HOLA14-144

Application of Open-Hole Curve Emulation Technology

from Pulsed Neutron Cased-Hole Measurements in Sacha
Field, Eastern Basin of Ecuador

Laura Rodriguez, PDVSA-ORNCEM; Hernan Sanchez, ORNCEM;

Gino Hinojosa, ORNCEM; Monica Guerrero, Baker Hughes;
Elizabeth Vicente, Baker Hughes; Mauricio Herrera, Baker Hughes.
This paper has been selected for presentation and/or publication in the proceedings for the 2014 Heavy Oil Latin America
Congress. The authors of this material have been cleared by all interested companies/employers/clients to authorize
dmg:events (Canada) inc., the congress producer, to make this material available to the attendees of HOLA2014 and other
relevant industry personnel.

ABSTRACT A project is underway in the Sacha Field to feed a

Formation evaluation derived from wireline logging is
a key process to obtain a continuous record of the
formation´s rock properties. Estimations such as water
saturation and porosity are used to characterize the
reservoir and also to estimate reserves. Nowadays, many
conventional and cutting-edge well logging tools are
used to record in open-hole conditions; however, these
runs face many obstacles, mainly due to wellbore
geometry restrictions and depleted reservoir conditions,
compromising the borehole integrity.
ORNCEM has searched for alternative technologies to
overcome the inability to run conventional open-hole
well logs. The open-hole curve emulation technique
proposed by Baker Hughes has been an appropriate
solution to fill this gap. This technique uses data from
pulsed neutron logging for feeding a neural network in
which curve emulation models for resistivity, neutron,
and density are generated. To test the reliability of this
technique, at least one training well with both open-hole
and pulsed neutron data is necessary for neural network
calibration. In subsequent wells, models can then be
applied to nearby wells where no data has been obtained
from open-hole logging. The model should be applied as
long as there is a satisfactory stratigraphic and fluid
correlations with the training well.
robust neural network to be used in the future as a
contingency for emulating open-hole curves. The first
step involved the acquisition of open-hole and pulsed
neutron cased-hole data in two wells, for validating the
models and adding to the neural network. A real
application was performed in a well that was not
recorded in open-hole because of wellbore restrictions;
that allowed a successful completion decision. These
results seem to be promising even for heavy oil fields
commonly drilled with conventional LWD technology
as it can emulate vertical logging curves throughout
deviated wells.
KEY WORDS
Wireline logging, open-hole emulation, petrophysics,
artificial neural network, reservoir characterization.
INTRODUCTION
The Sacha Field is located in the central part of the
Oriente Basin of Ecuador (Figs. 1.1 and 1.2), and
constitutes one of the largest fields of the Basin. It is a
mature field with over 40 years of historical production
with cumulative oil production of 852 MMSTB. The
remaining reserves are in the order of 592 MMSTB.

1
 Since 2009, this field has been operated by
Operaciones Rio Napo CEM (ORNCEM), a joint
venture company between PAM & PDVSA.
It currently has an average oil production of 72,000
STB/D of oil with 26.5 °API from 225 active wells. Oil
is pumped up by different systems: electric submersible
pumps (ESP) 84%, hydraulic pump 14%, and
mechanical pump 2%.
The effect of volumetric reservoir pressure depletion
was addressed through a water injection project carried
out into 6 peripheral wells. Unfortunately, this has not
been sufficient enough for pressure boosting. As result,
this condition has an enormous impact on drilling
campaign development and constitutes a risky factor in
wellbore operations.
Under this scenario, ORNCEM has searched for
alternative technologies to substitute the information
absence from not being able to run conventional open-
hole well logs. The NEO technology by Baker Hughes
offered an optimal solution for capturing information
under low operational risk.
This publication attempts to clarify the technical
aspects for the calibration of a neural network that has
yielded petrophysical data emulating open-hole curves
with their respective influence in the selection of areas
of completion.
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Structurally, the Sacha field consists of an anticlinal
fold of north-south orientation, with 30 km long and 7
km wide in average. It is bounded to the west by a high
angle reverse fault. Some lateral faults (transpressive -
dextral) with NW-SE direction have been inferred based
on reservoir behavioral. Reservoir pinch-out from east to
west contributes to the formation of stratigraphic traps.
The stratigraphic column of the field consists of
siliciclastic / carbonate sediments of Cretaceous age
(Fig. 2), represented by sedimentary cycles associated
with platform environments, shallow marine, transitional
environments, and fluvial domain. From base to top
these are: Hollin Fm. (lower Cretaceous), Napo Fm.
(Lower Albian - Late Cretaceous) which is subdivided
into the following Members: “C” Limestone, Napo T,
“B” Limestone, Napo U, “A” Limestone, “M2”
Limestone, “M1” Limestone, Upper Napo Shale, and
Basal Tena (Maastrichtian age) (Jaillard, 1997).
There are 5 producer reservoirs in Sacha Field, which
are vertically separated by capillary and pressure seals
(The reservoirs depths vary from 8,500 ft to 9,700 ft
2
TVD), each of them with distinctive mineralogical and
fluid characteristics:
LOWER HOLLIN RESERVOIR: consists of quartz
rich, consolidated cross-bedded sandstones, in part
friable, generally coarse grained, subrounded to
subangular, well sorted with occasional clay matrix, and
local coal, seams displaying aggrading pattern. The
depositional environment for Lower Hollin varies from
incised valley fill at the base to braided system towards
the top. The reservoir characteristics are: 27.8 °API, Bo
1.108 RB/STB, µo 4.42 cPs, Pi: 4450 psia, underlying
by a strong aquifer that maintain reservoir pressure. The
porosity generally is higher than 16% and permeabilities
reach values of 600 mD on average.
UPPER HOLLIN RESERVOIR: is a fine to very fine
grained, subrounded, well sorted, glauconitic rich quartz
sandstone, interbedded with thin limestone, marl, and
shale (White et al, 1995.), consolidated, with clay matrix
and calcareous cement. The reservoir characteristics are:
27.8 °API, Bo 1.108 RB/STB, µo 4.42 cPs, Pi: 4450
psia, current Pr (4287-2150 psia). Porosities are usually
lower than 13% and permeability ranges
from 10 mD up to 50 mD.
NAPO T RESERVOIR: the lowermost section (lower
Napo T) consists of light brown, medium to fine-
grained, locally coarse-grained quartz sandstone, with
calcareous cement and clay matrix. Towards the top
changes gradually (upper Napo T) to glauconitic
sandstones interbedded with shales (White et al, 1997).
The reservoir characteristics are: 30.5 °API, Bo 1.27
RB/STB, µo 1.44 cPs, Pi: 4146 psia, current Pr (1200-
2100 psia). Porosities usually are lower than 13% and
permeabilities up to 100 mD.
NAPO U RESERVOIR: the lowermost section (Lower
Napo U) is light brown, medium to fine-grained,
regular-well sorted quartz sandstone, often with
calcareous cement and rarely siliceous cement. Towards
the top (Upper Napo U) consists of shales, calcareous
sandstones, bioturbated glauconitic sandstones and
marine limestones. The depositional environment of this
unit is an estuarine influenced by tides, for both Napo T
and Napo U reservoirs (Shanmugan G. et al .. 1998).
The reservoir characteristics are: 22.8 °API, Bo 1.21
RB/STB, µo 3.5 cPs, Pi: 4054 psia, current Pr (1200-
1600 psia), average porosity of 14% and permeabilities
up to 400 mD.
BASAL TENA RESERVOIR: consists of translucent,
medium to fine-grained, subangular to subrounded,
poorly to regularly sorted quartz sandstone, with
calcareous cement. This unit represents a fill paleo-
valley at the base of a major eustatic transgression. The
reservoir characteristics are: 20 °API, Bo 1.11 RB/STB,
µo 9-11 cPs, Pi: 3680 psia, current Pr 1300 psia,
porosities ranging from 8-17% and permeabilities up to
450 mD.
STATEMENT OF THEORY AND
DEFINITIONS
MULTIDETECTOR PULSED NEUTRON TOOL
Pulse neutron instruments are based on measurements
of the gamma rays caused by the interaction between
neutrons and the formation and borehole elements
nuclei. A pulsed neutron generator (commonly called
“source”) produces bursts of high-energy neutrons
averaging 14 MeV, from a deuterium-tritium reaction.
The timing and repetition rate of these bursts is precisely
controlled by the electronics of the instrument.
The gamma rays are detected using scintillation
detectors composed of NaI crystals coupled to photo
multiplier tubes (PMTs). These tubes produce electrical
pulses whose amplitude is proportional to the energy of
the detected photons. The amplitude of the pulses is
measured using a Pulse Height Analysis (PHA) circuit
that converts the analog value into a digital number.
These numbers are accumulated in an array called an
energy spectrum. The timing of the gamma detection
relative to the initiation of the burst is measured by a
Multi-Channel-Spectra (MCS) circuit. This device
produces a histogram of the number of detected gamma
rays versus time.
The neutron generator is a nuclear fusion reactor. In it
the same reaction occurs as does in the sun. However in
the generators case the reaction is not spontaneous;
energy must be supplied to enable the reaction process.
In the sun the energy to initiate the reaction is derived
from gravity. The generator uses a deuterium-tritium
fusion reaction to generate neutrons. It can be turned on
and off, thus we generate neutrons in bursts. Deuterium
ions strike the tritium in the target and neutrons are
generated by a fusion reaction.
Neutrons leave the generator and enter the formation
(and borehole). Some of them undergo inelastic
interactions before they lose much energy, and produce
gamma rays in the process. These gamma rays have
energies that are characteristic of the atomic nuclei that
produced them. These include carbon, oxygen, silicon,
calcium, and some others. Some of the neutrons are
slowed in the formation to thermal energies, where they
are captured by various atomic nuclei - again producing
gamma rays. These gamma rays also have energies that
are characteristic of the nuclei that produced them.
These include hydrogen, silicon, calcium, chlorine, iron
and some others.
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AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
A neural network is an interconnected assembly of
simple processing elements, units or nodes, whose
functionality is loosely based on the animal neuron. The
processing ability of the network is stored in the inter-
unit connection strengths, or weights, obtained by a
process of adaptation to, or learning from, a set of
training patterns (Kevin Gurney, 1997).
Neural networks are generally organized in layers.
Layers are made up of a number of interconnected nodes
which contain an activation function. Patterns are
presented to the network via the input layer, which
communicates to one or more hidden layers where the
actual processing is done via a system of weighted
connection. The hidden layers then link to an output
layer where the answer is output.
The artificial neural networks are programmed to
learn by sifting data repeatedly looking for relationships
to build mathematical models, and automatically
correcting these models to refine them continuously.
Figure 3 represents a general artificial neural network.
METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
NEUTRON EMULATION OPEN-HOLE TECHNIQUE
For the application of Neutron Emulation Open-hole
technique, a first well called “training well” is necessary
for feeding an artificial neural network model.
For training phase, the open-hole data as well as
cased-hole data must be available. The cased-hole data is
obtained from the acquisition with the Baker Hughes
Reservoir Performance Monitor Tool in PNC3D mode.
The minimum open-hole data required for the training
process is: density, neutron, resistivity, and borehole size
curves.
The neural network model for open-hole log
emulation considers data from 18 curves logged in
cased-hole. Those curves contain the needed data for the
input layer. A total of 36 hidden layers are created as
computational nodes. An output curve is generated with
the emulation of resistivity curve, density curve or
neutron curve. Figure 4 shows the neural network
architecture for the emulation of the open-hole curves.
All cased-hole data used as input for the model
contains curves related with some rock and fluid
properties. For example, GR curve that is a shaliness
indicator, SGFC, RATO, and RATO13 depend on the
water salinity and also formation shaliness. RICS curve
reacts to the formation porosity and also is affected by
salinity and borehole environment. RIN is associated to
the formation Hydrogen index. RBOR responds to the
borehole environment and others curves. The
combination of these parameters in hidden layers allows
the model to obtain the expected output: resistivity,
neutron, and density curves.
The open-hole data set in the training well is used as a
comparison factor during the learning process of the
neural network. The better the correlation is between the
output emulated curve and the open-hole curve, the error
decreases.
Once the model is trained, it could be used for
application in offset wells. More than one well could be
used during the model training process.
FIELD APPLICATION
Sacha-440V and Sacha-443D wells were used to feed
the neural network model for the emulation application
in Sacha-421D offset well (Fig. 5).
The neural network model was calibrated for the
section between Basal Tena and Napo Formation. The
model does not include calibration for Hollin Formation
due to mechanical restrictions in training wells (Sacha-
440V and Sacha-443D) that did not allow the cased-hole
data logging acquisition.
Sacha-440V well was drilled and logged in November
2013. The available data for this well were conventional
open-hole data set (GR, SP, compressional sonic,
density, neutron, array laterolog resistivity, array
induction resistivity) and cased-hole data set. In March
2014, Sacha-443D well was drilled and open-hole data
was logged. As soon as the casing was run down hole,
the cased-hole data for neutron log emulation was
acquired.
A real case was undergone in April 2014, when
Sacha-421D well could not be completely logged due to
well geometry and instability problems increasing the
operational risks during the open-hole logging operation.
The main section in 8.5” hole size included Hollin,
Napo, and Tena Formations. Normally, the Formations
logged are (from base to top): Lower Hollin Formation,
Upper Hollin Formation, as well as the informal units
Lower Napo shale, “C” limestone, Napo T sandstone
(Lower and Upper units), “B” limestone, Middle Napo
shale, Napo U sandstone (Lower and Upper units), “A”
limestone, “M1” and “M2” limestones, Upper Napo
shale, and Basal Tena (Fig. 2). In Sacha-421D well, the
only data available in open-hole section was: a) all the
sensors from Basal Tena to A limestone top, b) some
sensors (not resistivity, neutron nor density) from A
limestone top to total depth.
4
The training wells located at the northern part of the
field exhibited a good correlation with the application
well which is located at the center of the field (Fig. 5).
Properties such as salinity were also slightly different;
even though, the model created was trained with
appropriate data to face this challenge.
TRAINING THE NEURAL NETWORK MODEL
(SACHA-440V AND SACHA-443D WELLS)
The neural network model was trained with data from
wells Sacha-440V and Sacha-443D.
Both wells present the same stratigraphic column as
depicted in their correlations (Fig. 6). The formations
have similar thickness and development. The wells are
located in the same sector of the field and most of their
rock and fluid properties are similar.
Data used as input from the training well Sacha-440V
in the artificial neural network model, corresponds to
interval 8760 ft – 9980 ft in MD. A total length of 1220
ft was emulated in Sacha-440V which permitted to
present a composite log with the results of the emulated
curves for the training well Sacha-440V (Fig. 7).
The resistivity emulated curve for Sacha-440V
training well exhibits good results, and all the changes
are correlating to the lithological changes in the
emulated section. This is illustrated in a cross plot
between open hole data and emulated data (Fig. 8). This
cross plot applies for all of the emulated section in the
well. Indeed, the emulated data and open-hole (measured
curve) presents a good agreement with a correlation
coefficient R2 of 0.961.
The neutron emulated curve also presents good results
with a good correlation of the cross plot between neutron
open-hole curve and neutron emulated curve (Fig, 9).
The cross plot also applies for all the emulated section in
the well (1220 ft). The neutron emulated curve and
open- hole (measured curve) shows a good agreement.
The correlation coefficient for the neutron cross plot is
0.965.
Density emulated curve presents good results,
although there are few zones were the data seems to be
slightly affected by the washouts. However, the
emulated density curve shows reliable results in most of
the section. Thus, the cross plot between density open-
hole curve and density emulated curve shows a relative
good agreement (Fig. 10). Actually, the correlation
coefficient R2 for the neutron cross plot is 0.795, slightly
above 0.7 which is considered good for the predicted
model.
 Data used as input from Sacha-443D training well in
the trained neural network model corresponds to interval
9300 ft – 10512 ft. A total length of 1212 ft was
emulated in Sacha-443D, illustrated in a composite log
with the results of the emulated curves in Sacha-443D
training well (Fig. 11).
The prediction of resistivity emulated data for Sacha-
443D training well is excellent, and all the changes are
correlating to the lithological changes in the emulated
section. The cross plot between open-hole data and
emulated data was built for all of the emulated section
(Fig. 12). The resistivity emulated data and open-hole
resistivity curve (measured) shows a good agreement
with a correlation coefficient of 0.936.
The neutron emulated curve in Sacha-443D presents
also reliable results as shown in the cross plot between
neutron open-hole curve and neutron emulated curve
(Fig. 13). The cross plot applies for all the emulated
section in the well (1212 ft). The neutron emulated curve
and open-hole (measured curve) shows a good
agreement with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.916.
Density emulated curves also presents good results.
However, some peaks show differences especially at the
zones where caliper data indicates washouts. Even
though the considerable effects of the washouts in the
quality of the predicted data, the density curve shows
reliable results in most of the section as illustrated in the
cross plot between density open hole curve and density
emulated curve with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.737
(Fig. 14).
APPLICATION IN THE OFFSET WELL (SACHA-421D
WELL)
Sacha-421D well was selected as an application well
before an uncompleted open-hole run as shown by the
data recovered from the open-hole log operation (Fig.
15).
Indeed, during the open-hole operation, resistivity,
neutron, and density curves were missed in the interval
10440 ft to 11052 ft. The NEO technology was applied
then to recover the curves by using the emulation.
The emulated section for Sacha-421D included the
interval 9670 ft – 11052 ft. 1382 ft that was recovered
by applying the neural network modeled with Sacha-
440V and Sacha-443D (Fig. 16).
The main objective to run NEO in cased-hole was for
obtaining the emulated curves of resistivity, neutron, and
density to use them for formation evaluation analysis.
5
The emulated section was confined to the Basal Tena
and Napo Formations and did not include the Hollin
Formation. The emulated curves showed not only a good
response to the present lithology but also a good
agreement in the upper section (9584 ft – 10440 ft)
where it was possible to obtain open-hole measurements.
This is shown in the cross plots for the emulated curves
in the upper section where the correlation coefficient is
0.75 (Fig. 17).
The neutron curve presents also good quality data for
the predicted curve. The cross plot corresponding to the
interval 9584 ft – 10440 ft shows a correlation
coefficient of 0.865 (Fig. 18). Undeniably, the neutron
curve is the curve that exhibits the best results.
The emulated density curve shows relative good
results in the emulated section in the upper interval.
There is a good correlation coefficient between open-
hole measured curve and emulated curve and the density
cross plot presents a coefficient R2 of 0.7 (Fig.19).
By using the output curves from emulation, a basic
formation analysis was conducted as shown for the
petrophysical evaluation of U and T sandstones (Figs. 20
and 21).
Thus, the U sandstone exhibited 2 prospective
intervals with So average around 70%. (Table1),
meanwhile, the T sandstone, presented 2 prospective
intervals with oils saturations around 60%, (Table 2).
Because of these results, ORNCEM decided to
perforate the intervals 10846 ft - 10875 ft and 10894 ft -
10907 ft (lower Napo T) using high penetration charges
and one trip perforating system. The production before
the perforating phase is shown in Table 3. The stabilized
production test was Qf: 890 STB/D x Qo: 516 STB/D x
Qw: 374 STB/D, and 42.02% BSW.
CONCLUSIONS
 Although open-hole logs such as resistivity,
gamma ray, density, and neutron allow defining
potential reservoir intervals of production but also
the identification of reservoir properties, and enable
reserves calculations, it is imperative to support
emerging technologies that will permit the emulation
of the aforementioned curves with low operational
risk.
 A critical element in reaching a reliable
emulation curve in the wells studied is to have a
similar stratigraphic column as well as rock and
fluid properties. For the Sacha field, there are sectors
that need to be considered as compartmentalized
 blocks, therefore the neural network must be Qf = Total Fluid Production Rate
calibrated for those particular cases. Qf = Water Production Rate
 The NEO technique in the Sacha Field, has
Qo = Oil Production Rate
demonstrated its usefulness in obtaining the basic 2
R = Correlation Coefficient
curves for petrophysical evaluation of geological
formations and the importance of well selection, RATO = Short/long space countrate ratio
proper training and continuous improving of the RATO13 = Short/extra-long space countrate ratio
neural network. RBOR = Short spaced early gate countrate ratio
 Training a neural network should be viewed as RICS = Short spaced inelastic to capture countrate ratio
an uninterrupted process that needs an endless and RIN = Inelastic short to long spaced countrate ratio
permanent feedback. So, the more the network is SE = South-East
fed, the more powerful and reliable it will become
So = Oil Saturation
for the different responses that can occur during the
STB = Stock Tank Barrel (volume unit)
curve emulation phase.
STB/D = Stock Tank Barrel per Day (daily production rate unit)
Sw = Water Saturation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TVD = True Vertical Depth
The authors would like to thank Operaciones Rio μo = Oil Viscosity
Napo CEM (ORNCEM) for permission to publish this
paper.
REFERENCES
NOMENCLATURE

°API = API gravity 1) GURNEY, K. 1997. An Introduction to Neural

Networks. University College of London Press
Bo = Oil Volumetric Factor – London.
BSW = Basic Sediment and Water 2) JAILLARD, E. 1997. Stratigraphic and
cPs = centipoises (viscosity unit) Sedimentological Synthesis of Cretaceous and
Paleogene, Eastern Basin Of Ecuador.
Fm. = Formation
Petroproduction-ORSTOM Edition.
ft = Feet (length unit) 3) SHANMUGAM, G.; POFFENBERGER, M. ;
GR = Gamma ray and TORO, J. 1998. Tide-Dominated Estuarine
Km = kilometer (length unit) Facies in the Hollin and Napo ('T' and "U")
Formations (Cretaceous), Sacha Field, Oriente
LWD = Logging While Drilling. Basin Ecuador. AAPG Annual Convention
Mb. = Member Abstract Salt Lake City, Utah – USA.
MD = Measured Depth 4) WHITE, H.J; SKOPEC, R.; RAMIREZ, F.;
RODAS, J.; BONILLA, G. 1995. Reservoir
mD = milidarcy (permeability unit)
Characteristics of the Hollin and Napo
MeV = Million Electron Volts (energy unit)
Formations, Western Oriente Basin, Ecuador.
NaI = Sodium Iodide In: Petroleum Basins of South America.
NEO = Neutron Emulation Open-Hole American Association of Petroleum Geologists
NW = North-West Memoir 62.
ORNCEM = Operaciones Rio Napo, 5) YEGNANARAYANA, B. 2006. Artificial
Compañía de Economía Mixta Neural Networks. Prentice Hall of India - New
Delhi.
PAM = PetroAmazonas
6) YOUNHWEE, K. and CHACE, D. Multi-
PDVSA = Petróleos de Venezuela S.A Detector, pulsed Neutron-Based Synthetic
Pi = Initial Pressure Openhole Logs, An Unconventional Gas
Reservoir Case Study, URTeC Control ID
PNC3D = Pulsed Neutron Capture 3 detector
Number: 1596010.
Pr = Reservoir Pressure
Psia = Pound Per Square Inch Absolute (pressure unit)

6
Appendices (Tables) Appendices (Figures)

U Sandstone
Interval So, % ɸ, % Vsh, %
10588’-10598’ 60 8 15
10602’-10632’ 80 15 8

Table 1. U sandstone petrophysical properties summary

T Sandstone
Interval So, % ɸ, % Vsh, %
10846’-10875’ 50 16 7
10894’-10909 65 15 10

Table 2. T sandstone petrophysical properties summary

Figure 1.1. Geography Relative Location, Sacha Field.

Test
BFPD BPPD BSW BAPD API
Date

6/8/2014 628.00 364.00 42.04 264.00 26.90

5/20/2014 776.00 450.00 42.01 326.00 26.90

5/17/2014 752.00 436.00 42.02 316.00 26.90

5/12/2014 746.00 433.00 41.96 313.00 26.90
4/28/2014 853.00 495.00 41.97 358.00 26.90

4/26/2014 890.00 516.00 42.02 374.00 26.90

4/21/2014 890.00 463.00 47.98 427.00 0.00

4/20/2014 817.00 245.00 70.01 572.00 0.00

4/18/2014 830.00 83.00 90.00 747.00 0.00

Table 3. Production History

Figure 1.2. Sacha Field Location Map.

7
 Figure 3. General artificial neural network

Figure 4. Architecture of the neural network model for

Figure 2. Log Type Sacha Field, SA-381D. the emulation of the open-hole curves

8
 Figure 6. Formation Correlation in Training wells.
SACHA-440V (left), SACHA-443D (right)

Figure 5. Location of the Wells in Sacha Field

Figure 7. Results of emulation in Sacha-440V

9
 2
R =0.961

Figure 8. Resistivity cross plot for Sacha-440V

R2=0.965

Figure 9. Neutron cross plot for Sacha-440V

Figure 11. Results of emulation in Sacha-443D

R2=0.936
R2=0.795

Figure 12. Resistivity cross plot for Sacha-443D

Figure 10. Density cross plot for Sacha-440V
R2=0.916

Figure 13. Neutron cross plot for Sacha-443D

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 R2=0.737

Figure 14. Density cross plot for Sacha-443D

Figure 16. Results of emulation in Sacha-421D

R2=0.75

Figure 17. Resistivity cross plot for Sacha-440V

Figure 15. Recovered open hole data in Sacha-421D

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 R2=0.865

Figure 18. Neutron cross plot for Sacha-421D

R2=0.7
Figure 21. T sandstone petrophysical evaluation with
emulated curves

Figure 19. Density cross plot for Sacha-4421D

Figure 20. U sandstone petrophysical evaluation with

emulated curves

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