Operant conditioning 

 Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards

and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual
makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence

Reinforcement 
 reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism's
future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific
antecedent stimulus. These include praise, appreciation and other desirable
consequences.
How reinforcement effects learning
 Many people train their pets with positive reinforcement. Praising a pet or
providing a treat when they obey instructions -- like being told to sit or heel
-- both helps the pet understand what is desired and encourages it to obey
future commands.
 When a child receives praise for performing a chore without complaint, like
cleaning their room, they are more likely to continue to perform that chore
in the future.
 When a worker is rewarded with a performance bonus for exceptional sales
figures, she is inclined to continue performing at a high level in hopes of
receiving another bonus in the future.
 Allowing a child to watch television after completing his homework may
motivate a child to perform better next time.
Punishment 
Punishment is defined as a consequence that follows an operant response that
decreases (or attempts to decrease) the likelihood of that response occurring in
the future.
How does punishment affect the behavior?
 An employee who misses work may suffer a cut in wages. The loss of
income (an undesired consequence) constitutes the punishment for missing work
(an undesired behavior).
 A sharp "No!" addressed to a pet engaging in unacceptable behavior is a
classic example of punishment. The shout punishes the pet, conditioning it to
avoid doing wrong behavior in the future.
 Punishments are commonly used in lab experiments. Most often, a lab
animal is punished for a given behavior with a mild electric shock.
 Slapping a child for behaving rude in front of other may also be considered
an example of punishment.
 Stopping pocket money of the child after failing the exam may compel the
child to work harder next time so as to get the desired the consequences i.e.
pocket money.