion on the surface

6-creates favourable conditions for growth of soil bacteria

7-leaches excess salts from soil

8-maintains favorable soil temperature

9-improves sanitary and health conditions for the residents of the area.

2
Drainage system

The design of a drainage system depends upon a number of factors:-

1-geological and soil surveys

2-the properties of the soil especially the permeability should be

determined

3-the depth of the water table below the land surface should be
ascertained

4-the fluctuations of the water table during the year should be also
studied

5-the quantity of ground water should be determined 6-the salts in the

soil and water sho

3
Open drains
Classification as

1 -shallow surface drains

Its open drains its depths rather
small under earth surface and it
drainage excess water from irrigation
water operations at the agriculture fields
, also designed for drainage rain water

2-deep open drains

Its open drains like shallow open drains but thes drains are more
deeply and it use as outfall for closed drain system to maintain logging
lands and use as surface drainage system

4
Surface drains

Defined as network of open drains collect water from field drains to the
collector drains then to secondary drains ,branch drains and main drain
at the area of project then drainage into the outfall drain

Outfall drain :- its a big open drain recive water from several main
drains of several projects

Main drain :- its the drain which collect water of project from secondary
drains and branch drains and drainage into outfall drain

Branch drains:- its big open drain collect water from secondary
drains and drainage into main drain

Secondary drains :- its also open drains that collect water from
collector drains to main drain

Collector drains :- its open drains collect water from fi eld drains to
secondary or branch drains

5
Drains in iraq
There are an agricultural lands about the whole area between Tigris and
Euphrates and along them , therefore much more drains its important

Outfall drain :- it consider an important drain in iraq run along 525

km form lands also its latest project that achieved and proved , below a
picture of a part of outfall drain in al Mahmoudiyah particularly

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