Active Devices and Analysis Types

n Components
q Active

n Analysis Types

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Components: Active Devices
q D - Diodes (Vol. 2, Chap 12)
q M - MOS Transistors (Vol. 2, Chap 15)
q Q - BJTs (Vol. 2, Chap 13)
q J - JFETs and MESFETs (Vol. 2, Chap 14)
q Subcircuits and Macros (Vol. 3, Chap 21)
q Behavioral (E, G) (Vol. 1, Chap 4)
q Transmission Lines (T, U,W) (Vol. 3, Chap 20)

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Components: Diodes
n D - Diodes (Vol. 2, Chap 12)

q Dxxx nplus nminus mname <options>

ü D1 3 0 DMOD IC=0.2v
ü Voltage of 0.2v at time 0. Diode model parameters contained in a model statement,
DMOD.

q .MODEL mname D <LEVEL=val> <keyname=val>...

ü Three types of models: geometric, non-geometric, Fowler-Nordheim
ü .MODEL DMOD D

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Components: MOS: MOS Element
n Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 15-8)
Mxxx nd ng ns <nb> mname <L=val> <W=val> <options...>

Mxxx nd ng ns <nb> mname lval wval ...

n Examples
M1 3 4 5 0 nch 5u 10u

M31 2 17 6 10 MODM l=5u w=2u

Mabc 2 9 3 0 mymod l=10u w=5u ad=100p as=100p pd=40u ps=40u

n SCALING (See Controls and Options Session)
q Units are controlled by .OPTION SCALE and MODEL parameter SCALM.

q Default L and W: METERS!!!

.OPTION SCALE=1e-6
M1 10 20 30 0 modnam l=5u w=10u
M1 10 20 30 0 modnam l=5 w=10
equivalent

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Components: MOS: MODEL
n Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 15-18)
.MODEL mname NMOS (<level=val> <keyname1=val1>...)

.MODEL mname PMOS (<level=val> <keyname1=val1>...)

n Examples
.MODEL MODP PMOS (level=3 vto=-3.25 gamma=1.0)

.MODEL MODN NMOS (level=2 vto=1.85 tox=735e-10)

.MODEL nchan.1 nmos level=2 vto=2.0 uo=800 tox=500

+nsub=1e15 rd=10 rs=10 capop=5

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Components: JFET/MESFET Element Syntax
n Element Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 14-4)
Jxxx nd ng ns <nb> mname <W=val> <L=val> <options>
n Examples
J1 7 2 3 JM1

jmes xload gdrive common jmodel

n SCALING (See Controls and Options Session)
q Units are controlled by .OPTION SCALE and MODEL parameter SCALM.

q Controlled by element parameters: M and AREA

q Default L and W: METERS!!!

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Components: JFET MODEL
n Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 14-9)
.MODEL mname NJF (<level=val> <pname1=val1>...)

.MODEL mname PJF (<level=val> <pname1=val1>...)

n Example
.MODEL nj_acmo njf level=3 capop=1 sat=3 acm=0
+ is=1e-14 cgs=1e-15 cgd=.3e-15
+rs=100 rd=100 rg=5 nd=1

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Components: BJT
n Requires a BJT element and a .MODEL statement (Vol 2. p. 13-1 to 13-42)

n BJT Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 13-2)

Qxxx nc nb ne <ns> mname <aval> <OFF> <IC=vbeval,vceval> <M=val>

+<DTEMP=val>
n Examples
Qxxx nc nb ne mname

Q23 10 24 13 QMOD IC=0.6,5.0

n MODEL Syntax (Vol. 2, p. 13-10)

.MODEL mname NPN <pname1=val1>...

.MODEL mname PNP <pname1=val1>…
n Example
.MODEL QMOD NPN ISS = 0 XTF=1 NS=1.0 CJS=0...
n Element Controlling Options: Area, Initialization, Temp
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Analysis Types: Types and Order
n Types and Order of Execution DC operating point (bias point) is first
calculated for ALL analysis types.
q DC Operating Point
ü First and most important job is to determine the DC steady state response (called the DC operating
point)

q DC Bias Point and DC Sweep Analysis

ü .DC, .OP, .TF, .SENS

q AC Bias Point and AC Frequency Sweep Analysis

ü .AC, .NET, .Noise, .Distortion

q Transient Bias Point and Trainsient Sweep Analysis

ü .Trans, .Fourier, .OP <time>

q Temperature Analysis
ü .Temp

n Advanced Modifiers: Monte Carlo, Optimization

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Analysis Types: Operating Point Calculation
n DC operating point automatically calculated for DC, AC, and TRAN
q Caps OPEN

q Inductors SHORT

q Initialized by .IC, .NODESET, and voltage sources (time zero values)

n Disable with .TRAN UIC option (use initial conditions)
n .OP <format> <time> <format> <time> (Vol. 1, p. 5-4)
(transient only)
q Prints
ü Node voltages

ü Source currents

ü Power dissipation at the operating point

ü Semiconductor device currents, conductances, capacitances

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Analysis Types: DC Analysis
n Five DC and Operating Point Analysis Statements (Vol. 1, p.7-1)

ü .DC Sweeps for power supply, temp, param, transfer curves

ü .OP Specify time(s) at which operating point is to be calculated
ü .PZ Pole/Zero Analysis
ü .SENS DC small-signal sensitivities.
ü .TF DC small-signal transfer function

n .DC Statement Sweeps:

q Any parameters
q Any source value
q Temperature
q DC Monte Carlo (random sweep)
q DC circuit optimization
q DC model characterization

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Analysis Types: DC Analysis Syntax
.DC var1 start1 stop1 incr1 <var2 start2 stop2 incr2> (Vol. 1, p.7-2)

.DC var1 start1 stop1 incr1 <SWEEP var2 type np start2 stop2>
n Examples
q .DC VIN 0.25 5.0 0.25
Sweep VIN from .25 to 5v by .25v increments
q .DC VDS 0 10 .5 VGS 0 5 1
Sweep VDS from 0 to 10v by .5 incr at VGS values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5v.
q .DC TEMP -55 125 10
Sweep TEMP from -55C to 125C in 10 degree C increments
q .DC xval 1k 10k .5k SWEEP TEMP LIN 5 25 125
DC analysis performed at each temperature value. Linear TEMP sweep from 25 to
125 (5 points) while sweeping a resistor value called ‘xval’ from 1K to 10K in .5K
increments.
q .DC DcSrc START=0 STOP=srcval STEP=‘srcval/100’
Parameterize start/stop/incr values

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Analysis Types: AC Analysis
n AC Analysis Statements (Vol. 1, p. 8-1)
q .AC: Compute output variables as a function of frequency
ü requires an A.C. source (v2 n1 n2 5 ac 1...)
ü set to 1 volt for normalized db plot
q Also...
ü .NOISE noise analysis
ü .DISTO distortion analysis
ü .NET network analysis
ü .SAMPLE sampling noise
n .AC Sweep Statements:
q Frequency
q Element value
q Temperature
q Model parameter value
q Random sweep (Monte Carlo)
q Optimization and AC design analysis

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Analysis Types: AC Analysis Syntax
.AC var1 start1 stop1 incr1 <SWEEP var2 type np start2 stop2>
.AC type np fstart fstop <SWEEP var start stop incr> (Vol. 1, p. 8-3)
n Examples
q .AC DEC 10 1K 100MEG
üFreq sweep 10 points per decade for 1kHz to 100MHz

q .AC LIN 100 1 100hz NOTE:

‘cload’ is a variable,
üLinear sweep 100 points from 1Hz to 100Hz NOT a capacitor

q .AC DEC 10 1 10K SWEEP cload LIN 20 1pf 10pf

üAC analysis for each value of cload, with a linear sweep of cload between 1pf and 10pf (20
points). Sweeping frequency 10 points per decade from 1Hz to 10kHz.

q .AC DEC NPOINT=<expr> START=<expr> STOP=<expr>

üMust be ascending

üParameterize np/start/stop/values

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Analysis Types: Transient Analysis
n Transient Analysis Statements (Vol. 1, p. 6-1)
q Compute circuit solution as a function of time over a time range
n .TRAN statement can be used for:
q Transient operating point (eg. .OP 20n)
q Transient temperature sweep
q Transient Monte Carlo analysis (random sweep)
q Transient parameter sweep
q Transient optimization

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Analysis Types: Transient Analysis Syntax
.TRAN tincr1 tstop1 <tincr2 tstop2...><START=val> (Vol. 1, p. 6-3, 6-14+)
.TRAN tincr1 tstop1 <tincr2 tstop2...><START=..> <UIC> <SWEEP ..>
n Examples
TINCR1 known as the “PRINT INTERVAL”
q .TRAN 1ns 100ns (NOT the timestep interval).
üTransient analysis is made and printed every 1ns for 100ns.

q .TRAN .1ns 25ns 1ns 40ns START=10ns

üCalculation is made every .1ns for the first 25ns, and then every 1ns until 40ns. The
printing and plotting begin at 10ns.

q .TRAN 10ns 1us SWEEP cload POI 3 1pf 5pf 10pf

üCalculation is made every 10ns for 1us at three cload. (POI - Points of Interests)

q .TRAN STEP=tstep1 STOP=tstop1 STEP=tstep2 STOP=tstop2

üParameterize start/stop/incr values

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