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CA TE GORY

Civilengineering Subjects tutorial |
Learn civil Engineering online
 Beam Design (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/)

Basic rules for design of beams (129)

Building construction
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
 sanjay sharma (https://civilengineering.blog/author/babyanushka/) ­  22 Feb 2020 ­ /civilengineering­subjects­
 Design of singly reinforced beam (https://civilengineering.blog/category/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­
c­c­structure­design/limit­state­method/design­singly­reinforced­beam/) ­ tutorial/building­construction/) (17)
 0 Comments (https://civilengineering.blog/2020/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­of­beams/#respond)
Building material
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
Table of Contents [hide] /civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/building­material/) (35)

1 Learn Bricks
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
2  BASIC RULES FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS
/civilengineering­subjects­
2.1 Effective Span (CI. 22.2, IS 456) tutorial/building­material/bricks/) (9)

2.1.1 (a) Simply Supported Beam or Slab Cement
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
2.1.2 (c) Cantilever Beam or Slab
/civilengineering­subjects­
2.2  Effective Depth tutorial/building­material/cement/) (6)

2.3 Control of Deflection (Cl. 23.2, IS 456) Concrete technology

2.4 Reinforcement (Refer CI. 26.5.1, IS 456) (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
2.4.1 (a) Minimum Reinforcement tutorial/concrete­technology/) (6)

2.4.2 (b) Maximum Reinforcement Estimating and costing

2.4.3 (c) Side Face Reinforcement (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
2.4.4 (d) Transverse Reinforcement in Beams for Shear tutorial/estimating­and­costing/) (5)

2.4.5 (e) Spacing of Reinforcement Bars  Irrigation engineering

2.5 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement (CI. 26.4, IS 456) (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
2.5.1 Table  Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements tutorial/irrigation­engineering/) (10)
 2.6 Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement  R.C.C. Structure design
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
2.6.1  Conditions for Curtailment of Bars
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
2.6.2 Simplified Curtailment Rules for Tension Reinforcement in c­structure­design/) (34)

Beams (As Per SP 34) Limit State Method
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
2.7 Share this:
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
2.8 Like this: c­structure­design/limit­state­
method/) (12)
2.9 Related
Design of singly reinforced beam
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
Learn /civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/limit­state­

About design of beams, effective span, effective depth, method/design­singly­reinforced­
beam/) (2)
reinforcement, nominal cover to reinforcement, curtailment of tension
Reinforced cement concrete
reinforcement
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
 BASIC RULES FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS c­structure­design/reinforced­cement­
concrete/) (7)
While designing R.C.C. beams, following important rules must be
Working Stress method
kept in mind: (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
Effective Span (CI. 22.2, IS 456) c­structure­design/working­stress­
method/) (14)

The effective span of the beams are taken as follows :
Soil mechanics and foundation
Engineering its application
(a) Simply Supported Beam or Slab
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­foundation/)
(8)
The effective span of a simply supported beam or slab is taken as Preliminary definitions
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
least of the following: /civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­
(i) Clear span plus the effective depth of beam or slab.
foundation/preliminary­definitions­
relationships/) (7)
(ii)Centre to centre distance between supports.
Strength of material(SOM)
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
(b) Continuous Beam or Slab
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/) (7)
In case of continuous beam or slab if the width of the supports is less
SFD and BMD
than (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­

1 tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/sfd­
and­bmd/) (5)
12

Surveying
of the clear span, the effective span is taken as in (a). If the width of
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
the support is greater than /civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/surveying/) (3)

1
Theory of structure (TOS)
12 (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
of the clear span or 600 mm whichever is less, the effective span is tutorial/theory­of­structure­tos/) (4)

taken as: Education
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
(i)For the end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for /education/) (8)

intermediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
between the supports. /hydraulics­and­fluid­mechanics/) (2)

Properties of fluid
 (https://civilengineering.blog/category
(ii)For end span with one end free and other continuous, the effective
/hydraulics­and­fluid­
span shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective depth of mechanics/properties­of­fluid/) (1)

the beam or slab or clear span plus half the width of discontinuous Uncategorized
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
support whichever is less.
/uncategorized/) (11)

(c) Cantilever Beam or Slab WordPress
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
The effective span of the cantilever beam or slab is taken as : /wordpress/) (9)

Length of over hang plus half the effective depth CA TE GORY   CLOUD

Except where it forms the end of a continuous beam where the Bricks

length up to the centre of support is taken. (https://civilengineering.blog/categ
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
 Effective Depth tutorial/building­material/bricks/)
Building construction
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the (https://civilengineering.blog/categ
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
area of tension reinforcement and the topmost compression fibre. It is
tutorial/building­construction/)
equal to total depth of the beam minus effective cover. Building material
(https://civilengineering.blog/cat
Control of Deflection (Cl. 23.2, IS 456)
egory/civilengineering­subjects­

For beams and slabs, the vertical deflection limits may be assumed to tutorial/building­material/)
Cement
be satisfied if the span to depth ratios are not greater than the (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
following :
tutorial/building­material/cement/)
Civilengineering Subjects tutorial |
(a)For span upto 10 m Learn civil Engineering online
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
 /civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/)
(i)Simply supported beam
Concrete technology
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
Span
= 20 /civilengineering­subjects­
Effectivedepth tutorial/concrete­technology/)   Design
of singly reinforced beam
(ii)Cantilever beam (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­

Span c­structure­design/limit­state­
= 7 method/design­singly­reinforced­
Effectivedepth
beam/)   Education
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
(iii)Continuous beam
ory/education/)   Estimating and
costing
Span
= 26 (https://civilengineering.blog/category
Effectivedepth /civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/estimating­and­costing/)
(b)For span above 10 m, the values given in (a) should be multiplied Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
by 10/span (m), except for cantilever for which is to be calculated the
/hydraulics­and­fluid­mechanics/)
exact deflection. Irrigation engineering
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
(c)Depending upon the area and stress of steel for tension
tutorial/irrigation­engineering/)
reinforcement, the values in (a) or (b) shall be modified by multiplying Limit State Method

with the modification factor obtained from Fig.1. (https://civilengineering.blog/categ
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/r­c­c­structure­design/limit­
state­method/)   Preliminary
definitions
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­

(https://civilengineering.blog/20
20/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­
of­beams/6­1/)
Modification factor for tension
reinforcement
 
(https://civilengineering.blog/20
20/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­
of­beams/6­2­2/)
RELATION BETWEEN PERCENTAGE OF
COMPRESSION STEEL AND
foundation/preliminary­definitions­
relationships/)   Properties of fluid
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/hydraulics­and­fluid­
mechanics/properties­of­fluid/)
R.C.C. Structure design
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/r­c­c­structure­design/)
Reinforced cement concrete
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/reinforced­cement­
concrete/)   SFD and BMD
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/sfd­
and­bmd/)   Soil mechanics and
foundation Engineering its application
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­foundation/)
Strength of material(SOM)
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/)
Surveying
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/surveying/)   Theory of
structure (TOS)
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/theory­of­structure­tos/)
 MODIFICATION FACTOR Uncategorized
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
In Fig.1. fs is the stress in steel at service loads.
ory/uncategorized/)   WordPress
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
(d)Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of
ory/wordpress/)   Working Stress
span to depth ratio can be modified as per modification factor given in method
(https://civilengineering.blog/categ
Fig.2.
ory/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/r­c­c­structure­
Reinforcement (Refer CI. 26.5.1, IS 456)
design/working­stress­method/)
(a) Minimum Reinforcement
TA G  CLOUD
The minimum area of tension steel shall not be less than that given
3D MODEL
by following: (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/3D­
MODEL/)

ART
As 0.85 (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/ART/)
=
bd fy
BUSINESS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/BUSINESS/

whereAs  = Minimum area of tension steel CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL REINFORCING MA

(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/CHARACTE
OF­AN­IDEAL­REINFORCING­MATERIAL/)

b = Breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T­beam. CONTACT TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/CONTACT­
TO­SOLVE­THE­PROBLEMS/)

d = Effective depth CREATIVE
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/CREATIVE/

fy  = Characteristics strength of reinforcement in N/mm2. DEFORMED BARS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/DEFORMED
BARS/)

(b) Maximum Reinforcement DEIFINITION OF STAIR CASE
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/DEIFINITIO
OF­STAIR­CASE/)

The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 EDUCATION
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/EDUCATIO
bD.
(c) Side Face Reinforcement FOUNDATIONS­MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE
STRUCTURE|CIVILENGINEERING
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/DIFFERENT
TYPES­FOUNDATIONS/)
When the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 50 mm, it is a deep
LANDING
beam. So side face reinforcement should be provided along the two (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/LANDING/)

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE
faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1 (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/LIMIT­
STATE­OF­COLLAPSE­IN­FLEXURE/)
percent of the web area which shall be distributed equally on both the
LIMIT TATE OF COLLAPSE SHEAR AND BOND
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/LIMIT­
faces. The spacing of side face spacing should not be more than 300 STATE­OF­COLLAPSE­SHEAR­AND­BOND/)

mm or web thickness whichever is less. LINE OF NOSING
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/LINE­
OF­NOSING/)

(d) Transverse Reinforcement in Beams for Shear LINE OF WALKING
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/LINE­
OF­WALKING/)
The shear reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the
MAJOR CROPS AND CROP SEASONS OF INDIA
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/MAJOR­
outermost tension and compression bars.  Design of shear CROPS­AND­CROP­SEASONS­OF­INDIA/)

reinforcement (https://civilengineering.blog/2017/12/10/types­of­ METHODS OF IRRIGATION
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/METHODS­
OF­IRRIGATION/)
shear­reinforcement/)
MONEY
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/MONEY/)
(e) Spacing of Reinforcement Bars 
NEWL POSTS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/NEWL­
POSTS/)
(i)The horizontal distance between two parallel main bars shall not be
NOSING
less than the greatest of the following: (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/NOSING/)

PAINTS AND VARNISHES
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/PAINTS­
Diameter of the bars are of same diameter. AND­VARNISHES/)

Diameter of the larger bar if the diameter are unequal. PITCH
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/PITCH/)

5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF A
SUITABLE IRRIGATION METHOD
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/PRINCIPAL
CRITERIA­FOR­THE­DESIGN­OF­A­SUITABLE­
IRRIGATION­METHOD/)
(ii)When the bars are in rows, they should be vertically in line and the QUALITIES OF STEEL
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/QUALITIES
OF­STEEL/)
minimum vertical distance between the bars shall be greater of
REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD STAIR CASE
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/REQUIREM
following : OF­A­GOOD­STAIR­CASE/)

RISE
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/RISE/)
15 mm
SCOTIA BLOCK
2/3rd of nominal maximum size of aggregate. (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SCOTIA­
BLOCK/)

Maximum diameter of the bar. SFD AND BMD OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SFD­
AND­BMD­OF­A­CANTILEVER­BEAM/)
Nominal Cover to Reinforcement (CI. 26.4, IS 456)
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SHEAR­
FORCE­AND­BENDING­MOMENT/)
Nominal cover is the depth of concrete cover to all steel
SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAIN
reinforcement including links, shear stirrups or column ties. It is the (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SIMPLE­
STRESSES­AND­STRAIN/)

dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings. SLUMP TEST
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SLUMP­
TEST/)
It shall not be less than the diameter of the bar in any case. The
SOFFIT
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/SOFFIT/)
nominal cover is provided in R.C.C. design for following reasons :
STAIR­CASE
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/STAIR­
CASE/)
(a)To protect the reinforcement against corrosion.
STAIRS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/STAIRS/)

(b)To provide cover against fire. STEEL AS REINFORCING MATERIAL
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/STEEL­
AS­REINFORCING­MATERIAL/)

(c)To develop the sufficient bond strength along the surface area of
STRINGS OR STRINGERS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/STRINGS­
the steel bar. OR­STRINGERS/)

STUDY
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/STUDY/)
The code IS 456 :2000 gives values of nominal cover to meet
TILES
durability as given in Table 6.1. (Table 16, IS 456) (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/TILES/)
Table  Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements TREAD
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/TREAD/)

Nominal Cover (mm) not less than
TWISTED BARS
Esposure Condition (HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/TWISTED­
BARS/)

UNCONTROLLED (OR WILD OR FREE) FLOODING
Mild 20 METHOD
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/UNCONTRO
OR­WILD­OR­FREE­FLOODING­METHOD/)

Moderate 30 WATER CEMENT RATIO
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/WATER­
CEMENT­RATIO/)

Severe 45 WATER USE SUBSYSTEMS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/WATER­
USE­SUBSYSTEMS/)

Very severe 50 WEATHER FOR KHARIF SEASON
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/WEATHER­
FOR­KHARIF­SEASON/)

Extreme 75 WEATHER FOR RABI SEASON
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/WEATHER­
FOR­RABI­SEASON/)

WINDERS
(HTTPS://CIVILENGINEERING.BLOG/TAG/WINDERS/)

(i)For a longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column, the nominal cover
shall not be less than 40 mm or diameter of such bar. But in case of CA TE GORY

columns of minimum dimensions of 200 mm or under whose Bricks
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
reinforcement bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm
/civilengineering­subjects­
may be used. tutorial/building­material/bricks/)

Building construction
(ii)For footings minimum cover taken is 50 mm. (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement  
tutorial/building­construction/)

Building material
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
 tutorial/building­material/)
The reinforcement shall extend at least d or 12φ (whichever is
Cement
greater) beyond the point of theoretical cut off. (Theoretical cut off or
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
centailment point is that point beyond which the bar is not longer /civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/building­material/cement/)
required to resist bending at the section).
Civilengineering Subjects tutorial |
Learn civil Engineering online
The rules governing the curtailment explained in the following articles.
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/)
 Conditions for Curtailment of Bars
Concrete technology

The area of tensile reinforcement (A_{st}) in a beam is calculated for (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
the maximum bending moment. tutorial/concrete­technology/)

Design of singly reinforced beam
M
Ast = (https://civilengineering.blog/category
σst jd
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/limit­state­
In a beam the bending moment varies along the length of the beam method/design­singly­reinforced­
beam/)
and hence the requirement of steel also. The number of bars required
Education
at any section is directly proportional to the bending moments at that
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
section i.e., /education/)

Estimating and costing
Ast ∞M . (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­

It is understood that maximum number of bars are required at the tutorial/estimating­and­costing/)

Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics
section of maximum bending moment, but some of these bars may
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
not be required at the sections having less bending moment. So, /hydraulics­and­fluid­mechanics/)

some of these bars can be curtailed at this section. (Fig. 6.3). Irrigation engineering
 (https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/irrigation­engineering/)

(https://civilengineering.blog/20
20/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­
of­beams/6­3­2/)
condition for curtailment of bar
Limit State Method
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/limit­state­
method/)
Preliminary definitions
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­
foundation/preliminary­definitions­

The point after which the bar is no longer required to resist flexure is relationships/)

called as theoretical curtailment point. The number of bars which can Properties of fluid
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
be curtailed or bent up at any distance x, from the centre of the span /hydraulics­and­fluid­
mechanics/properties­of­fluid/)
of beam is given by 
R.C.C. Structure design
−−
−
1 ns (https://civilengineering.blog/category
x = √
2 nc /civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/)

wherec  = Number of bars at the centre Reinforced cement concrete

(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
nx  = Number of bars which can be curtailed at section xx
c­structure­design/reinforced­cement­
concrete/)
Simplified Curtailment Rules for Tension Reinforcement in Beams (As Per
SP 34) SFD and BMD
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/sfd­

The curtailment of tension reinforcement in beams is related to the
bending moment diagram and rules given above. However, simplified
curtailment rules are given in SP 34 (handbook on concrete
reinforcement and detailing) and are given in Figs. 6.4 and Fig. 6.5.
(https://civilengineering.blog/20
20/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­
of­beams/6­4­2/)
Simplified curtailment rules for cantilever
beam
(https://civilengineering.blog/20
20/02/22/basic­rules­for­design­
of­beams/6­5/)
Simplified curtailment rules for Simply
supported beam
and­bmd/)
Soil mechanics and foundation
Engineering its application
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/soil­mechanics­foundation/)
Strength of material(SOM)
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/strength­of­materialsom/)
Surveying
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/surveying/)
Theory of structure (TOS)
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­
tutorial/theory­of­structure­tos/)
Uncategorized
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/uncategorized/)
WordPress
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/wordpress/)
Working Stress method
(https://civilengineering.blog/category
/civilengineering­subjects­tutorial/r­c­
c­structure­design/working­stress­
method/)
 (https://civilengineering.blog/2017/09/16/si
mply­supported­beam­u­d­l­over­the­whole­
span/)

As per Fig. 6.4, 50% of the main bars, in a cantilever beam can be
curtailed at a distance

l l
(but > Ld )
2 2

or more from the support. In the case of simply supported beams,
50% of the main bars can be curtailed at distance 0.08l from the face
of the support.

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Summary

Article Name Basic rules of design of a beam

Description Learn About design of beams, effective span,
effective depth, reinforcement, nominal cover to
reinforcement, curtailment of tension reinforcement

Author sanjay sharma

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 25

Feb

2020

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