2 tan 𝑥

sin 2𝑥 =
1 + tan2 𝑥
RHS
2 tan 𝑥
1 + tan2 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥
1
cos2 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
2 × cos 2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥

Find the exact value of cos 105°

cos 105° = cos[90° + (45° − 30°)]
cos 90° cos(45° − 30°) − sin 90° sin(45° − 30°)
− sin(45° − 30°)
−(sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°)

1 √3 1 1
− (( ) ( ) − ( ) ( ))
√2 2 √2 2

1
− (√3 − 1)
2√2
1 √2
(1 − √3) ≡ (1 − √3)
2√2 4
SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Recall:

𝑦
sin 𝜃 = (+)
𝑟
𝑥
cos 𝜃 = (+)
𝑟
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = (+)
𝑥

𝑦
sin 𝜃 = (+)
𝑟
𝑥
cos 𝜃 = − (−)
𝑟
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = (−)
−𝑥
 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = − (−)
𝑟
𝑥
cos 𝜃 = − (−)
𝑟
−𝑦
tan 𝜃 = (+)
−𝑥

𝑦
sin 𝜃 = − (−)
𝑟
𝑥
cos 𝜃 = (+)
𝑟
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = − (−)
𝑥
Principal Values
𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥

From the graph above, it can be seen that between the range
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , every possible value of sin 𝑥 occurs once and only once.
2 2

Thus any equation

sin 𝑥 = 𝑠 (−1 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 1)
Has one and only one solution in this range and is called the principle
value of x.
The position of the principle solution is either in the 1st or 4th
quadrant.
1 𝜋
If sin 𝑥 = , the principle solution is 𝑥 =
2 6
1 𝜋
If sin 𝑥 = − , the principle solution is 𝑥 = −
2 6

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Every possible value of cos 𝑥 occurs once and only once in the range
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, so there is only one solution of cos 𝑥 = 𝑐 (−1 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ 1)
within this range, which is the principle value, and can occur in either
the 1st or 2nd quadrant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Every possible value of tan 𝑥 occurs once and only once in the range
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , there is only one solution of tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 (−1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1)
2 2
within this range, which is the principle value, and can occur in either
the 1st or 4th quadrant.
Secondary Values
Having determined in which quadrant in which the principle value of
a trig equation, it is usually found that a second angle with the same
trig ratio exists in a different quadrant. This angle is called the
secondary value of x.

Find all the solutions within the given range

1
sin 𝑥 = 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
2
1 𝜋
Principal solution: 𝑥 = sin−1 =
2 6

We know that sin 𝑥 is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants

Using a graph,
5𝜋
Secondary solution: 𝑥 =
6
𝜋 5𝜋
Solution of equation: 𝑥 = ,
6 6

Solve for x
√2
cos 𝑥 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
2
√2 𝜋
Principal Value: 𝑥 = cos−1 =
2 4

We know that cos 𝑥 is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants

Using the graph,
7𝜋
Secondary solution: 𝑥 =
4
𝜋 7𝜋
{𝑥: 𝑥 = , , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋}
4 4
Find the solutions of
tan 𝑥 = √3 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋
Principle value: 𝑥 = tan−1 √3 =
3

We know that tan 𝑥 is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants

4𝜋
Secondary value: 𝑥 =
3
𝜋 4𝜋
{𝑥: 𝑥 = , , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋}
3 3

Solve for x
sin 𝜃 = −0.3 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
Principal value: 𝜃 = sin−1 (−0.3) = −17.5°
We know that sin 𝜃 is negative in 3rd and 4th quadrants
The principle value is outside the range, and is therefore not part of
the solution.
Using a graph,
Secondary value: 𝜃 = 197.5°
Solution: 𝜃 = 197.5°

Solve for x
cos 𝑥 = 0.8 −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤𝜋
Principal value: 𝑥 = cos−1 0.8 = 0.644
We know that cos x is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants
Using a graph,
Secondary value: 𝑥 = −0.644
{𝑥: 𝑥 = −0.644, 0.644, −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋}
Solve for x
1
cos 𝑥 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
2
1 𝜋
Principle value: 𝑥 = cos−1 =
2 3
5𝜋
Secondary solution: 𝑥 =
3
𝜋 5𝜋
{𝑥: 𝑥 = , , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋}
3 3