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juk; 13
mofpaw;Jiw
fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gjpg;gfk;:
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KfTiu
Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; %d;W tplaq;fisAk; cq;fsJ ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjtw;fhfj;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; 13Me; juj;jpy; fw;gpf;Fk; rfy Mrpupa MrpupiafSf;Fk;
cupa gapw;rpia toq;Fk; gzpfisAk; nra;J tUfpd;wJ. njhlu;r;rpahf
elj;jg;gLk; ,g;gapw;rp mku;Tfspy; Mrpupau;fs; gq;Fgw;WtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,q; F jug; g l; L s; s fw; w y; - fw; g pj; j y; Nfhl; g hLfs; > nrad; K iwfis
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F mg;gapw;rp ngupJk; Jizahf mikAnkd;gNj mjw;fhd
fhuzkhFk;. Fwpg;ghfg; ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisj; Nju;r;rp
tpUj;jpf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jiyg; ghl
tplq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jptplhJ khzt khztpauJ jpwd;fSf;F
nkU$l;Ljy; vDk; vjpu;ghu;g;ig epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,t;nty;yhj; jiyaPLfSk;
,d;wpaikahjitahFk; vd;gij fy;tp kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpfspy; <LgLk;
ehk; midtUk; ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
i
Kd; D iu
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2009Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13Mk; juj;jpwF ; upa
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cq;fSf;Fj;
Jizahf mikAk;. ,e;j topfhl;b E}iyj; jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahff;
nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; ,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapypUe;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J
NtWgl; l J. ,J Nju; r ; r pfis mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l ghlj; j pl; l khf
mike;jpUg;gNj mt;NtWghlhFk;. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;rr ; pfis ,j;juj;jpNyNa
mila Kbahkw; Nghf ,lKz;L. rpyNtis> mjw;fhf ePz;lfhyk; vLf;fyhk;.
vdpDk;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisAk; me;jj; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s
fw;ww; NgWfisAk; ,j;juk; Kbtiltjw;Fs; miljy; mtrpakhFk;. vdNt>
,j;juj;jpw;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F mj;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;
fw;ww;NgWfSk; JizahFk;.
,f;fw;ww;NgWfisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tFj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giw kjpg;gl P L
; f; fUtpfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd
epajpfshfg; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;JtPuf ; s; vd vjpu;ghu;ff
; pNwhk;.
NkYk; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapYk;NghJ crhTtjw;Fupa Nkyjpf E}y;fs;> ,iza
tiyf; flg;gplq;fs; (Web Site) Kjyhdit Fwpj;J khztu;fSf;F mwpt+l;lk;
nra;tjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Jizahf mikAk;.
ePq;fs; Mf;fg+u;tkhd Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gLtPu;fs; vDk; vjpu;ghu;g;GlNdNa
cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F khjpupr; nraw;ghLfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijf;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau; - ika tFg;giwr; nrad;Kiwia
khw; w p khztu; - ikar; nrad; K iwahf mikj; j y; Ntz; L k; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> khztiu E}y; crhTif> ,izag; gad;ghL
Kjyhd Njly;fspy; ftdk; nry;yj;jf;fthW fw;wy; tha;gG
; f;fis cUthf;FtJ
Fwpj;J kpfTk; mtjhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gpjj
; ypdN; ghJ kuG uPjpahd Kiwapy; FwpgG
; toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhd ftu;rr
; pfukhd
tifapy; Gj;jwpT> Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf
,g;Gjpa tFg;giwapy; njhopyE ; l;gj;ij cr;rstpy; cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;ghly;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ FwpjJ ; f; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Gjpa
njhopyE ; l;gr; rhjdq;fis ,d;wsTf;F Mf;fg+ut ; khfg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
13Mk; juj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;fj; njhlq;Fk; cq;fs; khztu;fSf;F
,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;Jj; njspTgLj;JtJ gaDilajhFk;. tUlj;Js; eilKiwg;
gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cq;fsJ fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;tjhy;
fw;wypd;ghy; mk;khztu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;lyhk;. NkYk; KOg; ghlj;ijAk;
fw;gjw;fhf khztu;fisg; ghlrhiyapd;ghy; <u;g;gjw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;.
Gjpa fiyj;jpll ; kWrPuikg;gpD}lhf tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; w; nrad;Kiwapy;
njs;sj; njspthf khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj; jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau;
mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaAk; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ Mf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;Jnfhs;SkhW Ntz;LfpNwd;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j
fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk;> Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ
tpNrl ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu;
ehafk; fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju mtu;fSf;Fk; mr;rpl;Lg; ghlrhiyfSf;F
tpepNahfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;s fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; cl;gl Vida
gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpff ; pdN
; wd;. ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vdf;F mDg;gp itg;guP f ; shapd;
ed;wpAilatdhNtd;.
tpky; rpak; g yhnfhl
cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gPlk;.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iii
mwpKfk;
Gjpa fiyj;jpll
; kWrPuikg;gpd; Clhfj; Nju;rr
; pikaf; fy;tpfF
; topNfhyg;gl;Ls;s
jw;fhyf; fy;tpj; Jiwapy;> tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwfspy;
khztu;f;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Gjpa capu;j;Jbg;G epiwe;j kfpo;r;rpfukhd
tFg;giwnahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ mupanjhU Njrpag;
gzpahFk;.
gjpd%
; d;whk; juj;Jf;fhf 2010 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjkhfj;
jahupf;fg;gl;l ~~ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;|| ghlk; rk;ge;jkhfg; Gjpa fy;tp
kWrPuikg; gpd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ
mg;ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztUf;Fk; fw;gpj;jypyPLgLk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j
ifj;JizahF nkd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
ghu;gN
; ghupd; Jyq;fy;fs;> jpwdha;Tfs;> tpku;rdq;fs;> ,urid Mfpa midj;Jk;
ehlff; fiyapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; ngUe;Jizahfpdw ; d. rpwe;jnjhU ehlfj;ijg;
ghu;jj; gpdd
; u; ghu;gN
; ghu; Kd;itf;Fk; rpwg;ghd jpwdha;itAk; ntw;wp ngwj;jtwpa
xU ehlfj; i jg; ghu; j ; j gpd; d u; ghu; g ; N ghu; Kd; i tf; F k; tpku; r dq; f s; >
fz;ldq;fisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f kdg;gf;Ftj;ij ehlfu;fs; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
v
ehlf eag; G f; F g; nghUj; j khd cWj; J zu; T ila kdepiyia tpUj; j p
nra;Jnfhs;sy;> njhopy;rhu; uPjpahd ehlff; fiyQuhjy; Nghd;w NkYk;
gad;fisAk; ngwyhk;. ,j;jpwd;fs; ahTk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf khztupd; tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;sj;jf;f tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;glj;jf;f Nju;r;rpfshFk;.
vi
2.0 ghlj; j pd; Fwpf; N fhs; f s;
vii
3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
1.0 1.1
e h l f K k ; m u q ; f p a Y k ; cyfpd; ntt; N tWgl; l ehlf • ,aw;gz;G thjk; 12
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/ Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu • ajhu;j;j thjk;
nfhs; i ffis (Theories) ahLtu;. • kNdhujpa thjk;
tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
• Nkhbikg; ghzp
2.0 2.1
fiy vd;gij Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; njhlu; • newpahs;if 15
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; ghd mbr; n rhw; g jq; f Sf; F k; > • muq;f/Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;
vDk; fiyia Vida mbg; g ilahd vz; z f; f Uf; • muq;fj;njhopEl;gk;
fiyfSld; xg;gpLthu;. fSf;Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;. • muq;fntspfs;
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; 2.2 • ghu;g;Nghu;
njhlu; g hd mbr; n rhw; ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld; • rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij>
viii
3.0 3.1
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;G • Nkil tpjhdpg;Gk; xspA+l;lYk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;gilf; ila fiyfspd; gad;ghl;il/gpu • xg;gid 14
Nfhl; g hLfs; / nfhs; i f Nahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg; • NtlTil
fis mbg; g ilahff; ghf;fk; nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;. • muq;f ,ir> xyp
nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;ej ; • eld mirTfs;
gilg;ghf;fq;fis tpUj;jp • Nkil ,izg;ghf;fKk;> eld mirTfSk;
nra;thu;. (Choreography)
ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
4.0 4.1
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa kdNk ehlfk; njhlf;fk; 21Mk; • rpq;fs ehlff;fiy 05
Yld; njhlu;Gila cs; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; cs;ehl;L - kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
ehl; L (RNjr)> ntsp ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;rr
; pg;Nghf;if
ehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk; Muha;tu;.
r%fg; gpd; d zpiaj;
Njbg; ghu;gg
; hu;. (Explore) 4.2
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;iwAk; ehlf • ,yq;ifapd; kuGuPjpahd jkpo; ehlff;fiy 36
njhlu; g hd mbr; n rhw; tbtq;fisAk; Njbawptu;. • jkpo; kf;fspd; Ra> gz;ghl;L/fyhrhu tho;f;
gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil (,yq;if> jkpofk;) ifAld; njhlu;Gila ehlff;fiy
ahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf; • ehlf tyaq;fs; - aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G>
Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg; td;dp> kd;dhu;> kiyehL> rpyhgk;> Gj;jsk;
ix
• Afju;kk;
4.5
fpNuf; f ehlfq; f s; njhlu; g hf • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; %yfq;fSk;> ehlf
12
Muha;tu;. tiffSk;
• jpwn[b (Tragedy)
• nfhkb (Comedy)
• rw;wau; (Satyre)
• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp
• <];fpy];
• NrhNghf;fpsp];
• A+upg;gpb];
• mup];NuhNgd;];
• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; ehlf/muq;fg;ghzp
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
4.6
rk]; f pUj ehlfq; f s; gw; w pf; • rk];fpUj ehlfhrpupau;fs; 08
fye;JiuahLtu;. • ghrd;> fhspjhrd;> #j;ufu;> =`u;rd;
• rk];fpUj ehlf muq;fg;ghzp
• ~~ur|| - Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.7
kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; • kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; 06
njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwptu;. • kiwnghUs; ehlfk; (Mystery)
• mw;Gj ehlfk; (Miracle)
• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfk; (Morality plays)
4.8
vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; • vyprngj; fhy ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp 08
xii
4.9
10
ag;ghdpa ehlf kuGfisf; fye;J • ag;ghdpa ehlfq;fs; - Neh> fGf;fp> Gd;wF>
iuahLtu;. Nfhth`> fpNah[d;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
4.10
08
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; • 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa ehlfhrpupau;fs;
Kidg;ghfj; njupAk; ehlfhrpupau; • n`d;wpf; ,g;rd;
fs; gw;wpj; Njbawptu;. • md;ud; nrf;Nfht;
• ];udp];nt];fp
• Nkau; N`hy;l;
4.11
08
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlfg; Nghf;F • Nghl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;
fisAk; guPl;rhu;j;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l • rhKNty; ngf;fl;
fiyQu;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiu • FNwhl;Nlht;];fp
ahLtu;. • md;NuhdpNah Mu;e;Njh (Artaud)
• mf;];jh Nghy;
xiii
• gPw;wu; GW}f;
• wpr;rl; nrf;du;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
5.0 5.1
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa ehlf ghlj;ij eag;gu;. • ehlf ghlj;ij Muha;thu;. 61
ypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf; 5.2. • tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rPru; my;yJ
fis eaj;jypd; %yKk; ehlf ghlkhdJ ehlfkhf xj;njy;Nyh
jpwdha; j ypd; %yKk; khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid • n`d;wpr; ,g;rdpd; xU ghitapd; tPL 20
tho;fi; f mDgtq;fisg; EZfp Muha;tu;. • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp
ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. 5.3 (jpup$lY}u; uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;)
ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fis myrpg; • myq;fhu&gd; (gjpg;G. R. tpj;jpahde;jd;)
fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;
Gjpa tho;fi; ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij • 5.1 - 5.3 tiuapyhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis mil
gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;
cUthf;fpf;nfhs;tu;.
gLj;Jthu;. tjw;fhf ,ad;w msTf;F ehlf ghlq;fis
myrp Muha;e;J jpwdha;jYk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhfr;
rpe;jidapd; ghw;gLjYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xiv
20
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
6.0
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa 6.1
ypd; Nfhl;ghLfis/vz; FW ehlfk; xd;Wf;fhf/rpWtu; • FW ehlfk; - tiutpyf;fzk; 15
zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ehlf ghlk; • FW ehlf ghlk; - vOJjy;
%yk; ifahz;L ghu;g; xd;iw vOJtu;. • rpWtu; ehlfk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
gjd; %yk; gilg;ghf;fr; • rpWtu; ehlf ghlk; vOJjy;
rpe; j idia tsu; j ; J f; 6.2
nfhs;thu;. ehlf ghlk; xd;wpid vOJk; • ehlf ghlk; xd;iw vOJk;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg; 10
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> NghJ vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpur;rp gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;
Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; idfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
7.0
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; 7.1
xv
ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila njhopy; / thz;ikj; Jiwfis • vOjpa rpWtu; ehlf ghlj;Jf;F/FWehlf ghlj; 10
fiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf ehLtjw; f hd gupr; r aj; i jg; Jf;F mika ,ize;j fiyfisg; gad;gLj;J
thz; i k/njhopy; r hu; e ; j ngWtu;. tjw;fhd gupr;raj;ijg; ngWjy;
jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir>
Nkiyj; N ja ,irapd;
mbg; g il mk; r q; f is
tpsf;Fthu;.
vOj; j hf; f Kiw topapy; . ..
vOj;jhsu; FO
cs; t hup : jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;
nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
xvi
jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
tpupTiuahsu; - fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}up
jpU. f. =fe;jNts;
Mrpupa Nrit - t/tpGyhde;jhf; fy;Y}up> tTdpah
jpUkjp Rtu;zyjh
Mrpupau; Nrit - rhe;j mdh tpj;jpahyak;> FUzhfy;
xvii
cs;Siw
gf;fk;
KfTiu ii
Kd;Diu iii
fy;tp ntspaPlL
; Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv
mwpKfk; v
ghlj;jpll
; k; viii
cs;Siw xviii
nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 1
xviii
ehlfKk; muq; f f; fiyfSk;
ghlNtis : 03
ghlNtis : 03
• naq;fpd; \;yhu;l]
; ; ,dJ Dragon Nghd;w ehlfq;fs;
,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.
ghlNtis : 03
mwpKfk; : ajhu;jj
; thj ehlf Nkhb gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fw;gNj
,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
• ajhu;jj
; thj ehlfnkhd;wpd; ghj;jpuq;fs;> epfo;Tfspd;
tpUj;jp fhuzQ;rhu;e;jJ. ghj;jpuq;fs; Flat Mdit
md;W. fijapd; fhyj;ijAk; ntspiaAk; jUf;fuPjpapy;
,irTgLj;jpg; nghUj;jpaikj;Jj; jj;&gkhd xU
kUl;iff;F cl;gLj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.
ghlNtis : 03
• epfo;jj
; pf; fhl;lypdN; ghJ Fwpjj ; rk;gtj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fs;
vt;thW ele;J nfhz;ld vd;gJ gw;wpg; ngsjpf
uPjpahfr; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; mfuPjpahd
czu; r ; r pf; F s; nry; f pd; w du; . czu; r ; r p $Lk;
fl;lq;fspy; ghu;gN ; ghiu czu;rr ; ptrg;gLjypy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;f vLj;Jiug;G> ghly;fs;> Mly;fs; Nghd;w
cj;jpfs;; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j Kiwikapid
ehk; Nkau;N`hy;l; njhlq;fp gpnw/f;l;> gPw;wu; GW}f;
vd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L muq;ftpayhsu;fs; gyupYk;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 11
• muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;
ehlf mspf;ifiaf; fhj;jpukhd ngWNgw;Wf;Fupajhf khw;Wtjw;Fk;> muq;f
tpisTfspd; fdjpia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; ebfdpd; ebg;ghw;wYf;Fj; Jiz
epw;fpd;wJkhd El;gq;fs; midj;ijAk; muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk; vdyhk;.
cjhuzk;: xspa+l;Lif> ,ir> xyp> fhl;rptpjhdpg;G> muq;fntspfs;.
• muq; f ntspfs;
,jid Mw;Wiff;fhd ntsp vd;gu;. ,J cau;j;jg;gl;ljhfNth> rkjiuahd
jhfNth md;Nwy; cs;sf ntsp ahfNth> jpwe;j ntspahfNth gy;NtW
tbtq;fis cilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J Mw;WNthUk; ghu;gN
; ghUk; re;jpff
; pdw
;
mspf;iff;fhd mofpay; ntsp MFk;.
• ghu; g ; N ghu;
muq;fpd; gpujhd %yq;fspy; xd;W. ghu;g;Nghupd; gjpw; FwpfNs Mw;Wifia
topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghu;g;Nghupd; njhif> mkUk; Kiw> FO xUikg;ghl;Lg;
gyk;> mspf;if ntsp Nghd;w midj;Jk; Mw;Wifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
ehl;ba rh];jpuk; ,tu;fis kpf neUf;fkhdtu;fshff;fz;L ~rfpu;ijau;|
vd miof;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghu;g;Nghiu
• guPl;rhu;j;jg; ghu;g;Nghu; • nghJg;ghu;g;Nghu;
• ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; vdg; gy;NtW tifahf tifg;gLj;jpg;ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk;
cs;sJ.
fzpg;gPL :
• ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; muq;f Kfhikahsuhfr; nrayhw;wpa fiyQu; xUtiu
,dq;fz;L mtiu Neu;fhzy; nra;f.
• ePu; mz;ikapy; ghu;jj
; ehlfnkhd;wpy; muq;fj;njhopy; El;gKk;> muq;fntspAk;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;f td;ikia kjpg;gPL nra;f.
• ePu; ghu;j;j ehlfnkhd;wpy; ghu;g;Nghupd; vjpu;tpidfs;> gjpw;Fwpfs;> <LghLfs;
vt;thW ehlfj;jpd; mspf;iff;F cjtpd vd;gjid tpgupj;J vOJf.
crhj; J iz:
• muq;fpd; gbKiwfs; - Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;
• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;
- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptjk;gp Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU> jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F - fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;.
ghlNtis : 04
• ehlff; f iy
ehlfk; vd;gJ ‘DRAN’ vDk; fpNuf;fg; gjj;jpd; top
te;j xU nrhw; gpuNahfkhFk;. ~~ahNjDnkhd;iwr;
nra;tJ|| vd;gNj mjd; nghUshFk;.
• rpdpkh
(rpdpkhf; fiyapd; Muk;gk; gw;wpa RUf;f mwpKfj;ij
Kd;itf;Ff.)
• rpdpkh vd;gJ njhopDl;g rhjdg; gad;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;Gila xU fiyahFk;.
• mJ xU fl;Gyf; fiy ClfkhFk;.
• jpiug;glkhdJ glj;njhFg;ig (Editing) Kjd;ik
ahff; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghFk;.
• jpiug;glkhdJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jj;jf;f rpj;jpupg;Gf;
fiyahFk;.
• ghu;gN
; ghupd; Neubj; Jyq;fYld; njhlu;Gw Kbahj
xU fiyahFk;.
• ,yf;fpak;> ehlfk;> rpj;jpuk;> ,ir Nghd;w fiy
Clfq;fspd; Nru;f;if %yk;> ghu;g;Nghupd; Kd;Nd
Njhd;Wk; rpj;jpupg;Gj; njhFjpahFk;.
• njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;
(njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd
mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)
• Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
• capNuhl;lkhd Xu; fiy Clfnkhd;W.
• fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itf;fj;jf;f xU fiy ClfkhFk;.
• ghu;g;Nghupd; capNuhl;lkhd njhlu;G mw;w Xu;
ClfkhFk;.
• njhiyf;fhl;rp Clhf cynfq;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;
jf;f xU fiyahFk;.
• ebfupd; rpj;jpupg;G fkuh Kd;dpiyapy; Kd;itf;fg;
,uhkhahzk; gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• fkuhtpd; fhl;rpg;Gyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtifapy;
ehlf ghlk; (gpujp) vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xg;gid> Ntlq;fs; Nghd;wit ,ay;ghd tifapy;
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mz;ikf; fhl;rpfshff; fhl;lg;glhjNghJ njhiyf;
fhl;rp ehlf ebfupd; czu;r;rp topr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;
,ay;ghd epiyapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
• ehty;
(ehtypd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd RUf;f
mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)
• nkhopia Clfkhff; nfhz;l> thrpjJ ; ,urpff; j;jf;f
xU fiy ClfkhFk;.
• ehlfk; Nghd;W cldbj; Jyq;fYf;F cl;glhj
xU ClfkhFk;.
• gilg;ghsupd; fw;gidr; rf;jpf;F tiuaiwaw;w
tha;g;G cz;L.
• ehtyhrpupaUf; F f; fhyk; > ntsp> epfo; T fs; >
ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tiuaiwapd;wpg; gad;
gLj;j ,lKz;L.
• ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ ehty; gilg;ghs
Df;F mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;> elj;ij> cs;
thupahd> kNdhghtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpupthfTk;
Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhfTk; Kd;itf;f tha;g;G cz;L.
• rpWfij
• tiuaiwg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghFk;.
• thrpj;J ,urpg;gjw;Fupa xU tifg; gilg;ghFk;.
• ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fs; tiuaiwg;gl;lit
ahifahy; rpWfijahrpupaUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Rje;jpu
Kk; tiuaiwg;gl;ljhFk;.
• rpWfij vd;gJ gilg;ghspapd; jdpg;gilg;ghFk;.
• gilg;ghsp ,y;yhj epiyapYk; rpWfijia thrpjJ ;
,urpg;gjw;Fj; jlq;fy; Vw;gl khl;lhJ.
jpiug; g lk;
~~300 (Three Hundred)||
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 03
• Kd; j piu
gpujhd jpiuapd; %yNk ghu;g;NghUk; NkilAk;
Ntwhf; f g; g Lk; . ve; j nthU NkilapYk; ,j; j piu
ifahy; ,Of;Fk; KiwapNyh nghwpKiwapNyh
,UGwkhfTk; ,Of;fg;gl;Lj; jpwe;J %lg;gLk;. fhl;rp
khw;wk;> ,ilNtisia mwptpj;jy;> gpd;dzp khw;wk;>
ehlf KbT Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gpujhd
jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• irf; f pNshuhkh
pNshuhkh/thd;thd; j piu
ntz;zpwkhd ,j;jpiu Nkilapd; Nkw;gFjpapd;
gpd;Gwj;Nj fhzg;gLk;. rpyNisfspy; tu;zj;jpiuAk;
gad; g Lj; j g; g LtJz; L . ,t; t hd; j piu Nkil
ehlfq;fspy; ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpwJ. Ntl
cilazpe;j ebfu;fis kiwj;J itj;jy;> gf;fk;
khw;wy;> gpd;dzpf; fhl;;rpfs; mikj;jy;> Nkil
xspa+l;lk; fhuzkhf tpNrl khw;wq;ifsr; nra;jy;
gy;tifikahd ngUq;fhl;rpia mikj;jy; Nghd;w
tw;Wf;F ,J cjTk;.
• gf; f j; j piufs;
• Nkilapy; fhl;rpg; Gyj;Jf;F mg;ghy; ,Uf;Fk;
ebfu;fs; Vida fiyQu;fs; Nghd;NwhiuAk; gad;
gLj;j Ntz;ba Nkilg;nghUs;fs;> gad;gLj;jp
Kbe;j nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ghu;g;Nghu;
fhzhj tifapy; xspj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; ,j;
jpiufs; gad;gLk;.
• gf;fj;jpiufSf;F ,ilNa ntspNa njupahj
tz;zk; tpsf;FfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• gz; i lf; fhyj; j py; ,irf; F OtpdUk; ghlw;
FOtpdUk; gf;fj;jpiufSf;Fg; gpdN ; d kiwe;jpUe;J
ghbdu;> ,ir toq;fpdu;. Nkilapd; kha Moj;ijf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gf;fj;jpiufs; cjTk;.
• Nkilapd; ,UGwkhfTk; 1> 2> 3 vd; w thW
gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• gbg;gbahf thd;jpiuapd;ghw;gLk; tifapNyNa
glr;rl;l Nkilapd; kPJ gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
• FWf; F j; j piu
• ,J eLj;jpiu/ikaj;jpiu vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.
fhz;gpaq;fs; itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ntWk; ntsp
fis kiwg;gjw;fhf ,j;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nghJthf ,it fWg;G md;Nwy; ePy epwkhdit
ahFk;.
ghlNtis : 06
• xspa+l; l y;
• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;> mJrhu;e;j glq;fs;> Mw;Wif
fspd; NghJ xspa+l;lypd; gad;ghLfs; md;Nwy;
gpuNahfq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fisf;
fhz;gpjj; y;. ,aw;if xspa+l;ly;> nraw;if xspa+l;ly;
Mfpad Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• xg; g id
• xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpdJk; ,ay;GfSf;F xg;gidia
tiujy; tu;ze;jPl;bg; ghu;j;jy;.
• Fwpjj
; xU ehlfj;jpd>; Fwpjj
; xU fhl;rpapidj; njupT
nra;J fhl;rpaikg;G> Ntl cil> xg;gid> xspaikg;G>
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nra;Kiwg; gbtq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jf.
ghlNtis : 03
nfhupad; buk;
ghlNtis : 02
gNy
kzpg; G up
gapw; r p
gbKiw 5 - Fwpjj
; rk;gtj;ij eld nkhopfF
; Clhf Mw;Wif nra;jy;.
ghlNtis : 05
• NkhbikAk;> ajhu;jj
; Kk; fye;j (ehl;ba ju;kp> Nyhf
vjpuptP u ruj; r e; u ju;kp) ehlfq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. (,it Fiw
Nkhbik ehlfq;fs; - uj;jud;> eupghdh Ngd;wd)
• gpdt
; Uk; ehlffhuu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf
mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• vjpuptPu ruj;re;u
n`d; w p n[aNrd • FzNrd fyg;gj;jp
• jahde;j Fztu;jd
• n`d;up [anrd
• Rfj;jghy j rpy;th
• uQ;rpj; ju;kfPu;j;jp
• irkd; etfj;Njfk
ghlNtis : 02
• $j;Jf;fs; kjuPjpahf
• fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;J kuG
• ,e;Jf; $j;J kuG vd tifg;gl tsu;rr
; p ngw;wik.
• Ky;iyj;jt
P pYk; $j;Jf;fs; jkJ rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;f
NshL KOf;f KOf;f tpyf;fg;glhjjhf tsu;r;rp
fug; G Lg; G ngw;wd.
ghlNtis : 04
• thrhg; G
Gdpju;fspd; fijiaNa cs;slf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;
Fk;. trdk; fye;j thrfg;gh xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l
,uTfs; njhlu; e ; J eilngWk; . thrfg; g htpy;
rlq; f hu; e ; j Gdpjk; Ngzg; g Lfpd; w J. fsupapDs;
ngz;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. thrhg;gpy; tUk;
fl;bafhud; murdpd; tUifia kl;LNk ciug;gt
dhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. Kjypy; Gyre;Njhu;fs; te;J
thrhg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;Jtu;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,uT
fs; epfo;tjhy; Kjy;ehs; epfo;tpd; rhuhk;rk; $wg;gLk;.
• kfpbf; $ j; J
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;
$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kfpb vd;gJ> epiyahf
,Ue;j xU r%ff; FOkj;NjhL vq;fpUe;Njh te;j
,d;ndhU r%ff; FOthdJ ke;jpu je;jpuq;fisg;
• giwNksf; $j;J
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;
$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; giw mbf;Fk;
r%fj;jpduhy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ,f;$j;Jf;nfdj; jdpahd
fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy. Nfhapy; Kd;wypy; ,Lg;gpy;
Ntl;biaf; fl;bf;nfhz;l ,Utu; jiyapy; jiyg;
ghifAk; fl;bf;nfhz;L ngUk;giw> rpWgiw Mfpa
,Utifg; giwfisj; jhq;fp epd;W giwia Kof;fp
MLtu; . giwia Kof; F k; NghJ ,uhrtuT>
ke;jpuptuT> Nfhzq;fp tuT vdg; gytifg;gl;l
jhsq;fisg; giwapNy jl;b MLtu;.
• tre;jd; $j;J
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fspy;
,JTk; xd;W. tre;j fhyj;jpy; Mlg;gLtjhy; tre;jd;
vd;w ngau; te;jnjd;W $Wtu;. ,f;$j;J rpj;jpiu
khjj;jpy; Mlg;gLtJ.
• fhj;jtuhad; $j;J
,f;$j;J aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; rpwg;ghfTk; tlgpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
nghJthfTk; Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
• fhkd; $ j; J
kiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gLtUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;
xd;W. fhkd; topghl;NlhL njhlu;GilaJ. fhkdhfpa
kd; k jd; ujp fijapidf; $WtJ. gpukNjtd;
rptdhupd; jtj;ijf; Fog;GkhW kd;kjidf; Nfl;fpwhu;.
kd;kjd; jd; fhkf; fizfis Vtpr; rptdhupd;
jtj;jpidf; Fog;Gfpd;whu;. Nfhgkile;j rptdhu;
kd;kjid vupff ; pdw
; hu;. mr;nra;jpawpej
; ujp rptdhuplk;
rhg tpNkhrdk; Nfl;fpwhu;. rptdhu; rhg tpNkhrdk;
toq;Ffpd;whu;. ,e;j Ijpff; fijia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lNj fhkd; $j;J MFk;.
,q;F Nfhapy; Kw;wk; muq;fhfg; gad;gLk;.
tpNrlkhd Mw;Wif Kiwik fhzg;gLk;.
rptDk; kd; k jDk; tpNrlkhd Ntl cil mikg; G f; f s; > xg; g id
ujpAk; Njhd; W k; Kiwikfs; > ifg; n ghUs; f s; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L
fhl; r p tUfpd;wik.
~jg;G| ,irf;fUtpahf gad;gLfpd;wJ.
• mUr;Rdd; jgR
kiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;
xd;W. kfhghujf; fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
mupr;Rdd; jtk; nra;J rptdplk; ghRgjh];jpuk;
ngw;wikiar; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ.
• nghd;du; rq;fu;
ghuj ,jpfhrk; njhlu;ghd xU fpuhkpa tof;fhw;W
kughfg; nghd;du; rq;fiuf; nfhs;syhk;. Ke;jpa
gpwg;gpy; ju;kuhfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ nghd;duhfTk;
mUr;Rdd; Mfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ rq;fuhfTk;
gpwe; j pUf; f pd; w du; . jpnusgij ,tu; f Sf; F r;
rNfhjupahfTk; tPkd; Fjpiur; NrtfdhfTk; cs;sdu;.
fpU\;zDf;Fg; gjpyhfg; nguparhkp tUfpwhu;. ~ke;jpu
khKdp| vDk; ghj;jpuk; fijia efu;j;jpr; nry;fpwJ.
• Nfhtyd; $j;J
,J td; d pg; ngUepyg; gug; g py; Mlg; g l; L tUk;
$j;Jf;fSs; gpurpj;jp ngw;wnjhU $j;jhFk;. Nfhtyd;
fz;zfpAld; njhlu;Gila fijiar; rpj;jupj;Jf;
fhl;Lk; xUehlfkhFk;.
• ehl; i l
aho;g;ghzk; tlkuhl;rpf; $j;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSs;
xd;W. ehl;il vd;fpd;w ,t;tbtk; tlkuhl;rp ryitj;
njhopyhsu; f spdhy; Mlg; g Lfpd; w J. ,jidg;
~GOjpf;$j;J| vdTk; miog;gu;.
• ,e;j tbtj;jpwF
; f; ~Nfhit| vd;fpdw
; cWg;nghd;Wz;L.
,jpy; mz;zhtpahu; Cu; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fisAk;
Nru;j;Jg; ghLtu;.
• tpyhrk;
$j;J kuig mbnahw;wpj; njd;dpe;jpahtpdpd;W 19Mk;
E}w;whz;Lg; gFjpapy; <oj;Jf;F te;J GFe;j ehlf
tbtq;fs; gyTz;L. mtw;Ws; ~tpyhrk;| vd;w tbtKk;
cz;L. tpyhrk; vd;gJ ghu;]p ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk;
kuhj;jpa ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk; jkpOf;Ff; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l xU ehlf tbtkhFk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ghlNtis : 03
• ,jw;fhfg; gapwr
; papy; mtjhdj;Jf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu;. cjhuzk;: $dp ghj;jpu ebg;Gf;Ff;
fiyauR nfhLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
• ajhu;jj
; ebg;Gf;fhf cil kw;Wk; xsp vd;gd vt;thW
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jdJ jahupgG ; fspD}lhf
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is
• 1936 Mz;L Kjy; ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; Nguhjidapy;
muq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld.
• ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; ajhu;jj ; g; gz;Gld; vOjg;gl;ld.
• aho;g;ghzj;J kz;thrid jJk;Gk; ehlfq;fs;
aho;g;ghzj;Jg; Ngr;R tof;F ciuahly;fisf;
nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ld.
• <oj; J j; jkpo; kf; f s; vjpu; n fhz; l elg; g pay;
gpur;rpidfs;> mtu;fspd; mgpyhirfs;> kuGfs;>
Ngr;Rf;fs; Mfpad jkpo; ehlf Nkilapy; Kjy;
Kjyhf cyhte;jd.
• ep[g; ghj;jpuq;fshd r}jpahrhuk;> kuG> goik
NgZk; cilahu; > tpjhidahu; . kzpafhud;
MfpNahiuAk; fpuhkj;Jf; Fbahdtd; rPdpf;Fl;b>
Nguhrpupau; fpuhkj;Jf; fpotp ts;spg;gps;is> Mq;fpyk; fw;w
f. fzgjpg; g ps; i s Re; j uk; > jw; n gUik NgZk; aho; g ; g hzj; J g;
gpuf;fpuhrpkhu;> murpay; thjpfs; Nghd;wtu;fisAk;
aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;Rj; jkpiog; Ngritj;J cyt
tpl;ltu;.
• fw;gid cyfpy; tho;e;j ehlf cyif elg;gpay;
cyFf;F ,Oj;J te;j ngUik ,tUf;Fz;L.
• fzgjpgg ; psi
; sapd; r%f NkhJif epiyr; rpjj
; pupgG
;
ehlfq;fspy; ~tpthfNk| Kf;fpa tplag; nghUshFk;.
aho;g;ghzr; r%fj;jpy; fypahzk; jhd; r%f
cau;r;rpia> nrhj;Jtuit> r%f me;j];ij
epu;zapf;fpd;w rf;jpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. tpthfg;
gpur;rpid Clhf mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa r%f
mjpfhu Kiwia> mjw;fhd cj;jpNahfq;fs;>
cilahu; kpLf; F mit gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l Kiwik ,tw; w pw; F
mDruizahf ,Ue;j r%f xOq;FKiw Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;ld.
cjhuzk;: nghUNsh nghUs;> Re;juk; vq;Nf?
ghlNtis : 03
• eh. Re;juypq;fk;
• gy; f iyf; f of ehlf muq; f py; gapw; r p ngw; w tu;
Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;
ebj;jtu;.
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; jahupj;j $j;Jf;fspy;
xg;gidahsuhapUe;jtu;.
• 1969 ,y; ~mgRuk;| vd;w mgj;j ehlfr; rhay; nfhz;l
GjpaKiw ehlfnkhd;iw vOjp Nkilapl;ltu;.
,e;j ehlfj;ij newpahs;if nra;jik ,tiu fzpgG ; f;
Fupa newpahsuhf;fpaJ.
• ~tpopg;G| vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjp newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ehlf newpahsuhAk;> ebfuhAk; kl;Lkd;wp ehlf
vOj;jhsuhAk; ,Ue;jtu;.
• ehlfk; rKjha khw;wr; rhjdkhf mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;J.
eh. Re; j uypq; f k; • njhopyhsu; tu;f;f muq;fpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;.
• 1970 ,y; KUifadpd; f^opaj;ijf; $j;jhbfs;
FOtpd; rhu;gpy; newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ebg;G Kiwapy; ajhu;j;j ebg;G> NkhbAw;w ebg;G
,uz;ilAk; Njitawpe;J gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
• RNjrp> rptNrhjp Nghd;w ajhu;jj
; ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jjd;
fhuzkhf ajhu;j;j ehlf kuG njhlu;ghd gupr;raj;
ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jD}lhfNt ];udp];y
t];fpapd; ebg;GKiw ,tUf;Fk;> mjd; topahfj;
jkpOf;Fk; te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.
• Re;juypq;fk; mtu;fshy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l kjkhw;wk;>
,U Jauq;fs; vd;git ];udp];yt];fpapd; ebg;G
Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit.
• <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ajhu;j;j kugpy;
fhY}d;wp Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehlfkuig cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lJjhd; Re;juypq;fj;jpw;Fupa ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ.
• ];udp];yt];fp> gpnw/f;l; MfpNahuJ ebg;GKiwapd;
mwpKfk; fhuzkhf ajhu; j ; j ebg; G KiwAk; >
NkhbAw;w ebg;G KiwAk; ,izfpd;w jd;ikapid
tpopg;G ehlfj;jpw; fhzyhk;.
tpopg; G • <oj;J jkpo;ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fyg;G/gd;dyj; jpul;lhd
ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jhu;.
• Ri`u; `kPj;
• etPd ehlf newpahsu;fSs; tpje;J Fwpg;gplf;
$batuhfTk;> Kd;NdhbahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
• Nky;ehl;L mwpQu;fs;> ehlf tpwg; d;du;fsplk; gapwr
; p
ngw;wtu;.
• 1960 fspypUe;Nj fhj;jpukhd ehlf czu;Tld;
ehlfj; jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;ltu;.
mjyghjhsk;> nghk;kyhl;lk;> mtisf; nfhd;wtd;
eP Nghd;w nkhopngau;g;G> jOty; ehlfq;fis
newpahs;if nra;jtu;.
• ehlfj;ij xU mspf;iff; fiyahff; fz;ltu;.
• xsp> xyp> ,ir> xg;gid> Xtpak;> Nkilaikg;G
vd;gtw;wpid Nkil cj;jpfshff; ifahz;lhu;.
Ri`u; `kPj; • Vzpg;gbfs;> rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh> ru;r;ir>
NjNuhl;b kfd;> KWty; Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk;
newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ehlfj; j pd; fUg; n ghUis tpl ehlf Nkil
cj;jpfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;.
• mk; g p
• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ehlfhrpupau;fSs; xUtuhf
mk;gpAk; Nkw; fpsk;Gfpd;whu;.
• ~Ntjhsk; nrhd;d fij| apid mk;gp vOjpdhu;.
,J gh ehlf tifapidr; rhu;e;jJ.
• ,. rpthde;jd;
• <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ehlf Kd;Ndhbfspy; ,tUk; xUtuhthu;.
• tpbit Nehf;fp> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ Kjyhd ehlfq;
fis vOjp newpg;gLj;jpatu;.
• 1960 fspy; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof ehlf muq;F
fspy; mDgtk; ngw;wtu;.
• Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;
ebj;j mDgtKs;stu;.
• ~tpbit Nehf;fp| ehlfk; ,tiuf; fzpg;Gf;Fupa
newpahsuhf ,dq;fhl;baJ.
• ~fhyk; rptf;fpwJ| ehlf NkilAzu;Tld; vOjg;gl;l
ehlfkhFk;.
,e;ehlfk; ,aw;gz;G newpAk; Nkhbik newpAk;
fye;jitahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ehlfk; r%fg; gpur;rpidiaf;$wp mjw;Fj; jPui
; tAk;
fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifAilatu;.
• ~~,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; ehlf muq;fk;||
vd;Dk; Ma;T E}y; xd;iwAk; ,tu; vOjpdhu;.
,jd; %yk; ,tu; xU ehlf Ma;thsuhfTk; ,dq;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;whu;.
• ,. KUifad;
• <oj;Jf; ftpQu;fSs; Kjd;ikahdtuhd ,tu; gh
ehlfq;fis vOJtjpy; ifNju;e;jtu;.
• f^opak;> NfhGuthry;> juprdk; Kjyhd ehlfq;fis
Muk;g fhyq;fspy; vOjpdhu;.
• capu;j;j kdpjupd; $j;J> ngha;f;fhy;> ehkpUf;Fk;
ehL ekJ Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk; vOjpdhu;.
• nkhopngau; g ; G > jOty; ehlfq; f spYk; <LghL
,. KUifad; nfhz;ltu;.
• N\f;]g ; paUila 12 ehlfq;fisAk; nkhopngau;gG ; r;
nra;Js;shu;.
• ~~khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy|| vd;w njUntsp
ehlfj;ijg; glr;rl;lNkilf;nfd rpjk;guehjd;
jahupj;jNghJ mjw;fhd vOj;JUit vOjpdhu;.
ghlNtis : 03
• f. ghNye;jpuh
• 1980fspy; ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; muq;fpid
tsg;gLj;jpa muf;fpayhsUs; ,tUk; xUtu;.
• ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; nfhOk;gpYk; gpd;du;
aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; jd; ehlf gzpfisr; nra;fpwhu;.
• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ehlfj; Jiwapid tsu;f;fntd
~mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;|| vd;w epWtdj;ij
1978 ,y; epWtpdhu;.
• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpw;fhf f. ghNye;jpuh ,e;jpuh ghu;jj
;
rhujpapd; ~kio| vd;w ehlfj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;.
• 1973Kjy; ehlfk; jahupj;J tUgtu;. mitf;fhw;Wf;
fiyf; fofj;jpw;nfd ,urpfu; mitia
mikj; j pUe; j hu; . jw; N ghJk; mitf; f hw; W f;
fiyf;fofk; yz;ldpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jtpu
mq; F xU ehlfg; gs; s piaAk; mikj; J r;
rpWtu; f Sf; f hd ehlfq; f isg; gapw; W tpj; J
tUfpwhu;.
• ebfuhfTk;> xsptpjhdpg;ghsuhfTk;> ftpQdhfTk;
,Ug;;gtu;.
• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpy; ,ize;J> jhrPrpa]; jahupj;j
~fe; j d; fUiz|apy; ghj; j puNkw; W ebj; j tu; .
mWgjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis newpahs;if
nra;Js;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; mit nkhopngau;g;G>
jOty; ehlfq;fNs.
• ehlfg; gl;liwfs; %yk; ebg;Gg; gapw;rpfis
toq;Ffpwhu;. xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; vq;F epw;f
f. ghNye; j puh Ntz; L k; vijg; Ngr Ntz; L k; > ghj; j puf;
Fzhjpraq;fs; vr;#oypy; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gJ
gw;wpnay;yhk; cstpay; uPjpapy; Muha;e;J mJ
gw; w p ebfUld; fye; J iuahb mtu; f Ns mg;
ghj;jpuj;ij czu;e;J ebf;fr; nra;jhu;.
• ghNye;jpuhtpd; nkhopngau;g;G - jOty; ehlfq;fs;:
fz;zhb thu;gG ; f;fs;> Gjpa cyfk; gioa ,Utu;>
xU ghiy tPL> ,ilntsp> Afju;kk;> Kfkpy;yhj
kdpju;fs;> rk;ge;jk;> miuAk; FiwAk;> Jf;sf;>
gpuj;jpNaff;fhl;rp> Nghfpw topf;F xd;W> kuzj;Js;
tho;Nthk;.
• mtuhy; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Vida ehlfq;fs;:
,tu;fSf;F Ntbf;if> fpufq;fs; khWfpd;wd.
J}uj;J ,bKof;fk;> kio> xU Afj;jpd; tpk;ky;>
murdpd; Gj;jhil> gbf;f xU ghlk; Nghd;w ,d;Dk;
gy.
•
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b - juk; 13 76
ehlfKk; muq; f f; fiyfSk;
fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;
• ,tu; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapy; gapw;rp ngw;W
ehlf newpahsuhfg; gupzkpj;jtu;.
• kz; Rke;j Nkdpau; ehlfj;ij newpg;gLj;jpajd;
%yk; ehlf cyfpy; gpugykhdhu;.
• ehlfj; J iwapy; KJjj; J tkhzp gl; l j; j pw; f hf
r%fkhw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F vd;w Ma;tpid Nkw;
nfhz;ltu;.
• fyhepjpg; gl;lj;Jf;fhfj; jisePf;fj;Jf;fhd muq;
fpid Ma;T nra;jtu;.
• jhrPrpa]; newpg;gLj;jpa $b tpisahL ghg;gh
rpWtu; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;jtu;.
• gy;fiyf;fof ehlfq;fspy; ebj;j mDgtq;fSk;
,tiu ehlf newpahsuhf;fpaJ. vkJ gz;ghl;b
Ys;s gpur;rpidfis> Njitfis muq;F epiwT
nra;a KbAk; vd;w rpe;jidia ntspf;nfhzUk;
tifapy; muq;fpidg; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;
gLj;jpdhu;.
• ~kz; Rke;j Nkdpau;| ehlfk; rkfhyg; gpur;rpid
fisCLghthf itj;J nea;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
NkhbAw;w ebg;G> NrhlidfshYk; jpiur;rPiyf
shYk; kiwf;fhJ ntw;W Nkilia khj;jpuk; gad;
gLj;jp ebfu;fspd; mirTfis khj;jpuk; nfhz;l
fhl;rpfspd; njhFg;G. Ckk;> ciuQu;fs; ebfu;f
shAk; fij $Wgtu;fshfTk; khWk; cj;jp Kiw
Mfpad ,e;ehlf mspg;G Kiwfshf mike;jd.
,e; ehlfj;ijr; rpjk;guehjd; newpahs;if nra;jhu;.
• fw;gidr; rpwg;Gk;> ehlf Mf;fKk;> Nkil mwpTk;
mtuJ jahupg;Gf;fspw; Gyg;gl;ld.
• rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;j rpjk;gu
ehjd; gpw;fhyq;fspy; ehlff; FOtpdUldhd
fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Gj;jspg;Gg; ghzp
apy; ehlfq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.
• ftpQu; ,. KUifadJ vOj;JUf;fisj; jdJ
ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fspy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; kpfTk;
juk; tha;e;j ehlf Mw;Wiffisg; gilj;jhu;.
cjhuzk;: ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ> capuj ; j
; kdpjupd;
$j;J> ngha;f;fhy;
• ~khDlk; RlUk; xU tpLjiy| vd;w njUntsp
ehlfj;jpd;> Nkil mspf;iff;fhd vOj;JUthf;fj;
jpid ,. KUifad; vOjpf; nfhLf;f rpjk;guehjd;
mjid newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ~nul; yd;ud;| vd;Dk; rPd xNgwh ehlfj;ij aho;
gy; f iyf; f of khztu; f Sf; f hf newpahs; i f
nra;jhu;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; etPd ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;
Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa
khw;wq;;fis vLj;Jf;$Wf.
4. nka;g;ghL
- aho;. gy;fiyf;fo ntWntsp muq;ff;FO ntspaL
P
ghlNtis : 03
• ebfu; xd;wpak;
• jkpo; kf;fSf;nfd xU Njrpa ehlf kuig cU
thf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j jPtpu ehlff; FOf;
fspd; nraw;ghLfshy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.
• aho;g;ghzj;J ney;ypagb mk;gyj;jhbfs; FO>
kl;lf;fsg;G ehlfrgh> $j;jhbfs; FO> vq;fs;
FO vd;gd ,ize;Nj ebfu; xd;wpak; cUthfpaJ.
• 1974 ,y; fe;jd; fUiziaj; jhrPrparpd; newp
ahs;ifapYk; f. ghNye;jpuhtpd; newpahs;ifapy;
,e;jpuh ghu;j;j rhujpapd; kio> jUK rptuhKtpd;
el;\j;jputhrpiaAk; jahupj;jJ.
• 1976 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l ,urpfu; mit ghu;g;Nghupd;
ehlf ,uridia tsu;j;jJ.
• kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> NkhbAw;w ehlfq;fs;> Neu;
ehlfq;fs;> mgj;jrhay; ehlfq;fs;> nkhopngau;gG;
ehlfq;fs; vdg; gy;NtW tifahd ehlfq;fis
Nkilapl;lJ.
• nfhOk;gpy; ehlfg; gapw;rpfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fis
xOq;Fnra;J elj;jpaJ.
• mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;
• f. ghNye;jpuh> epu;kyh epj;jpahde;jd;>
K. epj;jpahde;jd; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
• nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaik.
• Afju;kk;> fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;> xU ghiy tPL>
jiytu;> ,ilntspfs; Nghd;wit jahupf;fg;
gl;lik.
• muq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FO
• muq;if r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjdkhf;fpaik.
• xLf;fg;gl;Nlhupd; tpLjiyf;fhd muq;if
cUthf;fpaik.
• ~fy;tpapy; muq;F| vd;w tbtj;ijg; gs;spfspy;
nraw;gLj;jpaik.
• ebfu;fSf;fhd gapwr ; papy>; cly;> csf; fl;ltpoj
; y;
gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;ilr; nraw;gLj;jpaik.
• r%ff; FOk muq;Nf gpujhd muq;fr; nraw;ghlhf
mike;jik.
• tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gue;J gzp
ahw;wpaik.
• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjdhy; topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
• jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;
• 1965 ,y; mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau; mbfshupdhy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpopd; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfg;
gupkhzq;fisAk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;J tbtq;fisAk;
mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd thfd
khfj; jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk; tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; ehlf kd;wq;
fspd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ij Muha;f.
nraw;ghL 4.2.8 : njUntsp ehlfk; > r%f FOk muq; F gw; w pj;
NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
- nr. ,sq;Nfh
Gy;yha; kdpjuha;> ,Us; ,dpr; rhFk;>
nfhbNaw;wk;
- ,. ghyrpq;fk;
mtyq;fs;> rKj;jpuj;jpnyhU rupj;jpuk;
- nry;tk; (GJit md;gd;)
neUg;G ejpapy; ePe;jpa kdpju;fs;
- Njthde;
mbRLk; kzy;ntsp> nfhLtPr;R> g+jk;
njUntsp ehlfk;
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l rlq;F
muq;fpd; tfpghfk; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy;.
• fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; $j;ju;
Fohj;jpdupd; ,lk; gw;wp Muha;jy;.
• fypjn ; jhifapy; tUk; ehlfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuj;jy;.
• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlff; fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;
fhd rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; kuGfs;
gw;wpAk; mtw;Wf;F Clhf Nkw;fpsk;Gk; ehlfq;fspd;
jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; Kd;itj;jy;.
• mbepiy kf;fspd; rlq;fhw;Wiffspy; fhzg; ngWfpdw ;
ehlfj; jd;ikfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
ghlNtis : 04
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; xU ehlf fhg;gpakhfTk;> ehlfk; gw;wpa
gy;NtW jfty;fisj; jUfpdw ; E}yhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
• khjtp Nte;ju;fSf;Fk;> FWepy kd;du;fSf;Fk;
Kd;dhy; Mba 11 tifahd Mly;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpgg ; plg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• Mly; kfspupd; ,yf;fzk;> ehlf muq;F> ,ir
Mrpupad; > jz; Z ikahrpupad; vd; g d gw; w pf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
• nghJtpay; muq;F gw;wpAk; rhf;ifau; $j;J kw;Wk;
mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpgg; plL
; s;sJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy;
$j;ju; Fohj;jpdupd; tfpghfj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
• jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; rlq;F muq;fpd; ,lj;ij
Muha;f.
• fypjn ; jhifapy; ehlfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;
gLk; tpjj;jpid Kd;itf;Ff.
• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlf fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;
fhd rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;Ff.
• ~~rpyg;gjpfhuk; mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfj;ijf;$Wk;
E}yhfTk; cs;sJ|| tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • GwehD}W
• gz;ilj;jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;
- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; - gupNkofu; ciu (fofg;gjpg;G)
• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;
- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp
- Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU
- f. jpyfehjd;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b - juk; 13 91
ehlfKk; muq; f f; fiyfSk;
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; fp.gp. 600f;Fg; gpw;gl;l jkpof
ehlf tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKidf;Fupa mk;rq;fis
,dq;fhZjy;.
• gy;yt> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Mlg;ngw;w ehlfq;fs;> mit
epfo;j;jg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs; vd;gtw;iwj; Njb
Kd;itj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.10 : fp.gp. 600 Kjy; fp.gp. 1300 tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf
tuyhw;wpd; gpujhd fl;lq;fisj; NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf
kjpg;gpLf.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fp.gp. 1300 ,ypUe;J fp.gp. 1700 f;F ,ilg;gl;l gs;S
FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> njUf;$j;J ehlf tbtq;fspd;
Nghf;Ffis mwpjy;.
• fp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;rp muq;fpy; Vw;gl;l tbt khWjy;fs;
gw;wp mwpjy;.
• fp.gp. 1900 fspy; jkpof etPd muq;F vj;jifa
rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
ghlNtis : 04
gs; S
• gs;S ehlfj;jpy; ~gs;Nsry; md;Nwy; gs;spau; Vry;|
vd;wgFjp ehlfj;jd;ik tha;ej
; nrhy;yhlw; gFjpahf
cs;sJ.
FwtQ; r p
• FwtQ;rp cyh> Fwk;> FSt ehlfk; vd;w %d;W
gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ~Fwk;| vd;fpd;w Fwj;jp
Fwp nrhy;yy; fijapd; ikag; gFjpahfTk; cyhit
Ak; FSt ehlfj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; gFjpahfTk;
cs;sJ.
• nehz; b
nehz;b> kjk; khwpajd; fhuzkhfTk; mtdJ
elj;ij fhuzkhfTk; jdJ fhiy ,oe;J nfhz;l
jdJ mtyj;ijj; jhNd Mz;ltd; Kd;dpiyapy;
$wpg; gr;rhjhgg;gLtjhf; fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njUf; $ j; J
• njUf;$j;Jf;fs; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fUf;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;litahfTk; KOr; #oYNk muq;f
ntspahfTk; xNu Neuj;jpy; rlq;fhfTk; mNj Neuk;
muq;fhfTk; nraw;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lditahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• ghu;]p muq;F
fp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;]p muq;F gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpapd;
fiyg; nghf;fprq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f tifapy;
ghurPff; fk;gdpfs; %yk; gk;gha;g; gFjpapD}lhfj;
jkpo; ehl;by; mwpKfkhfpaJ. ghu;]p ehlfk; %lg;gl;l
glr;rl;l muq;FfSld; $ba Kg;gupkhzf; fhl;rpj;
jpiufisf; nfhz;l xUtpj kUl;if muq;fhf
mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.
etPd ehlfq;fs;
• ghu;]p/];ng\y; ehlf kugpd; njhlu;rr
; pahfj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;w etPd ehlfq;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; gk;gy; rk;ge;j
Kjypahu; mikfpd;whu;.
• ,tuJ ehlf <LghLfs;
• Mq;fpy ehlf mikg;igj; jOtp vOJjy;
• ghu;]p muq;fpd; Nkilf;fhl;rp mikg;Gf;fisj;
jOtp vOJjy;.
ghlNtis : 03
• ,e;J];jhdp> ,q;fpy]
P ; nkl;Lf;fspy; mike;jJk; Mly;
mw;Wk; ghly; trdk; kype;Jk; $j;Jf;fs; Nghy; tpba
tpba Mlg;glhky; Neur; RUf;fKk; tpWtpWg;Gk;
ciladthd ghu;]p ehlfq;fs; mwpKfkhapd.
• njhlu;eJ
; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff
; j;jpdu;
Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj; jkpopy; ju Kaw;rp vLj;jdu;.
ghyhkzp mk;ikahu ;
• 1880 - 1890 tiu Gfo;ngw;wtu;.
Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; mofpa ,sk; ngz;fis itj;J
ehlfk; elj;jpatu;.
• Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l jpiufisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
muz;kid> g+q;fh rPdwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ngw;Nwhkhf;]; xspapid muq;fpy; cgNahfpj;jhu;.
• ngz;fNs ngz;ghj;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fp ebj;jdu;.
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
• igad;fis itj;J ehlfk; Nghl;ltu;.
• Ngha;]; (Boys;) ehlff; fk;gdp vd;w ngaupy; jkJ
ehlf kd;wj;ij mikj;Jg; igad;fis kl;Lk; ehlff;
FOtpy; ,izj;jhu;.
• me;epa ehlfkugpidj; jkpo; kugpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j
ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;.
jkpo;ehl;Lf; fijfs; ,e;ehlf tbtj;jpd; fijg;
nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• ,e;J];jhdp> Nkw;fj;ija ,irf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpopir>
fu;ehlf ,iria ,tu; ifahSfpd;whu;.
• ebg;Gj;jpwd;> gapw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwd;> ehlf Mf;fj;jpwd;>
fu;ehlf rq;fj P j;jpwd;> ghl;baw;Wk; jpwd;> gioa jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nju;r;rp epu;thfj;jpwd; vdg; gy
jpwd;fisf; nfhz;ltu;.
• etPd muq;F
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; tUifNahL 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;
jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; %d; W Gjpa Nghf; F fis
cUthf;fpaJ.
,g;Nghf;Ffs; jkpofj;jpy; etPd ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;
Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
Kjyhk; Nghf;F
• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff
; j;jpdu; Mq;fpy ehlfq;
fisj; jkpopy; ju vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;.
cjhuzk;: Nrf;];gpaupd; Marchant of Venice
ntdp]; efu tzpfd; vd;w ngaupy; NtZNfhghyhr;
rhupahupdhy; jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• Mq;fpy ehlf kuigAk; tlnkhop ehlf kuigAk;
gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: tp.Nfh. #upaehuhaz rh];jpupahupd;
&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; Kjyhd ehlfq;fs;.
• ,it ebg;gjw;fd;wpg; gbg;gjw;Fupa ehlfq;fshfNt
mike;jd.
,uz;lhk; Nghf;F
• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fg; ghu;g;Nghiu kdq;
nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. mjhtJ ebg;gjw;
nfd;W vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. ,uz;lhk; Nghf;fp
Ds; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,tu;fis mnkr;#u; ehlff;fhuu;fs; vd;Nw
mioj;jdu;.
• ,g;Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpakhdtuhff; fUjg;gLgtu; gk;ky;
rk;ge;j Kjypahu; Mthu;.
%d;whk; Nghf;F
• ehlfj;ijj; njhopy; Kiwahf elj;jp te;NjhUf;Fg;
gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l ehlfKk; gk;ky; rk;ge;j
Kjypahupd; 3 kzp Neu ehlfKk; xj;Jtuhjtplj;J
tpahghu Nehf;Fld; ghu;]p ehlfkuG> tpf;Nlhupad;
ehlf kuG> rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehlf kuG vd;gtw;wp
ypUe;J ngw;w mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L xU Gjpa
kugpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.
ghlNtis : 03
fzpg;gPL/kjpg;
kjpg;gPL : • ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| ehlfj;jpd; fij tpUj;jpaile;
Js;s tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
ghlNtis : 02
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :• E}y;fs;
• rQ;rpiffs;
• nra;Jfhl;ly;fs;
• lNahdpr]; rlq;Fld; njhlu;Gila glq;fs;
• fpNuf;f muq;fd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; glk;
mwpKfk; : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wpa
tplaq; f isj; NjbawptNj ,g; g hlj; j pD}lhf
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
ghlNtis : 02
nkdhd; l u;
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f kfpon
; ewp ehlfq;fisj; Njbg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
ghlNtis : 02
rw; w au;
ghlNtis : 02
• a+upgpb];
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspd;gb fpNuf;f jpwn[b
ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpahd ehlffhuuhff; fUjg;gLgtu;
a+upgpb]; (fp.K. 480 - 406) Mthu;. Vwj;jho 18 tajpy;
ehlfk; vOjj; njhlq;fpa mtu; jkJ tho;ehspy;
Vwj;jho 90 ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;. mtw;Ws;
Vwj;jho 19 ehlfq;fNs jw;NghJ vQ;rpAs;sd.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpiar; RUf;fkhfj;
jUf.
md; u pf; f dp
ghlNtis : 02
ebfu;
• fpNuf;f ehlfj;jpy; Nfhu]; cl;gl rfy tifahd
ghj;jpuq;fSk; Mz; ebfu;fshNyNa rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld.
,aw;ifahd ehlf NkhbapYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;l
rpj; j pupg; G fhzg; g lhjjhff; fUj KbfpwJ.
nrhy;yhly;fSk; xU Fwpj;j re;jj;Jf;F (Rythem)
mikaNt gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. Nkilapy; xU
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cr;r msthf ,Utu; my;yJ %tNu
ebg;gpy; <Lgl;ldu;. vdNt xU ebfu; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
tfpghfq;fis ebf;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Ntl cilfs;
• rfy ebfu;fSk; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;J ebj;jdu;.
jpwn[b kw;Wk; nfhkb ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
Ntl Kfq;fs; ntt;NtW tifahdit. Ntl Kfk;
jtpu ebfdpd; jiyKbia thup Kbj;j nfhz;ilAk;
mjd; Nky; xU FLkpAk; mike;jpUe;jd. ebfdpd;
cauj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
NkYk; ebfu;fs; caukhd mb nfhz;l ghjzp
tifnahd;iwAk; mzpe;jpUe;jd.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;fpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiue;J
mjd; gpujhd mk;rq;fisg; ngaupLf.
• fpNuf;f ebfu; gad;gLj;jpa muq;fg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
Ntl cilfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
fpNuf;f muq;fk;
ghlNtis : 02
ghlNtis : 02
• tPu fhtpaq;fs;
kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk; tp\; Z Guhzk;
gQ;ruhj;u gpuj;jpkh ehlfk; ghy rupj;j
JJthf;fpa mgpNrf ehlfk;
kj;jpak tpahNahf
J}j fNlhf;ft
fu;zhgu
CU gq;f
Ra gilg;G
rhUjj;j
fhspjhru;
• rk];fpUjf; ftpQu;fSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWgtu; fhspjhru;
Mthu;.
• mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;> tpf;uNkhu;trpa> khstpf;fhf;dp
kpj;u vd;gd mtuJ rpwg;ghd ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fshFk;.
• fhspjrupd; gilg; G f; f Ss; kpf caupa gilg; G
mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk; MFk; vd;gijf; ftpQu;fs;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
~~fhtpaq;fSs; rpwe;jJ ehlfkhFk;.
ehlfj;Js; rpwe;jJ rhFe;jykhFk;.
mjpNy rpwe;jJ ehd;fhtJ mq;fkhFk;.
mjpYQ; rpwe;jJ ehd;F RNyhfq;fshFk;.||
#j; j pufu ;
• #j;jpufu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ vd;gJ gw;wp cWjpahfj;
jPukhdpf;f KbahJ.
• #j;jpufhy;; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ~kpUfr;rbfk;|
vDk; ehlfj; j py; Kd; D iuapy; ,lk; n gw; W s; s
tptuj;jpdg; b ,tu; gpuhkzu; Fyj;ijr; Nru;ej
; Ntjj;jpy;
Nju;jj; gw;gy mwptpay;fspy; JiwNghd jpwik kpf;f
Xu; vOj;jhsu; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ehlfj;jpd;
gz; i lj; j d; i k> nkhop> vOj; J g; g hzp Nghd; w
gz;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy; mtu;
tho;e;j fhyk; fhspjhru; fhyj;Jf;Fk; gpw;gl;ljhf
,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUj Kbfpd;wJ.
• kpUr;rfbfk;| ehlfj;jpd; Clhfr; #j;jpufupd; ehlf
tpjpia ,dq;fhz KbfpwJ.
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Clhfr; rkfhy
tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
• mjpf tu;zidfs; ,lk;ngwhik.
• ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;G kpf Kidg;ghdJ.
• rk];fpUj kw;Wk; Vida fijfs; gy;NtW tiffspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• typikahd capNuhl;lkhd ehlf nkhopg; gpuNahfq;
fs; %yk; nrOikg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sik.
• capNuhl;lkhd ehlfg; ghq;F. fhj;jpukhf Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• rpUq;fhuk;> fUiz> ,Nyrhf ,ioNahLk; eifr;
Rit vd;gd Kidg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ciueilg; gFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik> ehlfj;jpd; fijf; fsj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;j
khd tifapy; gbg;gpidfs;> tho;f;if njhlu;ghd
Gj;jprhypjj; dkhf KbntLj;jy; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.
=`u; r u;
• fp.gp. 606 - 648 fspy; ~fhd;aFr;r| ,y; murhl;rp
elj;jpajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fhspjhrupd; jiyrpwe;j gilg;G vd;w tifapy;
rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rk];fpUj ehlf tpjpia
Muha;f.
ghlNtis : 02
ebg;gplk; 8 Kok;
(uq;fgpjh)
kj;jtuhzp kj;jtuhzp 8 Kok;
64 Kok;
gpujhd Nkil
32 Kok;
• Kj;jpiufs; gy gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• kpUfj;jiy
• ghk;Gj;jiy
• tz;L
• md;dk;
• jhkiu
• gpiwr;re;jpud;
• Nkilg; gad;ghL
xNu Nkilapy; Vf fhyj; j py; gy #oikTfs;
ntt;ntW ,lq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
ghlNtis : 02
• njhy;fhg;gpaj;J nka;gg
; hl;baYk;> mgpetFg;ju; NgRk;
urthjKk; ,tw;Wld; xg;gplL ; g; ghu;ff
; g;gl Ntz;bait
MFk;.
ghlNtis : 06
ju cs;sPLfs; : • xspg;glq;fs;
• ,izak;
• jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;
fp.gp. 12Mk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpuhd;rpYk;
N[u;kdpapYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; gpugy;akhd jpUkiw
ehlfq;fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; jpUtptpypaj;jpd; gioa> Gjpa
cld;gbf;if E}y;fspd; fijfisf; fUg;nghUshff;
nfhz;L Njthyaq;fspy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ehlf
tiffSs; xd;W. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ty;yikapd;
kfpik ,jd; topahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ.
• efuj;jpd; njhopyE
; l;gq;fs; epiwe;j kp]u; up ngaUf;fhf
mDruiz toq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu njhlu;r;rp
ahf ,e;ehlfk; ebf;fg;gl;lik.
• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;
mw;Gj ehlff;fiy INuhg;ghtpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L
E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> ,e;ehlfq;fs;
cUthfpajhf Ma;thsu;fs; fUJtu;. ,e;ehlfq;fspy;
Kf;fpakhfg; gf;jpAk; rkag; gpurhuKk; my;yhj
khDlj;Jtk; gw;wp Mokhff; $wg;gLfpdw ; J. ,e;ehlfg;
ghj;jpuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kdpj Nea ju;kq;fis
cau;j;Jfpd;w Nehf;fpy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuz
khf nry;tk;> MNuhf;fpak;> Nrhk;gy;> Gz;zpak;> ghtk;
Mfpa gz; G fs; xOf; f g; gz; G ehlfq; f spy;
ghj;jpuq;fshfr; rpjj
; pupff
; g;gl;ld. kdpj Fyj;jpd; cj;jk
Kd; k hjpupfSf; F k; Nga; f ; f hl; l y; f Sf; F kpilNa
Nkhjy;fspd; Kbtpy; kdr;rhl;rpAk; Gj;jpgyKk; vjpup
,af;fq;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ntw;wp ngWjiy Every
Man vd;w ehlfk; (1500) vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• kdpju;fspd; Ju;fF
; zKk; gytPdq;fSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;
gl;Lr; r%fj;jpy; xOf;f ju;kj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;
xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fshfpaJ.
ghlNtis : 08
1. 1588 - 1596
2. 1596 - 1601
3. 1601 - 1608
4. 1608 - 1613
vyprngj; muq;F
• ~,d; | vDk; ngaupy; miof; f g; g Lk; tpLjpfspd;
Kd;wpypy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l vyprngj; ehlfj;ij
xOq;FKiwg;gb ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf epue;ju Kd;
JUj;jpa Nkilnahd;W mikf;fg;gl;lik.
• 1599 ,y; Kbf;fg;gl;l ~FNshg;| muq;F Mr;rupakhfg;
gpugy;ak; mile;jik.
• ,Jtiu fhyKk; muq;Ffspd; fl;blq;fs; ,Utifg;
gl;ldthf jpwe;jntsp muq;F> cs;sf muq;F vd
tpsq;fpaik.
• jpwe;jntsp muq;Ffs; nghJkf;fs; muq;fhfTk;>
cs;sf muq;Ffs; jdpahu; muq;fhfTk; tpsq;fpaik.
• ~FNshg; | muq; F > vz; N fhz tbtpy; mike; j
fl;blkhfTk; gpujhd Nkil Vg;ud; tbtpy; (Kd;
JUj;jp) mike;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jik.
• ,k;Nkil gpd;G Nkyjpf ebg;gplkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lik.,t;tuq;F Kf;fpa ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd.
1. gpujhd Nkil
2. cs;sf Nkil
3. Nky; Nkil
4. jpiu (fz;Lgpbj;jy; ntsp)
ghlNtis : 04
~Neh| muq; f k;
ghlNtis : 04
• ~fGf;fp Nkil|
,d;iwa Nehf;jpNah> fGf;fp - ehlf muq;Ffs; 90
mb ePsKk; 60 mb mfyKk; nfhz;lit. ePs;rJu
mikg; G ilait. KjyhtJ ,uz; l htJkhd
muq;Ffspd; Kg;gf;fq;fspYk; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
jpiu - gr;ir> rptg;G> fgpy> fWg;G epwq;fspy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fiufs; epiwe;j Jzpahy; ,it
ijf;fg;gl;ld.
fGf; f p Nkil
ghlNtis : 02
• fpNah[pd; ((Kyogen))
• tpfl ,ilepfo;thf ebfUf;Fk; - ghu;g;NghUf;Fk;
• ePzl; njhlu;rr
; pahd ~Neh| Mw;WiffSf;F ,ilapy;
epfo;j;jg;gLtjhf cs;sJ.
nfhthf; f h
• rhKwha; Nghu;tuP u;fSila fijfisr; nrhy;tdthf
cs;sd.
• ~Neh| muq;fpypUe;J tsu;r;rp ngw;witahfTk;> rkaj;
jd;ik nfhz;litahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlNtis : 07
n`d;upf; ,g;rd;
• md;ud; nrf;Nfht;
U\pa Njrj;jtuhd md;ud; nrf;Nfht;tpd; rPtpa fhyk;
1860 - 1904 tiapyhdjhFk;. itj;jpauhd mtu;
cyfg; gpurpjj ; pngw;w ajhu;jj
; thj Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhb
Mthu;. mj;Jld; rpwe;j rpWfij vOj;jhsUk; Mthu;.
nrhy;y Ntz;baij kpfr; RUf;fkhff; $WtJ
nrf;Nfhtpd; fij$Wk; ghzpapd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l ,ilntspf;Fs; RitahdJk;
ngWkjpahdJkhd gy tplaq;fisr; nrhy;tjw;Fr;
nrf;Nfht; $ba mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;shu;.
nkhopeilia kpf vspikahdjhff; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
Neubahff; fijia Muk;gpj;JtpLtJ mtuJ kw;W
nkhU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. fijapd; Kjd;ikg; nghU
Sf;F (mu;j;jk;) cjthj ve;jnthU rk;gtj;ijNah>
md; u d; nrf; N fht;
ghj; j puj; i jNah mtuJ ehlfq; f spy; Nru; j ; J f;
nfhs;skhl;lhu;.
nfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fp
• U\pa ehl;ltuhd ,tu; ebfu;> newpahsu;> ehlff;
Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;. cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ajhu;jj
; thj ebg;G
Nkhbiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpajpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;wtu;.
]; n udp]; y ht; ] ; f p
• mtuJ Ma;tpd; ngWNgwhf Gjpa ebg;G El;gKiwia
(Method of Acting) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
ghlNtis : 03
nraw;ghL 4.11.2 : 20Mk; E}w; w hz; b d; ehlfg; Nghf; F fs; gw; w pAk;
guP l ; r hu; j ; j j; j py; <Lgl; l fiyQu; f s; gw; w pAk;
fye;JiuahLtu;.
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 12
[{ypa]; rP ] u;
ghlNtis : 12
ghlNtis : 12
• tho;fi
; fapd; ajhu;jj
; j;ij ed;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf
ehlfhrpupau; ej; j hu; kuk; > nghk; i k cilfs; >
kf;&d;]>; jue;jyh eldk; Nghd;w FwpaPLfisg; gad;
gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ehlfk; KOtjpYk;
xU tpujkhd ,urid Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghlNtis : 12
ghlNtis : 12
ghlNtis : 05
rP ] u;
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 04
xU ghitapd; tP L
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 04
cjhuzk;:
(1) $j;jpy; nrhy;yhly;fs; ghly; %yNk (ftpij)
epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
(2) ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> rigNahuhy; md;Nwy; ghj;jpuj;
jpdhNyNa nra;ag;gLk;.
(3) Kuz; ntspg;ghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifahd ~re;jk;|
epyTk; ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(4) NgRk;Kiw> ghLk;Kiw midj;jpYk; NkhbAw;w
jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.
Nkw; $ wg; g l; l jhd tplaq; f is myq; f hu&gd;
ehlfj;jpD}lhf Nehf;Fjy;.
ghlNtis : 04
GW}l;l];:
Mdhy; vdJ mwpTf;F vl;ba tiuapy;> cau;tila
tpUk;Gk; xUtd; NkNy VWtjw;fhf mlf;fj;ij
Vzpahf;fpf;nfhs;thd;. vdpDk; Vzpapd; filg;gbia
vl;ba gpd;du; Kfpy;fis Nehl;lkpl;lthW
mlf;fj;jd;ikia vl;b cijg;ghd;.
xj; n jy; N yh
ghlNtis : 04
mwpKfk; : xj; n jy; N yh vd; g td; > fhjy; > re; N jfk; > tpuf; j p
Mfpatw; W f; F ,ilNa miyAk; jd; i kAila
xUtdhifahy; mjd; tpisthf mtykhd Kbit
Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lk; xU ehlfNk
,JthFk;. me;ehlfj;jpd; fU kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fspd;
Clhf toq;fg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; vkf;Fk;
tho;fi ; f gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUtjhf mike;Js;s
tpjk; ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ahNfh:
k;... eP mJ gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl Ntz;lhk;.
vdf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tUk;NghJ mtid xU if
ghu;f;fj;jhd; ehd; mtd; gpd;dhy; Nghfpd;Nwd;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 04
• ,e;ehlfj;jpidg; ghu;gN
; ghu; kdjpy; ,Utpj tho;fi
; fj;
njuptpw;F ,lk; tpl;L tpLfpd;wJ.
1. nja;tPff; fhjy; - [Pthj;kh gukhj;kh If;fpak;
2. khDlf; fhjy;
,e;epiyik ntspg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik njhlu;ghf
MrpupaUk; khztUk; fye;JiuahLtu;.
ghlNtis : 04
ghlNtis : 08
cjhuzk; 2:
#oikT (Nkhbikg;ghzpapy;) - ~~tPl;Lf;Fs; GFe;j
vypf;FQ;R..||
ghlNtis : 07
• ,g;gpupgG
; KiwahdJ nefo;Tj;jd;ikahdJ vd;gjid
Ak; ciuahLjy;.
ghlNtis : 10
fsk;
Mw;Wif epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ehlfj;jpd;
rk;gtk; epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikAk;.
fUg; n ghUs;
ehlf vOj;JU %yk; nrhy;y tUfpd;w %y tplak;
fUg;nghUshFk;. mJ ntspg;gilahfNth> cs;Siw
ahfNth mike;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJ vg;NghJk;
njspthdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fijg; g pd; d y;
ehlf epfo;Tfspd; njhlu; mikg;G fijg;gpd;dyhFk;.
,J fhuz> fhupa uPjpahdJk; ju;f;f uPjpahdJkhf
xt;nthU epfo;Tk; mLj;j fl;l epfo;Tf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;tjhd njhlu;rr; papd; tbtkhFk;. ,J Nky; njupAk;
fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk;> kiwKfkhd/ cs;Siwahd
fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk; ,Utifahff; fhzg;gLk;.
fl; l ikg; G
ehlf vOj;JUtpd; rl;lfk; Nghd;W fijf;fhd ngsjpf
epfo;Tfis md;Nwy; rk;gtq;fis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whff;
Nfhu;j;Jr; nry;tJ fl;likg;ghFk;. epak muq;fpy;
,J Muk;gk; - rpf;fy; -tsu;r;rp - cr;rk; - KbT vd
mikAk;. epakk; rhuhj ehlfq;fspy; rk;gtq;fspd;
Nfhu;itahf mikAk;. fij tsu;j;Jr; nry;yg;gLk;
NghJ vjpu;ghu;g;G epiyia> gjl;lj;jpid> fjpapid
tsu;j;Jr; nry;Ynkhd;whfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
NkhJif /Kuz;
Vw;nfdNt nrhy;yg;gLk; neUf;fPLfspdhNy xU jdp
egUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU jdp egUf;Fk; md;Nwy; xU
jdp egUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; md;Nwy; jdp kdpjdpd;
Raj;Jf;Fs; vd Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;/NkhJif epiy.
ghj; j puq; f s;
ehlf Mrpupau; vLj;j tplaj;jpid efu;j;Jtjw;Fg;
gad; g Lj; J k; fUtpfNs ghj; j puq; f shFk; . ,it
milahsg; g Lj; j g; ngWgitahfTk; > xt; n thU
ghj;jpuq;fspdJk; jdpj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLgitahfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. (ghj;jpuk; rpijahky; gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)
nraypaf; f k;
ehlf vOj;JUtpd; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghLfs; nraypaf;f
khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; cs/kduPjpahd
nray;fs;/mirTfs;> fijapDila mirT> rk;gtj;
njhlu;r;rpfsha; tUk; mirT> rpe;jid tsu;r;rpahf
tUk; mirT> ghj;jpu tsu;r;rpapdhy; tUk; mirT>
ghj;jpu cwTfs;> khw;wq;fspy; tUk; mirTfs; vd>
#oy;> kdepiy> mkhD\;ak; vd;w gy;NtW epiyfsp
yhd mirTfs;> nraypaf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
ngUq; f hl; r p
ngUq;fhl;rp vd;gJ ntWkNd ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
tpisTfs; midj;ijAk; Fwpj;J epw;gJ. fij>
ghj;jpuk;> efu;T... vd xt;nthU tpistpD}lhfTk;
ghu;itahsupy; ntspg;gLk; gbkk; md;Nwy; $l;Lr;
nray;Kiw md;Nwy; xt;nthU $WfisAk; xd;W
gLj;jpajd; tpisT md;Nwy; ehlf vOj;JUtpd;
MSikr; rpwg;G vdf; $wyhk;.
Nkhb /ghzp
mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tifahf mikAk;
(1) ajhu;j;jk; (2) ajhu;j;jk; mw;wJ/NkhbAw;wJ.
tif
,J gy;NtW jd;ikfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> Mw;Wk; Kiwfs;
rhu;e;J tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
- ,d;gpay;> Jd;gpay;
- fhj;jpukhd ehlfk; (fhj;jpukhf vOjy;)
- vspikg;ghq;fhdJ (eifr;Ritg; ghq;Fld;
vOJjy;)
- $j;J> ,irehlfk;> ehl;ba ehlfk;...
Nkilf; F wpg; G f; f s;
ehlfj; j py; tUfpd; w Kf; f pakhd tplaq; f s;
midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
nray; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
czu;Tf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
Nkilj;jsf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
njhopy;El;gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
ghlNtis : 05
ghlNtis : 05
1. xg;gilfs; 2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
3. mstha;Tfs; 4. Njbaha;Tfs;.
5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; 6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;
7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs; 8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;
9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs; 10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;
11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 12. nrtpkLj;jw; Nrhjidfs;
13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; 14. Ngr;Rf;fs;
15. Ra Mf;fq;fs; 16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;
17. vz;zf;fUg; glq;fs; 18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;
19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs; 20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;
21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs; 22. tpthjq;fs;
23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; 24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.
25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT 26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
fzpg; g P L
ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13
fUtp - 01
07. epajpfs; :
1. Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lkply;fis vOj;J tbtpy;
rku;g;gpj;jy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
fUtp - 02
01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld;
xg;gpLjy;.
07. epajpfs; :
1. fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
3. gq;Nfw;Gk; fye;JiuahlYk;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
fUtp - 03
01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : 3.1: ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL
njhlu;Gila fiyfspd;
gad;ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij
,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk;
nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.
07. epajpfs; :
1. Fwpj;j muq;ff; fiyia tpjhdpg;gjw;Nfw;g ehlfg; gFjpapYs;s
Kidg;ghd jd;ikfis ,dq;fhzy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)