Brody, Ch. 2., pp .

36-52
CHAPTER TWO: THE INVASION AND SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERIC

I. The Revival Imperial Models of Spain, France, Holland

II. New Spain: Colonization and Conversion
1. Spanish explorers ventured into the U.S., searching for gold
 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado look,for gold in Cibola; found Grand
Canyon, Pueblos
 Hernan de Soto fighting Apalachees in Florida and Coosas in no. Alabama
2. After failing, settlements limited to St. Augustine, Florida and Santa Fe,
focusing on New Spain's defense
 English in Spanish treasure ships, French Protestants in Florida
 Spanish troops killed Frenchies near St. John River; territorial
 Established St. Augustine fort to protect route of treasure fleet (1565)
3. Military setbacks resulted in new policy: conquer Indians by Christianizing
them
 Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573): responsibility of
pacification
---- missionaries, not conquistadors
 Missions with Apalachees and Pueblos
 Friars learned Indian culture and attacked their culture; not peaceful
 Punished Indians who practiced polygamy; smashed idols, no trad'l gods
4. Religious conversion, cultural assimilation, and forced labor were interlinked;
Franciscans Indians were encouraged to convert to Spanish lifestyle
 Ignored Indian protection laws, encomenderos extracted their goods
5. Native Americans denied the Franciscans after Christianity did not protect
from Euro diseases, droughts, and raids
 Results -- open warfare in New Mexico; Indians vs. Spaniards
 Juan de Onate -- expedition to take corn, clothing from Pueblos and murder
 Retaliation -- complete destruction
 European diseases, forced tribute, raids by nomadic plains Indians ravaged
6. Indian Shaman Pope retaliated with the Pueblos, repudiated Christianity
 But Spanish got control, natives rebelled (1696) and then subdued
 Spain kept its northern empire; couldn't assimilate the Indians
7. Spanish officials paused settlement in no. Cali because of English raids
destroyed Spanish missions and killing Catholic converts (early 1700s)

III.New France: Furs and Warfare

1. French also facing the natives
 Jacques Cartier claimed lands near Gulf of St. Lawrence for France (1530)
 Fur trading post of Quebec = first settlement in 1608, Samuel de
Champlain
 Colony ended in 1662, King Louis XIV turned New France into royal colony
2. Few people moved to New France
 Cold, and state laws forbid migration
 Instead, Louis XIV drafted men to expand French boundaries
 New France = oppressive, aristocratic, churchish feudal system
 Peasants had to pay wheat crop to nobles and Catholic church
3. FURS
Brody, Ch. 2., pp .36-52
CHAPTER TWO: THE INVASION AND SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERIC
 Champlain traded manufacture goods with Huron Indians in exchange for
beaver pelts
 IN SEARCH FOR FUR: Jacques Marquette -- Mississippi River in Wisconsin
(1673) Arkansas; Robert de La Salle (1681) ---- Gulf of Mexico
4. The French effect was devastating; introduced Euro. Diseases and epidemics
• By trading guns, they triggered deadly wars: The Five Iroquois Nations
• Iroquois got guns from Dutch merchants in Albany and journeyed to the
great Lakes to exploit rich fur-bearing lands of Mississippi River Valley
5. Iroquois organized themselves in a confederation of Five Nations: Senecas,
Cayugas, Onondagas Oneidas, Mohawks
• Waged deadly wars again Hurons (1649), Neutrals, Eries
• Killed men, cooking and eating their flesh, took women and children
• Hurons formed new tribe -- the Wyandots
6. French priests, Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded to combat
Protestant Reformation lived with Iroquois (1625, 1763)
• Respected Indian values, did not exploit Indian labor
• Won converts by adapting Christian beliefs to mold to Indians' needs
• EX: introduced Virgin Mary cult to women of Illinois people, emphasis on
chastity reinforced their beliefs, unmarried women controlled their body
• Jesuits' efforts were unsuccessful

IV. New Netherland: Commerce ad Conquest

1. Holland: The Dutch controlled trade of northwestern Europe; financially and
commercially stable (by 1600)
• Dominated European banking, insurance, textile industry
• Had forts in Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia; control of Atlantic trade in slaves
and the Indian Ocean commerce in East Indian spices and Chinese silks
and ceramics
2. Henry Hudson (1609) located western route to the East Indies riches
• Explored Hudson River, merchants built Fort Orange in Albany (1614) to
trade for furs with Munsee and Lenape Indians
• Dutch chartered the West India Company in 1621, monopoly over trade in
American furs and African slaves
• Company founded New Amsterdam and made it capital of New
Netherland
3. NEW NETHERLAND did not thrive
• Few settlers; the WIC granted huge estates along Hudson to Dutchmen
and English/Dutch settlers  encourage migration
• Fur-trading enterprise; good relations with Iroquois
• Dutch settlers -- New Amsterdam seized farming land and took over their
trade network; Algonquins launched war that also destroyed the colony
• Dutch formed alliance with Mohawks to defeat them; vicious war
4. After war, Dutch focused more on African slave trade and Brazilian sugar;
ignored New Netherland
• Governor Peter Stuyvesant ruled in authoritarian fashion; rejected
demands of English Puritans on LI for a representative system of gov't,
alienated colony's diverse pop.
Brody, Ch. 2., pp .36-52
CHAPTER TWO: THE INVASION AND SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERIC
• THEREFORE, little resistance when England invaded the colony in 1664

5. After the Dutch recaptured New York in 1673, wasn't allowed to retain
property, legal system, and religious institutions
• Edmund Andros shut down Dutch courts, imposed English law, and
demanded an oat of allegiance; the response was avoiding the English
courts and resisting cultural assimilation; spoke DUTCH and everything
Dutch

V. The English Arrive: The Chesapeake Experience

1. The English established settler colonies
• Unexpected; wanted trade factory to buy goods from natives (gold, fruits,
dyes, olives, sugar); settled in Chesapeake Bay and created tobacco
growing society

VI. Settling the Tobacco Colonies

1. The English settlements were organized privately so the English monarch did
not control them; had autonomy
2. Merchants were in charge of English expansion; Virginia Company
• No gold, traders not adapted to environment; tough, long voyage:
Jamestown
• Lacked fresh water and refused to plant crops; killed off by disease and
hunger
3. Local Indians wary of the English
• Powhatan: chief of 30 tribes between James+Potomac rivers; treated
traders as allies and valuable source for goods; exchanged corn for
English cloth and iron hatchets
4. Arranged marriage; Pocahontas and John Rolfe; failed because of greed for
tobacco
5. Settlers owned land; "greate Charter" -- system of representative gov't; House
of Brgesses make laws and taxes
• 1622, land ownership, self gov't and judicial system attracted migrants
6. Opechancanough led revolt (younger brother)
• 1609, captured John Smith and spared his life; resisted Christianity;
almost succeeded in 1622 -- surprise attack by 12 tribes, killed 1/3 of pop.
7.