CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 1

CE319
Design of Steel Structures

Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat

Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 2

CE 319: Design of Steel Structures

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week

Syllabus
‡ Behavioral principles and design of structural steel
‡ Design of tension members
‡ Bolted and welded connections
‡ Compression members, residual stress, local buckling, effective length
‡ Flexural members, lateral torsional buckling
‡ Design of beam-columns
‡ Connection design, moment connection, column bases
‡ Detailing of steel structures

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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CE 319: Design of Steel Structures

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week

Marks Distribution
Term final exam: 105+105 = 210
Class test: 3×20 = 60
Attendance: 30
Total: 300

Class tests: Best 3 of 4

Tentative Schedule
CT – 1: 4th week
CT – 2: 6th week
CT – 3: 8th week
CT – 4: 10th week

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 4

Attendance Rules
12
BUET Ordinance for Undergraduate 10
Program
8
% Marks

Art. 26.1: All students are expected to attend 6

classes regularly. The university believes 4
that attendance is necessary for effective
learning. The first responsibility of a student 2
Zero

is to attend classes regularly, and one is 0

required to attend at least 60% of all classes <60 60 65 70 75 80 85 90+
% Attendance
held in every course.
Art. 27: ………. A student who has been absent for short periods, up to a maximum of
three weeks due to illness should approach the course teacher(s) or the course
coordinator(s) for make-up quizzes or assignments immediately on returning to the
classes. Such request should be supported by medical certificate from a University
Medical Officer. The medical certificate issued by a registered medical practitioner
(with the Registration Number shown explicitly on the certificates) will also be
acceptable only in those cases where the student has valid reasons for his absence
from the university.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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CE 319: Design of Steel Structures

Main reference text book

Steel Structures: Design and

Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009

Authors:
Salmon, Johnson and Malhas,

Publisher:
Pearson – Prentice Hall

Recommended by AISC

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 6

CE 319: Design of Steel Structures

Supporting books and references

Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 2005 (AISC 360-05)

Author: American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Manual for Steel Construction, 14th Edition, 2011

Author: American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Design of Steel Structures, 3rd Ed., 1991

Authors: Gaylord, Gaylord and Stallmeyer, Publisher: McGraw-Hill

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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Design Philosophies

A general statement assuming safety in engineering design is:

Resistance/Strength/Capacity η Effect of applied loads (1)

‰ In eq.(1) it is essential that both sides are evaluated for same

conditions and units e.g. compressive stress on soil should be
compared with bearing capacity of soil.
‰ Resistance of structures is composed of its members which
comes from materials and cross-section.
‰ Resistance, Capacity, and Strength are somewhat synonym
terms.
‰ Terms like Demand, Stresses, and Loads are used to express
Effect of applied loads.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 8

Limit States
When particular loading reaches its limit, failure is the assumed
result, i.e. the loading condition become failure modes, such a
condition is referred to as limit state and it can be defined as

“A limit state is a condition beyond which a structural system or

a structural component ceases to fulfill the function for which it
is designed.”

In other words, limit state is

A Pre-defined Unacceptable Condition

There are three broad classification of limit states:

¾ Strength limit states
¾ Serviceability limit states
¾ Special limit states

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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Limit States
Strength Limit States
Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Fatigue, Settlement, Bearing
Serviceability Limit States
Cracking, Excessive deflection, Buckling, Stability
Special Limit States
Collapse due to earthquake effect, Structural effect of fire, explosion or
vehicular collision

‰ Design approach used must ensure that the probability of a Limit

State being reached in the Design/Service Life of a structure is
within acceptable limits.
‰ However, complete elimination of probability of a Limit State being
achieved in the service life of a structure is impractical as it would
result in uneconomical designs.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 10

Design Considerations
‰ Structure and structural members should have adequate strength, stiffness
and toughness to ensure proper functioning during service life
‰ Reserve strength should be available to cater for accidental or occasional
overload.
‰ Structural design must provide adequate margin of safety irrespective of
design method.
‰ An important goal in design is to prevent limit state from being reached. It
is not economical to design a structure so that none of its members or
components could ever fail. Thus, it is necessary to establish an acceptable
level of risk or probability of failure.
‰ Brittle behavior is to be avoided as it will imply a sudden loss of load
carrying capacity when elastic limit is exceeded.
‰ The two distinct procedures employed by designers are,
ƒ Allowable Strength Design (ASD) &
ƒ Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
Introduction - 1 11

Loads and Load Effects

D= Dead Load: Gravity load coming from the weight of the
structure itself and other permanent components attached to
it.
L = Live Load: Gravity load coming on floors (except roof) from
non-permanent and movable loads.
Lr = Roof Live Load: Live load on roof.
W = Wind Load.
E = Earthquake Force: Earthquake itself does not exert any force
on a structure. It is the force resulting from the inertia effect
of the structure due to ground shaking which is estimated by
various idealized simplified methods.
S = Snow Load: Gravity load due to deposition of snow or ice.
R = Rainwater Load: Gravity load due to ponding of rainwater.
H = Lateral Pressure: Load due to lateral earth pressure, ground
water pressure,or pressure of bulk materials.
Load Effects: Stress and Strain, Reaction, Force and Moment etc.
resulting from the application of load.
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 12

Load Combinations
Load combination actually means combination of similar load
effects.

Load Effect Combinations for LRFD: Load Effect Combinations for ASD:

1. 1.4D 1. D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R) 2. D+L
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) 3. D + L + (Lr or S or R)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or R) 4. D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L 5. 0.6D + W
6. 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E) 6. 0.6D + 0.7E

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Resistance or strength: Rn
Resistance factor: φ < 1.0
Load effect: Qi [ i = 1,2,3…. for dead load, live load etc.]
Load factor: γi [ i = 1,2,3…. for dead load, live load etc.]
Ru: Factored load effect
LRFD safety requirement
φ Rn ≥ Ru (= Σ γi Qi )

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Resistance or strength: Rn
Safety factor: Ω > 1.0
Load effect: Qi [ i = 1,2,3…. for dead load, live load etc.]
Load factor: γi = 1.0 [ i = 1,2,3…. for dead load, live load etc.]
Ra: Required strength / allowable strength
ASD safety requirement
Rn / Ω ≥ Ra (= Σ γi Qi = ΣQi)

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 14

Advantages of Structural Steel as a Building Material

1. Steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio.

2. The properties of structural steel are uniform and homogeneous, and
highly predictable.
3. It has high ductility, thus providing adequate warning of any
impending collapse.
4. It can easily be recycled. In fact, some buildings have a majority of
their components made of recycled steel.
5. Steel structures are easier and quicker to fabricate and erect,
compared with concrete structures.
6. The erection of steel structures is not as affected by weather as is the
use of other building materials, enabling steel erection to take place
even in the coldest of climates.
7. It is relatively easier to make additions to existing steel structures
because of the relative ease of connecting to the existing steel
members.
8. Steel structures are easier to repair, retrofit or strengthen.
9. Steel structures are easier to inspect.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

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Disadvantages of Structural Steel as a Building Material

1. Corrosion: Steel is susceptible to corrosion and has to be protected by
galvanizing or by coating with zinc-rich paint, especially structures
exposed to weather or moisture, although corrosion-resistant steels are
also available. Consequently, maintenance costs could be high compared
to other structural materials.
2. Susceptibility to Temperature: Steel itself is incombustible. However its
structural properties are adversely affected by high temperatures and
therefore often needs to be protected from fire.
3. Brittle Fracture: Depending on the types of structural details used,
structural steel may be susceptible to brittle fracture due to the presence
of stress concentrations.
4. Fatigue: Another undesirable property of steel is that its strength is
susceptible to stress reversals and also to repetitive variation of tensile
stress. Strength of steel is reduced when subjected to stress reversals.
5. Susceptibility to Buckling: As the length and slenderness of a compression
member or element is increased, he danger of buckling is increased. Steel
columns are ofen very economical due to their high strength-to-weight
ratio. However, additional steel is usually required to prevent buckling
which often increases the cost.
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 16

Difference Between Steel and Concrete Structure Design

Concrete Structure
1. Normally cast in place.
2. Flexible size and shape of members.
3. Connection design is less important.
4. Buckling related instability is less
important.
5. Heavy.
6. Requires longer construction time.
7. More fire resistant than steel
structures.
8. Easier maintenance.
9. Generally cheaper than steel
structures.
10. Safer against bomb/blast attack.
11. Difficult to inspect.
12. Difficult to repair, retrofit and
strengthen.
Steel Structure
1. Components are fabricated in factory
and assembled in place.
2. Predefined size and shape of
members.
3. Connection design is extremely
important.
4. Buckling is one of the most important
design considerations.
5. Light.
6. Requires shorter construction time.
7. Less fire resistant than concrete
structures.
8. Maintenance is more elaborate.
9. Generally costlier than concrete
structures.
10. Less safer against bomb/blast attack.
11. Easier to inspect.
12. Easier to repair, retrofit and
strengthen.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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Material

Iron Ore → Pig Iron

High carbon content, 3.5 – 4.5%
Not very suitable for modern use.

Pig Iron → Wrought Iron

Low carbon content, 0.1 – 0.25%
Tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded.

Pig Iron → Cast Iron

Carbon: 2.0 – 4.0%, Silicon 1-3%
Brittle, relatively low melting point, good fluidity,
castability, excellent machinability, resistance to
deformation and wear resistance

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 18

Structural Steel or Carbon Steel

Composition of common structural steel:

Iron, Fe: 98.0 %
Carbon, C: 0.15 – 0.3 %
Copper, Cu: 0.2 %
Manganese, Mn: 1.03%
Phosphorous, P: 0.04%
Silicon, Si: 0.28%
Sulphur, S: 0.05%

Unit weight: 490 lb/ft3

Young's Modulus: 29000 ksi

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1
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Structural Steel or Carbon Steel

Composition of common structural steel:

Iron, Fe: 98.0 %
Carbon, C: 0.15 – 0.3 %
Copper, Cu: 0.2 %
Manganese, Mn: 1.03%
Phosphorous, P: 0.04%
Silicon, Si: 0.28%
Sulphur, S: 0.05%

Unit weight: 490 lb/ft3

Young's Modulus: 29000 ksi

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 Design of Steel Structures 1

Introduction - 1 20

Different Types of Structural Steel

& more…
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017
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Steel Shapes
There are two types of steel shapes based on process of forming:

‰ Cold Formed Shapes.

Cold formed shapes are manufactured by bending or folding or cold
rolling mild steel sheets of thickness 3mm or less to the desired
shape.

‰ Hot Rolled Shapes.

Hot rolled shapes are formed by heating steel billets to softer state
and then passing the billets through carefully shaped and aligned
rollers to force the billet to achieve the desired shape.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

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Cold Formed Shapes

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

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HOT ROLLED STEEL SHAPES: TENSION MEMBERS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

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HOT ROLLED STEEL SHAPES: COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

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STEEL SHAPES: FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017