AM BROADCASTING,

KBP and NTC

PRESENTER: GROUP 1 DATE: JUNE 18,2020
SUBJECT & CODE: ELEC 3 (12062)
PROFESSOR: ENGR. MA. ANGELA ESTELLA, ECE, ECT
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic, students are expected to understand the
following:
a) AM Broadcasting
b) AM Transmitter
c) History, Purpose, Officials of KBP Organization
d) Technical Standards and Operating Requirements of KBP
e) History, Duties and / or Functions, Officials of NTC
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
oMedium Frequency Broadcast Station – an AM Broadcast station
licensed for aural or sound transmission intended for direct reception
by the general public and operated on a channel in the Medium
Frequency Band.
oMedium Frequency Broadcast Band – the band of frequencies from
526.5 to 1705 kilohertz.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
oMedium Frequency Broadcast Channel – the band of
frequencies occupied by the carrier and two (2) sidebands of an
AM Broadcast signal with the carrier frequency at the center.
Channels shall be designated by the assigned carrier frequencies
starting from 531 kHz to increments of 9 kHz.
oAuthority – the National Telecommunications Commission
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
oLicensee – the holder of a license for a broadcasting station issued by
the Authority.
oQualified Technician – a person who is a holder of a radio operator’s
license or its equivalent, as required by these regulations, issued by the
Authority.
oBroadcasting – it refers to an undertaking the object of which is to
transmit audio, video, text, images or other signals or messages for
reception of a broad audience in a geographical area via wired or wireless.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
oNTC – National Telecommunications Commission. It is a
government agency created under Executive Order No. 546
promulgated on July 23, 1979, and conferred with regulatory and
quasi-judicial function taken over from the Board of
Communications and the Telecommunications Control Bureau which
were abolished in the same order. It is a sole government agency
tasked to regulate the telecommunications and broadcast industry in
the Philippines.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
oHertz – the term “Hertz” abbreviated by “Hz”, is used as a unit of
frequency, supplanting the term “cycle per second” (cps).
oOperating Power – “Operating Power” is the transmitter output
power.
1.

AM BROADCASTING
SYSTEM
 BROADCASTING:
▪Wireless transmission of electromagnetic signals(radio) or audio-
visual signals (Television) that are readily accessible to a wide
population via standard receivers.
▪“one-to-all” transmission because a single source transmits signals
to all possible destinations.
▪the act of transmitting speech, music, visual images, etc., as by
radio or television.
▪Two types of radio broadcasting: AM and FM.
AM BROADCASTING:
▪Transmission of radio signals under the Medium Frequency band.
▪Carrier frequencies are in the frequency range 535-1605. Carrier
frequencies of 540 to 1600 kHz are assigned at 10 kHz per
intervals.
▪The Kapisanan ng Broadkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) in its Technical
Standards and Operating Requirements for Medium Frequency
Broadcast Stations in the Philippines defined the Medium
Frequency band as the band of frequencies from 526.5 to 1705 kHz.
▪KBP are the one who assigns broadcasting guidelines and
standards.
 AM BROADCASTING:
▪AM band of frequencies occupied by the carrier and two (2)
sidebands of an AM Broadcast signal with the carrier frequency at
the center.
▪Channels shall be designated by the assigned carrier frequencies
starting from 531 kHz in increments of 9 kHz.
Efforts in Regulating the Medium of
Communication Turned into Standards
▪These standards address different concerns in mass-
communication such as the utilization of the broadcast spectrum,
minimizing mutual interferences among a growing number of
stations, and the prevention of harmful signal interferences.
Table 1. shows the equivalent of Philippine standard
from the international standard
 AM PARAMETERS:
▪Frequency Band – range of frequencies in the radio frequency
(RF) spectrum, which is divided among ranges from very low
frequencies (VLH) to extremely high frequencies (EHF). Each
band has a defined upper and lower frequency limit. AM is under
medium frequency band.
▪Channel - a band of frequencies used in radio and television
transmission, especially as used by a particular station.
▪Bandwidth - is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
occupied by a signal. It is also the frequency range over which a
receiver or other electronic circuit operates.
 AM PARAMETERS:
▪Channel spacing - The amount of bandwidth allotted to each
channel in a communications system that transmits multiple
frequencies
▪Frequency Stability
The Frequency Stability of a Transmitter is a measure of how
close the actual frequency transmitted is to the wanted.
Frequency stability represents the variation of output frequency
of a crystal oscillator due to external conditions like temperature
variation, voltage variation, output load variation, and frequency
aging.
 AM PARAMETERS:
▪Baseband - original frequency range of a transmission signal
before it is converted, or modulated, to a different frequency range.
▪Modulation - is a process of transforming information from its
original form to a form that is more suitable for transmission.
There are 3 types of modulation: Phase , amplitude, and frequency
modulation.
 AM PARAMETERS:
▪Type of emission has 5 symbols :
1st symbol type of modulation of the main carrier.
2nd symbol nature of signal modulating the main carrier.
3rd symbol types of information to be transmitted.
4th symbol is an optional letter indicating the practical details of
the transmitted information.
5th symbol is an optional letter indicating details about any
multiplexing, if used.
AM PARAMETERS:
(Refer to table 1)
▪In the table the type of emission that is used is A3E which A stands
for double sideband amplitude modulation, 3 for one channel
containing analog information, E for Telephony.
1ST SYMBOL
2ND SYMBOL
3RD SYMBOL
4TH SYMBOL
5TH SYMBOL
AM PARAMETERS:
▪Guard Band - a narrow frequency band between adjacent
frequency channels. Is created to prevent interferences.
▪Antenna polarization - is the polarization of the radiated fields
produced by an antenna, evaluated in the far field.
▪Superheterodyne - operates by taking the signal on the incoming
frequency, mixing it with a variable frequency locally generated
signal to convert it down to a frequency where it can pass through a
high-performance fixed frequency filter before being demodulated
to extract the required modulation or signal.
 AM PARAMETERS:
▪Intermediate Frequency - is a frequency to which a carrier
frequency is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission. This is
created by mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in
a process called heterodyning. The main reason of intermediate
frequency is to improve frequency selectivity.
Table 2 shows the maximum power allocation in Metro
cities and other areas given in low band, mid-band, and
high band.

▪Operating Power - the power that is supplied to the radio station.

▪Maximum Power - the power at which the transmitter can be operated
satisfactorily and is determined by the design of the transmitter.
 Three Services Areas in AM
▪Primary Services Area - the area in which the ground wavefield of 1
mV/m (60 dBu) is not subject to objectionable interference or
objectionable fading. To limit the fading and noise and interference
from other station.
▪Secondary Service Area – the area served by the skywave and not
subject to objectionable interference and the signal is subject to
intermittent in intensity. Is delivered in the area where the skywave for
50% or more of a time has a field intensity of 500 uv/m or greater.
▪Intermittent Service Area – the area receiving service from the
groundwave but beyond the primary service and subject to some
interference and fading.
 AM Transmitter:
▪Transmitter Location and Layout Considerations:
Adequate space
Adequate ventilation and air conditioning
Adequate lighting
▪Transmitter Design
The transmitter must be capable of delivering its rated carrier
power.
Parameters Philippine Standard

Carrier power limits 10%

Maximum modulation for satisfactory operation. 85%

Operating frequency limits ±10Hz of the assigned frequency

Carrier shift 5%

Carrier hum and Extraneous Noise level 45dB below 400 HZ tone

Total audio frequency distortion <5% Harmonics at 0-84% modulation

<7.5% Harmonics at 85-95% modulation

AM Transmitter:
▪Alternate Main Transmitter Consideration
-The regular and alternate main transmitter to be co-located
in a single place.
-Both transmitters shall maintain the same parameters
especially with regards to authorized operating power, frequency
stability, and etc.
AM Transmitter:
▪Auxiliary Transmitter Consideration
-May be installed either in the same location as the regular
main transmitter or in another location.
-Its operating power may be less than 10% but never greater
than the authorized power of the regular main transmitter.
-When installed in a location different from that of the regular
main transmitter, it is required to have an installed modulation and
frequency monitoring.
AM Transmitter:
▪During on-air operations
- Unexpected downtimes that might happen, hence, spare
components appropriate to the equipment must be kept on hand.
AM Broadcast Ratio
▪Audio-Frequency Signal-to-Interference Ratio. The ratio (in dB)
between values of the voltage of the wanted signal and the voltage of
the interference, measured under specified conditions, at the audio
frequency output of the receiver.
▪Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-Interference Signal Ratio. The ratio
(in dB) between the values of the radio-frequency voltage of the
wanted signal and the interfering signal, measured at the input of the
receiver under specified conditions.
 AM Broadcast Ratio
▪Audio-Frequency Protection Ratio. The agreed minimum value of
the audio frequency signal-to-interference ratio 13 considered
necessary to achieve a subjectively defined reception quality
▪Radio-Frequency Protection Ratio. The value of the radio
frequency wanted-to-interference signal ratio that enables, under
specified conditions, the audio-frequency protection ratio to be
obtained at the output of the receiver.
 2.
KAPISANAN NG MGA
BRODKASTER NG
PILIPINAS
 KBP:
The KBP is the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas or
Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines, the foremost broadcast
media organization in the country, composed of owners and operators of
radio and television stations (Regular Members) and the radio and
television stations themselves (Associate Members).
 HISTORY:
oKBP was organized on April 27, 1973, initially with 19 members.
Martial law had just been declared before the KBP was organized.
oIn view of this, the KBP worked with the Broadcast Media Council
(BMC), a self-regulatory council appointed by the government for the
broadcast industry, in formulating and implementing policies for the
development of Philippine broadcast media.
oAfter the lifting of martial law, the Broadcast Media Council was
dissolved and the KBP, as a private association of broadcast operators,
established its own system of self-regulation and standards for radio
and television stations in the country.
 PURPOSE:
oIt aims include the promotion of an independent and free broadcast
media in a democratic society, responsible broadcasting, enhanced
public service by broadcasters, advancement of innovation in
broadcasting, and the development of Philippine broadcasting.
oKBP promotes professional and ethical standards in Philippine
broadcasting both in radio and television.
oKBP provides broadcast media regulations and guidelines for news,
public affairs and commentaries, political broadcasts, children’s
shows, religious programming, and including advertising to its
members.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Herman Z. Basbaño Butch S. Canoy

Chairman Vice Chairman
Bombo Radyo Phils. Radio Mindanao Network
VP/COO-AM Division Consultant
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Ruperto S. Nicdao, Jr. Noel C. Galvez

President Executive Vice President
Manila Broadcasting Company Vanguard Radio Network
President President
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Roberto V. Barreiro Francis L. Cardona

Vice President for Television Vice President for Radio
ABS-CBN Corporation Radio Corporation of the
Head of Integrated Events Philippines
and Customer Engagement EVP & Chief Operating Officer
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Fr. Manuel B. Bongayan, SVD

Joselito G. Yabut
Treasurer
Corporate Secretary Radio Veritas Global
Primax Broadcasting System Broadcasting System
Chief Operating Officer Special Assistant to the President
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Atom L. Henares Engr. Erwin V. Galang

Director Director
Progressive Broadcasting GV Bctg. System/Cignal TV Inc.
Corp. Head, Regulation and Industry
President Relations
BOARD OF DIRECTORS & OFFICERS:

Dan Andrew S. Cura

Director
Far East Broadcasting Co.
Phils.
President
 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES:
oThey need to defend and uphold press freedom, free speech and
expression and the right of the people to public information.
oThey need to encourage and enhance the practice and development of
the highest ethical standards and values in our broadcast content and
services.
oThey shall promote the highest level of professionalism in the practice
of the broadcast profession.
oThey need to work for the advancement of the broadcast industry and
protect the rights and interests of broadcasters, seminars and
conferences.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
General Technical Requirements. Equipment shall be constructed
according to good engineering practice, such as mechanical soundness,
neatness of wiring and accessibility for maintenance.
▪Adequacy of Components. The quality of all component parts shall be
in accordance with good engineering practice. The specifications of
these components shall comply with standards set by the authority or in
the absence of such standards, the components shall comply with CCIR
standards. (CCIR – Consultative Committee on International Radio
formerly known as ITU-R)
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Compliance with Electrical Wiring Rules. All equipment using
electrical power shall comply with the rules of the Philippine
Electronics Code and the Philippines Electrical Code.
 TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Protection.
Protection of Persons: In accordance with good engineering
practice, to ensure as far as practicable, the safety of all persons,
adequate provision shall be made in the construction of all equipment
and in the protective enclosure. It is the responsible of the management
to ensure that the protective devices are installed and safety rules are
observed.
Protection of Equipment: Equipment shall be protected in
accordance with good engineering practice. Against unsafe conditions
and damage that may otherwise result under faulty conditions.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
Detailed Technical Requirements
1. Consideration of the Antenna System. The main purpose of the
medium wave radio broadcasting antenna is to radiate deficiently the
energy supplied by the transmitter, more so, towards the horizon or along
the ground and least towards the sky. Radio waves radiated from the
transmitting antenna are propagated through space to the receiving
antenna. Since both the intensity and direction of all electromagnetic
transmissions are regulated by the authority for all classes of stations, due
consideration must be given to:
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Location of the Antenna Site. Location in relation to the
population to be served and to other communication installations
and airports. Before the approval is given for any site, the
authority shall refer to existing local and national regulations
governing antenna constructions. Masts or towers with heights
above 150 feet from the ground are normally required to put up
the standard obstruction lighting and painting.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Antenna Design. The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically
polarized and shall radiate an effective field not less than 60 degree
vertical radiator. The antenna, antenna lead-in (if used), shall be
installed so as not to present a hazard. It is not necessary to protect the
equipment in the antenna tuning house and the base of the antenna with
screens and interlocks, provided the door and the tuning house are
fenced and locked at all times.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
2. Transmitting Equipment. The transmitting equipment and
facilities shall be laid out in accordance with good engineering
practice, thereby providing ease of maintenance and operation and
safety to personnel.
▪Location and Layout. Adequate spaces shall be provided in the
building to facilitate access to all equipment for operation and
maintenance purposes. Adequate ventilation where air-
conditioning shall be provided to ensure satisfactory working
conditions for staff and equipment.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Design, Construction and Safety to Life.
- the transmitter must be capable of delivering its rated carrier power within the
required limits of +10 percent.
- the transmitter must be capable of maintaining the operation frequency within
the limits of +- 10 hertz of the assigned frequency.
- the transmitter shall be equipped with an adequate control system for the
application and removal of power.
- the transmitter shall be constructed both racks and panels or in totally enclosed
frames protected as required by the Philippine Electronics Code.
- a frequency monitor or a type approved frequency meter indicator is required
for monitoring transmitter carrier frequency.
 TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
3. Metering Output.
▪Linear scale instruments indicating the plate current or plate voltage
of the last radio stage shall meet the following:
-Length of scale shall not be less than 6cms.
-Accuracy shall be at least 2 percent of the full reading.
-Full scale reading shall not be greater than 5 times the minimum
normal indication.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Instruments indicating antenna current, common point current, and base
shall meet the following specifications:
-Full scale reading shall not be greater than three times the
minimum normal indication.
-No scale division above one-fifth scale reading (in amperes) shall
be greater than the one-fiftieth of the full scale reading.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Remote reading antenna common point or base meters may be
provided by:
-A factory calibrated current transformer connected to a
metering instrument for RF antenna current indication.
-Using indications of remote control instruments, provided
that such indicating instruments are capable of being connected
directly into the antenna circuit at the same point as the antenna
ammeter.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪The function of each instrument shall be clearly and permanently
shown on the instrument itself or on the panel immediately adjacent
thereto.
▪Frequency Monitor Specifications:
-The unit shall have an accuracy of at least 5 parts per million
under ordinary conditions of temperature and humidity encountered in
standard broadcast stations throughout the Philippines.
-The scale of the indicating devices shall be calibrated as to be
accurately read within at least 1 hertz.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
4. Monitoring Equipment
▪Frequency Monitor.
-The licensee of each station shall have in operation either at the
transmitter or at the place where transmitter is controlled.
-If conditions beyond the control of the licensee or permittee
prevent the restoration of the monitor to service within the allowed
period.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Modulation Monitor
-The licensee of each station shall have in operation either at
the transmitter or the place where the transmitter is controlled
-If conditions beyond the control of the licensee or permittee
prevent the restoration of the monitor services, an informal request
may be filed with the engineer in charge.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
5. Studio, Equipment and Allied Facilities.
▪Studio Location and Layout
-Each studio shall be associated with a control room from which
the operational area of the studio may be viewed with ease.
-Studios and control rooms shall be constructed that they are
adequately insulated from sources of extraneous noise and vibration.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
6. Emergencies Equipment and Facilities
▪Alternate Main Transmitter
-The regular and the optional main transmitter are co-located in a
single place.
-The external effects from both regular and alternate main
transmitters shall be substantially be as same to frequency stability.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Auxiliary Transmitter
-An auxiliary transmitter may be provided and may be
installed in the same location as the regular main transmitter or in
another location.
-A licensed operator shall be in control whenever an auxiliary
transmitter is placed in operation.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Emergency Electric Power Generating Unit. An electric power
generating unit with sufficient electrical capability to sustain the
station’s emergency or regular operations shall be maintained to ensure
an uninterrupted operation.
▪Fire Fighting Facilities. Appropriate and adequate fire-fighting
facilities shall be maintained within the establishment.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
Operating Requirements
▪Hours of Operation. Minimum Operating Schedule-The licensee of
each medium frequency broadcast station shall maintain a minimum
operating schedule of two-thirds of the total hours that it is authorized
to operate.
▪Other Operating Practices. The percentage of modulation shall be
maintained as high as possible consistent with good quality
transmission.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Posting of Station and Operator License. The original copy of
the operator’s license shall be posted at the place where he is on
duty as an operator.
▪Operator Requirements. A radio operator holding a valid radio
telephone first class operator’s license shall be in actual charge of
transmitting apparatus and shall be on duty either at the transmitter
location or remote control point.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Logs. The licensee or permittee of each medium frequency
broadcast station shall maintain program and operating logs and shall
require entries to be made as follows:
In the Program Log:
-An entry of the time each station identification announcement
is made.
-An entry showing that each sponsored program broadcast has
been announced as sponsored, paid for or furnished by the sponsor.
-An entry of the time the program begins and ends.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
In Operating Log:
-An entry of the time station begins to supply power to the
antenna and the time it stops.
-An entry of each interruption to the carrier wave, its cause
and duration.
TECHNICAL & OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS:
▪Remote Control Operation.
-The equipment at the operating and transmitting position and
protected that it is not accessible to or capable of operation by persons
other than those duty authorized by the licensee.
-The indications at the remote control point of the antenna current
meter for directional antenna, the common point current meter and remote
base current meters shall be read and entered in the operating log each half
hour.
-Stations with authorized operating power in excess of 10kW
employing directional antenna and operated by remote control shall make
a skeleton proof of performance each year.
3.
NATIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
 PURPOSE:
oThe National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is primarily
responsible for the regulation and quasi-judicial functions relative to the
supervision, adjudication, and control of the country’s radio
communications, telecommunications, and broadcast, including cable
television (CATV) facilities and services.
 CORE FUNCTIONS:
oIssue licenses and permits for the operations of radio stations and
other telecommunication services.
oEnforce and implement, though inspection and field investigation,
telecommunications laws, rules and regulations governing the
installation and operation of all radio communication stations and
all telecommunications services including radio and television
broadcasting system including cable televisions.
oMonitor the operation of all radio stations to determine compliance
with existing radio laws and regulations and the terms and
conditions of their licenses and permits.
 CORE FUNCTIONS:
oConduct monitor surveillance of radio frequency spectrum to detect
and locate illegally operated stations or those causing harmful
interference’s and to guard against unlawful transmission and
illegally operating practices.
oAttend to the collection, consolidation and updating of statistical
data and other related information on telecommunication services or
stations, including operational statistics.
oUndertake study on telecommunication service requirements of the
regional area and submit recommendation to the Commission.
oAdminister oaths on matters generally involving the official business
of the regional office.
LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oAct No. 3396 (December 5, 1927). The Ship Radio Station Law.
This law is provided for the first radio regulatory office known as
Radio Construction and Maintenance Section. This is to enforce
radio laws and regulations particularly for the installation of radio
obligatory for the Philippine – registered ships to protect life and
property at sea.
oAct No. 3846 (November 11, 1931). The Radio Control Law of
the Philippines. Created the Radio Control Division in the Bureau
of Posts under the general supervision of the Secretary of Commerce
and Communications.
 LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oExecutive Order No. 230 (November 1, 1939). Formally organized
the Department of National Defense (DND), transferring the Radio
Control Division to it in view of the national defense and security
aspects of the establishment and operation of radio stations in the
country.
oExecutive Order No. 94 (July 1, 1947). This executive order
created the Department of Commerce and Industry, transferring to it
(from the DND) the Radio Control Division on the rationale that
radio regulation is a factor in the promotion of commerce and
industry.
LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oExecutive Order No. 392 (January 1, 1951). This executive order
transferred the Radio Control Board to the Department of Public
Works and Communications (DPWC) under which setup the Board
supervised the Radio Control Division.
oRepublic Act No. 1476 (June 15, 1956). This act abolished the
Radio Control Board, with the Radio Control Division remaining
under the DPWC.
oDepartment Order No. 51 (August 23, 1962). This department
order changed the name of the Radio Control Division to Radio
Control Office.
 LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oPresidential Decree No. 1 (September 24, 1972). The Integrated
Reorganization Plan (IRP) retained the Radio Control Office with
functions relative to the enforcement of policies, rules and regulations
on telecommunications. ( on July 1, 1974 it was renamed as
Telecommunications Control Bureau)
LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oExecutive Order No. 546 (July 23, 1979). This executive order
abolished the Telecommunications Control Bureau and the
Board of Communications, integrating it into a single entity. This
is the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) under
the administrative jurisdiction of the Ministry (later Department) of
Transportation and Communications which the EO created.
 LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oExecutive Order No. 269 (January 12, 2004). This executive order
created the Commission on Information and Communications
Technology (CICT) with the NTC as an attached agency.
oExecutive Order No. 454 (August 16, 2005). This executive order
transferred the NTC back to the Department of Transportation and
Communications (DOTC).
LEGAL BASIS: (Before NTC)
oExecutive Order No. 648 (August 6, 2007). Attaching again the
NTC from DOTC to CICT as a Locally Funded Project under
the Office of the President.
oExecutive Order No. 47 (June 23, 2011). It retains the NTC
under the Office of the President as another Executive Offices
(OEO).
MANDATE:
oTo regulate the installation, operation and maintenance of radio
stations both for private and public use. (Radio Control Law, Act
No. 3846, as amended)
oTo regulate and supervise the provision of public
telecommunications services (Radio Control Law, Act No. 3846
as amended and Public Telecommunications Policy Act of 1995,
RA No. 7925)
 MANDATE:
oTo manage the radio spectrum (Radio Control Law, Act No.
3846, as amended and Public Telecommunications Policy Act of
1995, RA No. 7925)
oTo regulate and supervise radio and television broadcast stations,
cable television (CATV) and pay television (EO No. 546 and EO
No. 205)
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:
Regulatory framework of NTC are classified into three broad
areas: Telecommunications, Broadcasting Undertaking, Radio
Spectrum.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NTC

The organizational structure above is a system that outlines how certain activities are directed
in order to achieve goals of an organization. These activities can include rules, roles, and
responsibilities.
 OFFICIAL MEMBERS:
National Telecommunications Commission is currently headed by:
Commissioner: Hon. Gamaliel A. Cordoba. He was employed on
August 1, 2009 up to present.
Deputy Commissioners
DELILAH F. DELES ENGR. EDGARDO V. CABARIOS
 REFERENCES:
1. https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/OPCCB/OPIF2012/OEO/NTC.pdf
2. https://ncr.ntc.gov.ph/?page_id=1661
3. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/260099-things-to-know-national-
telecommunications-commission
4. https://www.academia.edu/11243012/Management_Services_05B_Government-
wide_Performance_Audit_Regulatory_Functions_National_Telecommunications
_Commission
5. Carandang, A., Galang, L., Saliuan, C., Ceralde, A., Lintag, R., & Castillo, S. et
al. (1991). Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) - Technical
Standards And Operating Requirements For Broadcast Stations In the Philippines
[Ebook].
 REFERENCES:
6. https://prezi.com/ybo2adfcp_sp/kapisanan-ng-mga-brodkaster-ng-
pilipinas/?fbclid=IwAR32n567W3-
Abo5eWKHE9xHpkXhh3EJJQ8k6Jf_iJmfE6jAHor10xhUCyso
7. https://www.abu.org.my/portfolio-item/kapisanan-ng-mga-brodkaster-ng-
pilipinas/?doing_wp_cron=1592365151.7716300487518310546875&fbclid=Iw
AR3aDOM0Kia4AoIspkgGg8SrscKbw4ZvpEFNlLrJc4E1AhbRwT3i4O-sRV8
8. http://www.kbp.org.ph/about-kbp?fbclid=IwAR1ytLl4-
ENtodKO6de3HMWBwK4vQdgs1scR4UbbcQIlrTd-HfQPHxN2pnE
9. http://www.kbp.org.ph/organization/board-of-directors-
officers?fbclid=IwAR3Esqtoj4CrDBmiilTZtm8S--
B8xfoAxz5hZ1Q7I5zSogF24U8dKy1977w
 REFERENCES:
10. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Audio/radio.html
11. https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-is-frequency-stability
12. https://blog.taitradio.com/2016/03/10/radio-frequency-performance-
parameters-frequency-stability/
13. https://www.comreg.ie/media/dlm_uploads/2015/12/ComReg0834.pdf
14. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/modulation/itu-radio-
emission-designators.php
 REFERENCES:
15. http://www.antenna-
theory.com/basics/polarization.php#:~:text=The%20polarization%20of%20an
%20antenna,evaluated%20in%20the%20far%20field.&text=If%20one%20ant
enna%20is%20vertically,no%20power%20will%20be%20transferred
16. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/superheterodyne-receiver/theory-
principles.php
17. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=CcLwwRpQFaYC&pg=PA31-
IA8&lpg=PA31-
IA8&dq=three+primary+services+area+in+amplitude+modulation&source=bl&ots=
xaXlYAY2hM&sig=ACfU3U2gOj-
NmQDAsQ_FLj7L8TtnrQLi3Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimvcSihonqAhVR62
EKHZt6BcwQ6AEwCXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=primary%20service%20area&f
=false
GROUP 1 MEMBERS:
Dolores, Antonio Jr. A.
Flores, Ethel Grace G.
Ladua, Mary Joy L.
Lopez, Melrose
Sumpay, Ivan Gem M.
Villasencio, Mc Jayvee M.
END ☺