Co-ordinate Geometry: Lecs 1

Co-ordinate Geometry
[Ref Book: A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry with Vector Analysis – by Rahman and Bhattacharjee]
A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry and Vector Analysis – Khosh Mohammad
Two Dimensional Co-ordinate Geometry – Mohammad Isa

Co-ordinate Geometry: Transformation of co-ordinates axes and its uses; Equation of conics and its reduction to
standard forms; Pair of straight lines; Homogeneous equations of second degree; Angle between a pair of straight
lines; Pair of lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of two given curves, circles; System of circles;
Orthogonal circles; Radical axis, radical center, properties of radical axes; Coaxial circles and limiting points;
Equations of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates; Tangents and normals, pair of
tangents; Chord of contact; Chord in terms of its middle points; Pole and polar parametric co-ordinates; Diameters;
Conjugate diameters and their properties; Director circles and asymptotes.

Rh20/Chap4, KhoshMd(KM)14/Chap2, Isa6/Chap2

2 Change of Axes
1. Transformation of Co-ordinates 6, 2. Translation of axes 6, 3. Rotation of axes 7,
4. Simplification of the equation of a curve by transformation of coordinates 8, 5. Invariants 10,
6. Illustrative examples 12, Exercise-II 19.

Transformation of coordinates
The process of changing the coordinate of a point or equation of a curve by changing the origin or
the direction of axes is called transformation of coordinates. We proceed to establish the
fundamental formulae for such transformation of coordinates.

2.2. Translation of axes (change of origin)

To find the change in the coordinates of a point when the origin is shifted to another point
but the direction of axes remain unaltered.

y y y
y
P

O N X
O( , ) x
L X
O N
O x
Fig.2.1

(x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 1 becomes x

2
y 2 1 when x x 1 and y y 1
Thus, to transfer the origin to the point ( , ), the formulae of transformation are x x and
y y . Which implies x x and y y .
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

2.3. Rotation of axes: (Origin fixed).

To rotate the axes through an angle , the formulae of transformation are
x x cos y sin and y x sin y cos
To find the change in the coordinates of a point when the directions of axes is turned through an
angle but the origin of coordinates remains the same.

y y

P
x
L M
x
M N
Fig.2.2
It is to be noted that when the direction of axes are turned through an angle , the transformed
equation of a curve is obtained by substituting ( x cos y sin ) and ( x sin y cos ) for x and
y respectively in the equation of the curve.

Using polar coordinates to show the rotation formula

We know x r cos , y r sin . If rotation angle is , then
x r cos( ) x cos y sin
y r sin( ) y cos x sin
** If the angle of rotation is then will be replaced by .
x x cos y sin
; In matrix form it can be written as X = AX where The vectors
y y cos x sin

x x cos sin
X , X and the -rotation matrix is A
y y cos sin
Solving for x and y we get,
x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
The transforming equations for x, y and x , y may be conveniently remembered from the
following scheme:
x y
x cos – sin
y sin cos

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

2.5. Invariants.
If by the rotation of the rectangular coordinate axes about the origin through an angle the
expression ax 2 2hxy by 2 changes to a x 2 2h xy b y 2 then
a b a b and ab h2 ab h2
Proof: Replacing x and y in the expression ax 2 2hxy by 2 we have
a( x cos y sin )2 2h( x cos y sin )( x sin y cos ) b( x sin y cos ) 2
a x2 2h xy b y 2
or, a a cos2 b sin 2 2h sin cos
b a sin 2 b cos2 2h sin cos
and 2h 2h(cos 2 sin 2 ) 2(a b)sin cos
Now, (i)
a b a cos2 b sin 2 2h sin cos a sin 2
b cos2 2h sin cos
a(cos 2 sin 2 ) b(sin 2 cos 2 )
a b (proved)
(ii)
2a 2a cos 2 4h sin cos 2b sin 2
a(1 cos 2 ) 2h sin 2 b(1 cos 2 )
(a b) 2h sin 2 (a b) cos 2
similarly, 2b (a b) 2h sin 2 (a b) cos 2

Now, 4(a b h )2 (2a )(2b ) (2h ) 2

= (a b) 2 {2h sin 2 ( a b) cos 2 }2 {2 h cos 2 ( a b)sin 2 } 2

[used ( A B)( A B ) A2 B 2 ]
2 2 2 2
= (a b) [4h (a b) ] 4ab 4h [used sin 2 cos2 1]

ab h2 ab h2 (proved)
Hence, the quantities a b and ab h 2 of a second degree expression are invariants due to
rotation of axes.

Removal of xy-term ( product term)

Now suppose we want to remove the product term ( x y term) then the coefficients of x y should
vanish and hence we get 2h(cos 2 sin 2 ) 2(a b) sin cos 0,
i.e. 2h cos 2 (a b) sin 2 0

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

2h 1 1 2h
i.e., tan 2 i.e., tan .
a b 2 a b
1 1 2h
Hence if the axes are be rotated through an angle tan then xy term in the
2 a b
expression ax 2 2hxy by 2 vanishes .

So if it is necessary to remove the product term of an equation, the axes should be rotated through
1 2h
an angle such that tan 1 .
2 a b
[ So if it is necessary to remove the product term of an equation, the axes should be rotated
1 2h
through an angle such that tan 1 .]
2 a b

1. Rh23/Ex1
Determine the equation of the curve 2 x 2 3 y 2 8 x 6 y 7 0 when the origin is transferred to
the point (2, –1). The equation will be reduced to 2 x 2 3 y 2 18 .

Removing the dashes the equation is 2 x 2 3 y 2 18 (Ans).

2. Rh23/Ex2
Determine the equation parabola x 2 2 xy y 2 2 x 4 y 3 0 after rotating of axes through 45o
.
1 1
Hints. For 45o rotation , x (x y) , y (x y ) , put them in the given equation
2 2
2
and after simplification the given equation reduces to 2 y 2x 3 2y 3 0]
2
Now dropping the dashes, the equation is 2 y 2 x 3 2 y 3 0 (Ans).

3. Rh24/Ex4, Isa20/Exr5
By transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (h, k), prove that the equation
12 x 2 10 xy 2 y 2 11x 5 y 2 0
can be reduced to one containing only terms of the second degree.
3 5
Ans. h ,k , 12 x 2 10 xy 2y2 0
2 2

4. KhM22/Ex1

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Transform the equation 9 x 2 24 xy 2 y 2 6 x 20 y 41 0 in rectangular coordinates so as to

remove the terms in x, y and xy. [Ans. 18 x 2 7 y 2 54 0 ]
Step 1. Remove xy terms by rotating the axes through an angle, d= 0.5*tan-1 (2h/a-b).
Step 2. Remove x,y terms by transforming to parallel axes through transferring ORIGIN to (h,k) & setting x=x'+h
and y=y'+k . Then equate the co-efficients of x & y to 0 and solve value for h & k . Then find the new constant.

5. Rh25/Exr11, Isa19/Exr3
2 2 2
The equation 3 x 2 xy 3 y 2 18 x 22 y 50 0 is transformed to 4 x 2 y 1 when
referred to rectangular axes through the point (2, 3). Find the inclination of the latter axes to the
former. [Ans. 45 ].

6. Isa21/Exr14(iii)
Simplify the following equations by suitable translation and rotation of axes:
2
3x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 18 x 22 y 50 0 [Ans. 4 x 2 y 2 1]

Transfer the origin to (–1, 1) then equation becomes 9 x 2 24 xy 2 y 2 54 0

To remove xy term let axes be rotated through the angle then
2h 24 3 3
tan 2 or , tan or , tan 1
a b 7 4 4
3 4
so, sin , cos
5 5
substituting these and simplifying the transformed equation is 18 x 2 7 y 2 54 0 (Ans)

7. Example
Consider the ellipse x 2 4 y2 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)

x2 y2
or, 1
4 1
If the axes are rotated through an angle = π/4 (= 45o ).
1 1
Then x (x y) , y (x y)
2 2
1
[5 x 2 6 x y 5y 2] 4 h
2
or, 5 x 2 6 x y 5y 2 8 ... ... ... ... ... (2)
If the origin is shifted to the point (2, 1) then x x 2 , y y 1 then equation (2) reduces
to

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

2 2
5x 6x y 5y 26 x 22 y 37 8
Now dropping the dashes (or suffixes) the equation is
5 x 2 6 xy 5 y 2 26 x 22 y 29 0 ... ... ... ... ... (3) (Ans).
8. Question
Transform the equation 5 x 2 6 xy 5 y 2 26 x 22 y 29 0 to its standard form and then
identify the curve represented by it.
(Ans).

9. Question
Transform the equation 5 x 2 24 xy 5 y 2 4 x 58 y 59 0 to its standard form and then
identify the conic represented by it.

Rh51/Art48
3.1. To find the condition that the general equation of second degree in x and y may represent a
pair of straight lines.
2
1. The general equation of second degree ax 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... .. (1)
will represent a pair of straight lines if = 0 where the symbol represents the determinant
a h g
h b f
g f c

(i) Lines are parallel if ab = h2 and (ii) Lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0.

≠ 0:
2. a circle if a = b , h = 0
3. a parabola if ab = h2
4. an ellipse if ab > h2
5. a hyperbola if ab < h2 , (i) if a + b = 0 then rectangular hyperbola.
a h g
h b f abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2
g f c

Rh51/Art49

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Centre of a Conic
Let F ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c
F F
Then 2(ax hy g ) 0 and 2(hx by f ) 0.
x y
Solving these two equations ax hy g 0 and hx by f 0 , we get
x y 1 hf bg gh af
2 or ( x, y ) , .
hf bg gh af h ab h 2 ab h 2 ab

10. Rh25/Exr11
2
Transform the equation 3 x 2 xy 3 y 2 18 x 22 y 50 0 to its standard form and then
identify the conic.
Hints. Centre is (2, 3) , Find angle then use invariants
a b a b and ab h2 a b (as h 0 ), calculate a 4 and b 2 . Finally, get the
transformed equation in standard form as 4 x 2 2 y 2 1 .
2
Now dropping the primes, the equation is 4 x 2 y 2 1 , which is an ellipse.
Rh53/
Working rule for the reduction of Conic to its standard form
2
Equation of conic is ax 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
Let F ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c
F F
Then 2(ax hy g ) and 2(hx by f ).
x y
If (x1, y1) be the centre of the conic then ax1 hy1 g 0 and hx1 by1 f 0 (3)
Solving, we get
x1 y1 1 hf bg gh af
2 or ( x1 , y1 ) , . (4)
hf bg gh af h ab h 2 ab h 2 ab
If we transfer the origin to (x1, y1) the equation becomes
ax 2 2hxy by 2 c1 0
where,
c1 ax12 2hx1 y1 by12 2 gx1 2 fy1 c
x1 (ax1 hy1 g ) y1 (hx1 by1 f ) gx1 fy1 c
x1 (0) y1 (0) gx1 fy1 c [by (3)]
So, New constant is c1 gx1 fy1 c

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2
Put the values of x1 and y1 from (4) then c1
ab h 2 ab h 2

Calculate c1 from gx1 fy1 c or from .

ab h2
Then new equation ax 2 2hxy by 2 c1 0 (5)

Which can be written as, Ax 2 2 Hxy By 2 1 [when c1 ≠ 0 that is ≠ 0]

** If = 0, then c1 = 0 then equation (5) will represent two straight lines.

1 1 2h
Find angle from tan
2 a b
So, if the axes are be rotated through an angle then xy term will disappear. Then equation (5)
will be transferred to a1 x 2 b1 y 2 c1 0

We can calculate a1 , b1 from the invariants a1 b1 a b and a1b1 ab h 2 [as h1 = 0]

11. Rh54/Ex, KhM163/Exr26(i)

Reduce the equation 32 x 2 52 xy 7 y 2 64 x 52 y 148 0 to the standard form and then
identify the conic.
Let f ( x, y ) 32 x 2 52 xy 7 y 2 64 x 52 y 148 0
f
Then 0 or, 64 x 52 y 64 0
x
f
and 0 or, 52 x 14 y 52 0
y
Solving, x = 1, y = 0 that is centre is at (x1 , y1) = (1, 0).
New constant, c1 gx1 fy1 c = –32(1) –26(0) – 148 = –180

The equation of conic referred as origin is 32 x 2 52 xy 7 y 2 180 0

When the xy-term is removed by the rotation of axes, let the reduced equation be
a1 x 2 b1 y 2 180 ... ... ... (3)

Then a1 b1 = 32–7 = 25 ; [Here , a = 32 , b = –7 , h = 26]

and a1b1 ab h 2 = –32(7) – (26)2 = –900

(a1 b1 ) 2 (a1 b1 ) 2 4a1b1 = (25)2 – 4( –900) = 4225
or , a1 b1 = 65
So, we have a1 45, b1 20

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

x2 y2
The equation (3) is 45 x 2 20 y 2 180 or, 1 , which is a hyperbola
4 9
Therefore the given equation represents a hyperbola.

PSL1 (Hand note)

Rh26/Chap5, KhoshMd(KM)49/Chap4, Isa23/Chap3

Product of two line x + y = 0 , x – y = 0 is

x2 – y2 = 0 a pair of straight lines (lines are different)

(x + y)2 = 0 x 2 2 xy y 2 0 a pair of coincident straight lines (two lines are same)

Here a = 1 , h = 1 , b = 1 , so, h2 ab

2
If h2 ab then ax 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... ... (1)

2
can be written as ( ax by ) 0
Two lines are same.

KM50/Cor. (1)
If h2 ab equation (1) represents two real lines but when h2 ab then lines are imaginary but
pass through the real point (0,0).

Two lines are Perpendicular if a + b = 0 that is 2 .

3 Pair of Straight Lines

y = 2x , y = 3x or, y – 2x = 0 , y – 3x = 0
(y – 2x)( y – 3x) = 0
y2 5 xy 6x2 0 which represents a pair of straight lines.

Homogeneous equation of the second degree

ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... ... (1)
always represents a pair of straight lines through the origin.
If (1) represents the straight lines y – m1 x = 0 , y – m2 x = 0 then
2h a 2
(y – m1x)( y – m2 x) = y 2 xy x
b b
2h a
or, m1 m2 , m1m2
b b

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Angle between two lines Represented by

3.7. To find the angle between the lines represented by the equation
ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
Let the separate equations of the lines given by (1) be y m1 x 0 and y m2 x 0 so that
2h a
m1 m2 and m1m2 . If be the angle between the lines, then
b b

m1 ~ m2 (m1 m2 ) 2 4m1m2
tan
1 m1m2 1 m1m2

4h 2 a
4
b2 b 2h a
,  m1 m2 and m1m2
a b b
1
b
1
2 h2 ab
b 2 h 2 ab 1 2 h 2 ab
tan .
1 a b a b
( a b)
b
The general equation of second degree in x and y
ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... ... (1)
represents a pair of straight lines if
a h g
h b f 0
g f c
Expanding the determinant, the condition can be written as
abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 0

If equation (1) represents a pair of straight lines, then the equation

ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... ... (2)
represents a pair of straight lines through the origin, parallel to those represented by equation (1),
then the equation

2 h 2 ab
tan ;
a b
Parallel if: = 0 or, tan = 0 or, h2 ab 0 or, h2 ab
Perpendicular if: a + b = 0 [ 2 or, cot = 0 that is a + b = 0 ]

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

PSL2 (Hand note)

Point of intersection
The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two lines given by (1) are
hf bg gh af G F
, i.e. , where C, G, F are the cofactors of the elements c, g, f of the
ab h 2 ab h 2 C C
a h g
determinant a b f For a pair of straight lines, the point of intersection
is actually the centre of the conic of the equation.
g f c

S S
Also, the point of intersection is obtained by solving 0 and 0 where
x y
S ( x, y ) ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c
[See Rh51/Art49 / Centre of a Conic]

Bisectors of the angles between the lines

KhM 56/Art. 33, Isa28/Art.3.9
To find the equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines given by
ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
Let the separate equations of the lines given by (1) be
y m1 x 0 and y m2 x 0

2h a
where m1 m2 and m1m2
b b
the equations of the bisectors are
y m1 x y m2 x
1 m12 1 m22
(Squaring or)
Their joint equation is

y m1 x y m2 x y m1 x y m2 x
0
1 m12 1 m22 1 m12 1 m22

( y m1 x) 2 ( y m2 x ) 2
or, 0
1 m12 1 m22
2 2
or, (1 m2 )( y 2m1 xy m12 x 2 )

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

(1 m 2 )( y 2 2m2 xy m22 x 2 ) 0
2
or, (m1 m22 )( x 2 y 2 ) 2(m1 x 2 1)( m1 m2 ) xy 0

or, (m1 m2 )( x 2 y 2 ) 2(m1m2 1) xy 0

2h 2 a
or, (x y2 ) 2 1 xy 0
b b

or, h( x 2 y 2 ) (a b) xy 0

x2 y2 xy
or, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
a b h
Observation:
The bisectors given by (2) are perpendicular to each other. Because, the co-efficients of x2 and y2 are :
h and -h , ( equal and opossite in sign ) .

KhM 58/Cor. 33, Isa30/Art.3.11

To find the equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines given by
ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 (1)

Let ( , ) be the point of intersection of the lines given by (1). Referred to parallel axes though
( , ), as origin,
so that x X and y Y . Which implies X x and Y y .

the equation of the given lines reduces to the homogeneous form aX 2 2hXY bY 2 0,
X2 Y2 XY
Whose bisectors angles are given by
a b h
)2 ( y )2 (x
(x )( y )
Reverting now to the old axes, this equation becomes
a b h
which is the required equations of bisectors of the angles between the lines given by (1).

Pair of lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
KhM 59/Art. 34, Isa32/Art.3.14
A special pair of lines
To find the equation of the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve

ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... ... ... (1)

with the line, lx my n 0 ... ... ... ... ... .... (2)

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Making equation (1) homogeneous with the help of the equation (2) which is written in the form
lx my
1 we get,
n
2
2 2 lx my lx my
ax 2hxy by 2( gx fy) c 0 ... ... (3)
n n
On simplification, this equation assumes the form Ax 2 2 Hxy By 2 0 which is a second
degree homogenous equation. The equation (3) being a homogeneous second degree equation,
represents a pair of straight lines through the origin. Moreover, it is satisfied by the coordinates of
points which satisfy (1) and (2).

Alternate
For circle
x2 y2 1 in (1)
Making equation (1) homogeneous with the help of the equation (2)
2
lx my
x2 y2 which contains terms with x 2 , y 2 and xy and is of the form
n
l2 lm m2
Ax 2 2 Hxy By 2 0 ; where A 1 , H , B 1
n2 n n2
Which represents a pair of straight lines through the origin.

PSL3 (Hand note)

Rh39/Exr5Q8-15, KhM67/Exr4,Q1b Isa37/Ex2

12. KhM60/Ex1
Find for what value of the equation 12 x 2 36 xy y2 6x 6 y 3 0
represents a pair of straight lines.
Solution: we have a 12, b , c 3, h 18, g 3, f 3.
abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 0
gives 12 (3) + 2(3)(3)(18) – 12(3)2 – (3)2 – 3(18)2 = 0
4 + 36 – 12 – – 108 = 0 [dividing by 9]
3 = 84 or, = 28
The required values of = 28 (Ans).

13. Isa37/Ex2
Find the values of k so that the equation

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

3x 2 10 xy 8 y 2 kx 26 y 21 0
represents a pair of straight lines and then find the angle between the lines.
Solution: The given equation is
3x 2 10 xy 8 y 2 kx 26 y 21 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
Comparing the given equation (1) with the equation
ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
k
we have a 3, b 8, c 21, h 5, g , f 13 .
2
The given equation, represents a pair of straight lines, if
abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
Putting the values of a, b, c etc. in (2), we get
2
k k
3 8 21 2( 13) 5 3( 13) 2 8 21(5) 2 0
2 2
or, 504 65k 507 2k 2 525 0
or, 2k 2 65k 528 0
or, 2k 2 33k 32k 528 0
or, k (2k 33) 16(2k 33) 0
or, (2k 33)(k 16) 0
33
2k 33 0 and k 16 0 i.e. k and k = 16 which are the required values of k.
2

14. KhM60/Ex2
Show that the equation 2 x 2 xy y2 x 7 y 10 0
represents a pair of straight lines and then find the angle between the lines. Find also their point
of intersection and the equation of the bisectors of the angles between the two lines given by the
equation.
1 1 7
Solution: We have a 2, b 1, c 10, h , g , f .
2 2 2
7 49 1 10
abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 20 0
4 2 4 4
The given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
Let F 2x2 xy y 2 x 7 y 10
F F
Then 4 x y 1 and x 2y 7
x y

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

If (x1, y1 ) is the point of intersection then 4 x1 y1 1 0 and x1 2 y1 7 0

Solving these two equations, we get
x1 y1 1
or x1 1, y1 3
7 2 1 28 8 1
The point of intersection is ( x1 , y1 ) (1, 3) .
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between two lines is
(x )2 ( y )2 (x )( y )
a b h
( x 1) 2 ( y 3) 2 ( x 1)( y 3)
or, or, x 2 6 xy y 2 20 x 10 0 (Ans)
2 1 1/ 2

PSL4 (Hand note)

Rh/Ex, KhM61/Ex5,Isa31/Art.3.12

15. KhM61/Ex5
Prove that the pair of lines bx 2 2hxy ay 2 0 are perpendiculars through the origin to the
2 2
pair of lines ax 2hxy by 0 .
Solution: Let y m1 x 0 and y m2 x 0 be the lines represented by the equation
ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 .
2h a ... ... ... ...
Then, m1 m2 and m1m2 (1)
b b
Now, the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the lines y m1 x 0 and y m2 x 0 are
m1 y x 0 and m2 y x 0
The joint equation of these lines is (m1 y x)( m2 y x) 0

or, m1m2 y 2 (m1 m2 ) xy x2 0

a 2 2h
or, y xy x2 0, [by (1)]
b b
or, bx 2 2hxy ay 2 0 (proved)
which is the required equation.

16. KhM64/Ex9, Isa51/Ex15

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Show that the straight lines joining the origin to the intersections of the curves whose equations
are ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 0 and a1 x 2 2h1 xy b1 y 2 2 g1 x 0 are at right angles if
a b a1 b1
.
g g1

Solution: ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)

a1 x 2 2h1 xy b1 y 2 2 g1 x 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
The pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of (1) and (2) are obtained
by making a homogeneous equation from (1) and (2).
Multiplying (1) by g 1 and (2) by g and the subtracting, we get

(ag1 a1 g ) x 2 2(hg1 h1 g ) xy (bg1 b1 g ) y 2 0 ... ... ... (3)

which represent the lines joining the origin to the other two points of intersection of (1) and (2).
Now, the lines represented by (3) will be at right angles if
(coefficient of x2) + (coefficient of y2) = 0
i.e., (ag1 a1 g ) (bg1 b1 g ) 0
a b a1 b1
or, (a b) g1 (a1 b1 ) g or, (Hence shown).
g g1

17. Rh 40/Exr28, KhM65/Ex10, Isa53/Exr1(iii)

Show that the equation
(ab h 2 )(ax 2 2hx by 2 2 gx 2 fy ) af 2 bg 2 2 fgh 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
represents a pair of straight lines ; and these straight lines form a rhombus with the lines
ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 , provided (a b) fg h( f 2 g 2 ) 0 .

18. Rh35/Ex6, KhM54/Art32, 69/Exr11, Isa 31/Art 3.13

Show that the equation
ax 2 2hx by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
a h g
represents a pair of parallel straight lines if and also that the distance between the
h b f
g 2 ac
parallel lines is 2 .
a ( a b)
Solution: If the equation (1) represents a pair of parallel straight lines, then = 0 and ab = h2.
Now,
abc 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2

abc ch 2 2 fgh af 2 bg 2

c(ab h 2 ) 2 fgh af 2 bg 2

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 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

2 fgh af 2 bg 2 , [ ab h 2 0].
2
2 fgh af bg 2 0 , since 0.

or, af 2 bg 2 2 fgh 0

or, af 2 bg 2 2 fg ab 0 , [ ab h 2 0 i.e., h ab ]

or, ( a f bg)2 0 or, af bg 0

or, af bg ,

g a ab h
or, , [ ab h]
f b b b
g h
... ... ... ... (2)
f b
h a
Also, h 2 ab or, ... ... ... ... (3)
b h
a h g
from (2) and (3), we get . Hence is shown.
h b f
To find the distance between the parallel lines obtained from the equation (1), let us suppose that
l1 x m1 y n1 0 and l1 x m1 y n2 0 ... ... ... ... (4)
be the separate equations of the parallel lines given by (1).
Then (l1 x m1 y n1 )(l1 x m1 y n2 )

ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c
Comparing the co-efficients, we get
l12 a, m12 b, n1n2 c, 2l1m1 2h, l1n2 n1l2 2g,
m1n2 m2 n1 2f
Now, the distance between the lines (4) is

n1 n2 (n1 n2 ) 2 (n1 n2 ) 2 4n1n2

l12 m12 l12 m12 l12 m12

4g 2
4c
a g 2 ac
2
a b a ( a b)

g 2 ac
Hence the distance between the parallel lines given by (1) is 2 (proved).
a ( a b)

19. KhM71/Ex24, Isa43/Ex8

17
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

If the equation ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 represents two straight lines, prove that the
square of the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is
c ( a b) f 2 g2
.
ab h 2
Solution: Let the lines represented by the given equation be l1 x m1 y n1 0 and
l 2 x m2 y n2 0.

Then, ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c
(l1 x m1 y n1 )(l 2 x m2 y n2 ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)
Comparing the co-efficients of similar terms in both sides of (1), we get
l1l 2 a, m1m2 b, n1n2 c, m1n2 m2 n1 2f,
... ... ... (2)
n1l 2 n2 l1 2 g , l1m2 l 2 m1 2h
Solving,
l1 x m1 y n1 0
, we get
and l 2 x m2 y n2 0
x y 1
m1 n2 m2 n1 n1l 2 n2 l1 l1 m2 l 2 m1

m1n2 m2 n1 (m1n2 m2 n1 ) 2 4m1m2 n1n2

x
l1m2 l 2 m1 (l1m2 l 2 m1 ) 2 4l1l 2 m1m2
2
4f 4bc f 2 bc
, using (2)
4h 2 4ab h 2 ab

n1l 2 n2 l1 g 2 ca
Similarly, y
l1m2 l 2 m1 h 2 ab

f 2 bc g 2 ca
the point of intersection is ,
h 2 ab h 2 ab

Hence the square of the distance of the point of intersection from the origin is
2 2
f 2 bc g2 ca
h 2 ab h2 ab
2
f bc g 2 ca f 2
g2 c ( a b)
h 2 ab h2 ab
c ( a b) f 2 g2
(Proved).
ab h 2

18
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

20. KhM71/Ex25, Isa55/Exr14

Show that the triangle formed by the lines ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 and lx my 1 is right-angled;
if (a b)( al 2 2hlm bm 2 ) 0.

21. Rh36/Ex7, KhM72/Exr29

Prove that the straight lines represented by the equation ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
will be equidistant from the origin if f 4 g 4 c(bf 2 ag 2 ) .

22. Rh42/Exr44, Isa45/Ex11

If one of the straight lines given by ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 coincide with one of the lines given by
a1 x 2 2h1 xy b1 y 2 0 and the other lines represented by them are perpendicular, then prove
ha1b1 h1 ab 1
that aa1bb1 .
b1 a1 b a 2

Solution: Given equations are ax 2 2hxy by 2 0 ... ... .. (1)

and a1 x 2 2h1 xy b1 y 2 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
Let y m1 x and y m2 x be the lines given by (1)
2h
m1 m2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
b
a
and m1 m2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (4)
b
By the given condition, the equations of the lines represented by (2) will be y m1 x and
1
y x,
m2

1 2h1
so that m1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (5)
m2 b1

1 a1
and m1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. (6)
m2 b1
From (4) and (6) on multiplication, we get
aa1 aa1 aa1bb1
m12 2
or m1
bb1 bb1 b 2 b12

aa1bb1 aa1bb1 a
m1 . Substituting this values of m1 in (4), we get m2
bb1 bb1 b

19
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

a bb1
m2 .
b ( aa1bb1 )

ab1 ab1 aa1bb1 ( aa1bb1 )

.
aa1bb1 aa1bb1 a1b

Substituting these values of m1 and m 2 in (3), we get

( aa1bb1 ) aa1bb1 2h
bb1 a1b b

1 1
or, aa1bb1 2h
b1 a1

a1 b1
or, aa1bb1 2h
a1b1

aa1bb1 ha1b1 ha1b1

or,
2 a1 b1 b1 a1
ha1b1 1
aa1bb1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (7)
b1 a1 2
Again, substituting the values of m1 and m 2 in (5), we get

aa1bb1 a1b 2h1

1 bb1 aa1bb1 b1

aa1bb1 a1b aa1bb1 2h1

or,
bb1 ( aa1bb1 ) b1
1 1
or, aa1bb1 2h1
b

aa1bb1 a b
or, h1
2 ab
1 ab h1 ab
or, aa1bb1 h1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (8)
2 a b b a
from (7) and (8), we get
ha1b1 h1 ab 1
aa1bb1 (Proved)
b1 a1 b a 2

PSL5 (Hand note)

23. Rh42/Exr43, KhM61/Ex5

20
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points intersections of the straight line
kx hy 2hk with the curve ( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 c 2 are at right angles if h2 k 2 c 2 .
Solution:
Equation of the curve is
( x h) 2 ( y k )2 c2

or, x 2 y2 2(hx ky ) h 2 k 2 c2 0 ... ... ... ... ... (1)

and the straight line is kx hy 2hk ... ... ... ... ... (2)
Making equation (1) homogeneous with the help of the equation (2)
We get,
2
kx hy kx hy
x 2
y 2
2(hx ky) (h 2
k 2
c ) 2
0 ... ... ... ... ... (3)
2hk 2hk
which represents the straight lines through the origin and the points intersections of (1) and (2).
Comparing (3) with Ax 2 2 Hxy By 2 0
we get,
A = coefficient of x2
2
2hk k 1
1 (h 2 k 2 c2 ) (h 2 k 2 c2 )
2hk 2hk 4h 2

B = coefficient of y2
2
2hk 2 2 2 h 1
1 (h k c ) (h 2 k 2 c2 )
2hk 2hk 4k 2
The straight lines represented (3) will be perpendicular if
A +B =0
1 1
or, (h 2 k 2 c2 ) 0
4h 2 4k 2
1 1
As 0 we have (h 2 k 2 c 2 ) 0 (proved) .
4h 2 4k 2

24. Rh42/Exr50, KhM70/Exr14

Prove that the equation (ax by)( x y) kxy (a ) x (b ) y 1 0 represents a pair of
straight lines, if k (a )(b ) . Find their point of intersection.
or,
Prove that the equation (ax by 1)( x y 1) kxy 0 represents a pair of straight lines, if
k (a )(b ) . Find their point of intersection.

21
 Coordinate Geometry: Lecs

Solution:
Substituting k (a )(b ) in the given equation

(ax by)( x y) kxy (a ) x (b ) y 1 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)
we get
(ax by)( x y ) (a )(b ) xy (a ) x (b )y 1 0

or, a x 2 b y 2 )(ab ) xy (a ) x (b )y 1 0
or, ax( x by 1) y( x by 1) 1( x by 1) 0
or, (ax y 1)( x by 1) 0
which is product of two linear equations
The given equation represents two straight lines
ax y 1 0 and x by 1 0
x y 1
Solving,
b a ab

b a
The point of intersection is , (Ans)
ab ab

C1 (Hand note)

25. Rh91/Chap7, KhM73/Chap5, Isa57/Chap4

4 The Circle
The equation x 2 y2 r 2 represents a circle of radius r having centre at origin.

Also ( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 r 2 represents a circle having centre (h, k) and radius r. On

simplification, this equation can be written as
x2 y 2 2hx 2ky h 2 k2 r2 0 ... ... ... ... (1)
Replacing h by g, k by f and (h 2 k 2 r 2 ) by c, equation (1) becomes
x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... ... ... (2)
which is known as the general equation of a circle whose centre is ( g, f) and radius is
2 2
g f c . It is clear that the equation
2
a( x y 2 ) 2 gx 2 fy c 0 ... ... ... ... (3)
g f g2 f 2 ac
also represents a circle whose centre is , and radius is . The equation
a a a
(3) is known as more general form of the equation of a circle.

22