Presentato da:
Patrizio De Marco pdemarco@selex-si.com
ATMAS (Air Traffic Management and Airport Systems Division)
Contesto CNS/ATM (1/3)
• Sulla spinta di ICAO, a partire dagli anni ’90, si assiste ad un notevole incremento di
studi e di sperimentazioni finalizzate allo sviluppo di prodotti basati sulle nuove
tecnologie per la gestione del traffico aereo (concetto CNS/ATM)
• Le nuove tecnologie nelle 3 categorie fondamentali (CNS) sono:
– Comunicazione
• Digitalizzazione, comunicazione dati
– Navigazione
• Sistemi satellitari e loro “Augmentation” (GPS, GLONASS, EGNOS, WAAS,
GBAS, il futuro GALILEO)
– Sorveglianza
• Tecniche di sorveglianza cooperativa e automatica dipendente
(Multilaterazione, ADS)
Accuracy
It is the degree of conformance between the estimated position and the actual position. For any estimated
position at a specific location, the probability that the position error is within the accuracy requirement
should be at least 95 percent.
Integrity
Integrity is a measure of the trust which can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied
by the total system. Integrity includes the ability of a system to provide timely and valid warnings to
the user (alerts) when the system must not be used for the intended operation (or phase of flight).
Continuity
It is the capability of the system to perform its function without non-scheduled interruptions during
the intended operation. Continuity relates to the capability of the system to provide an output with
the specified accuracy and integrity throughout the intended operation, assuming that it was available
at the start of the operation. The continuity risk is the probability that the system will be
unintentionally interrupted and not provide information for the intended operation.
Availability
The availability of system is the portion of time during which the system is to be used
for operation during which reliable information is presented. Availability is the probability that the service
will be available during the time which the system is to be used.
RNP parameters include overall system performances (ground sensors and infrastructures,
airborne sensors, pilot or auto-pilot); in particular accuracy performance includes aircraft
navigation sensor accuracy and pilot capacity to flow on a specified desired path.
The measure of lateral/vertical position deviation from the desired path is named TSE (Total
System Error)
The most challenging problem when using navigation/surveillance system is to guarantee the
integrity of the final solution. The objective is to bound, with a sufficient confidence level in this
bound, the error in the position estimate (unknown at user level). Specifically a
navigation/surveillance system is required to deliver a warning (i.e. an alarm) of any malfunction (as
a result of a set alert limit being exceeded) to users within a given period of time (i.e. time-to-alarm)
and with a given probability (integrity risk). If the system is FDE capable the fault can be isolated
and excluded improving continuity and availability of service. The main approaches to integrity
determination are:
• RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) + FDE (Fault Detection and Exclusion)
• ground based integrity monitoring using an independent network of integrity monitoring
stations and a dedicated integrity channel
Navigation/surveillance system has to compute Protection Levels (Horizontal and Vertical) which
are the radius of a circle in the horizontal/vertical plane (the plane tangent to the WGS-84
ellipsoid), with its center being at the true position, which describes the region which is assured to
contain the indicated horizontal/vertical position
Δρ = G ⋅ Δu + ε
dove [
Gi = cos E li ⋅ cos Azi cos E li ⋅ sin Azi sin Azi 1]
Δ ρ = vettore pseudorange
Δ u = vettore posizione utente
⎡σ12 0 " 0⎤
∧ ⎢0 σ 22 " 0⎥
Δ u = (G ⋅ W ⋅ G ) ⋅ G ⋅ W ⋅ Δ ρ ≡ S ⋅ Δ ρ
T −1 T −1
W =⎢ ⎥
⎢ # # % # ⎥
Accuracy estimation ⎣0 0 " σ N2 ⎦
( )
−1
cov ( Δu ) = E ⎡⎣ Δu ⋅ Δu ⎤⎦ = G ⋅ W ⋅ G
T T −1
W −1 = Iσ UERE ( )
−1
cov ( Δu ) = G ⋅ G
2
se ⋅ σ UERE
T 2
DOP inf o
© 2007 SELEX Sistemi Integrati. All rights reserved 12
Sorveglianza - Il segnale SSR (Secondary
Surveillance Radar) Modo S (1/2)
• Canale 1030 MHz
– Usato dai radar per trasmettere interrogazioni di richiesta
informazioni agli aerei
Misura della posizione geografica di un target mobile a partire dalle differenze nei tempi di arrivo (TOA) del
segnale SSR emesso dal target e ricevuto da apposite stazioni di misura dislocate nell’area di interesse.
Il segnale dal target viene emesso spontaneamente nel caso di transponder Modo-S o sollecitato dal
sistema MLAT stesso mediante interrogazioni di modo S e/o convenzionale. RX1
(d − d1 )
n
TDOA2,1 ( ) (
= TOA2n − TOA1n = TOA2n − ttrasm
n n
) (
− TOA1n − ttrasm = ) 2
Target
( xT − x2 ) + ( yT − y2 ) + ( zT − z2 ) ( xT − x1 ) + ( yT − y1 ) + ( zT − z1 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
−
=
c
Riferendo tutte le misure TOA dagli m ricevitori ad una presa come
riferimento (es. ricevitore 1) si ha il sistema di equazioni non lineare con
incognita la posizione del target:
n
TDOA2,1 =
(d 2 − d1 ) RX2
c RX1
n
TDOA3,1 =
(d 3 − d1 )
c
Target
: RX3
.
TDOAmn ,1 =
(d m − d1 )
c
RX2
Sincronizzazione Sincronizzazione
tramite tramite
GNSS Squitter Transponder
•Algoritmo “All-in-View” non-iterativo: ha lo scopo di ottenere una prima stima della posizione del target con
una buona accuratezza, a prescindere dalla posizione del target
• Algoritmo “All-in-View” iterativo: ha lo scopo di raffinare la soluzione di posizione non-iterativa con una
migliore accuratezza. Necessita di una buona stima iniziale per evitare la sua divergenza oppure
convergenza in minimi locali
Entrambi gli algoritmi, come il metodo di posizionamento satellitare GNSS, sono influenzati dalla geometria
dei sensori rispetto al target, cioè:
Necessità di un Tool di Progettazione e Simulazione per la verifica della geometria dei sensori nell’area
d’interesse
Omni Omni
Antenna Antenna
Antenna RF Cable
Antenna RF Cable
Antenna RF Cable
Power
Splitter Variable
Attenuator
Antenna RF Cable Antenna RF Cable
Antenna RF Cable
Local Cfg. PC
CPF Sim. PC
SGU , n
TDOA2,1 =
(d SGU ,1 − d SGU ,2 ) ≈ 0 + ε ( Signal Level )
c
σ TDOA ≡ σ (2Δt − Δt ) ≈ 2 ⋅ σ TOA σ TDOA
σ TOA =
2 2
1 2
2
TARGET
MLAT
Information
Requests
Data Fusion
(A-SMGCS, etc.)
• Configuration
• 6 RX
• 2 RTX
• 2 RTX Synch
CPF
3U
MDT
• Rx Station
• Antenna: Omni with 6 dB gain. Directive type can also be used
• Channel: 1090 MHz
• Bandwidth: ± 15 MHz
• Sensitivity (MTL): configurable, min. better than –75 dBm
• Reply type: Mode A/C, Mode-S (DF 4/ 5/ 11/ 17/ 18/ 20/ 21)
• Data Sample rate: 60 MHz
• TOA Accuracy: better than 1 ns RMS (advanced decoder)
• GPS Receiver with UTC synchronisation accuracy within 15 nsec (useful for Wide Area MLAT)
• Interfaces
• 1 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT (IEEE 802.3)
• Tx Synchro
• Antenna: Omni with 6 dB gain. Directive type can also be used
• Channel: 1090 MHz
• Bandwidth: ICAO compliant
• Squitter type: DF11 or DF18
• Squitter rate: configurable, 2 Hz max
• ICAO/Non-ICAO Address: configurable by local/remote
• Output Power: configurable, 50 dBm max
• Interfaces
• 1 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT (IEEE 802.3)
• 1 RS232 port for local monitoring/configuration
• 1 RS485 port for local monitoring/configuration
• Tx Interrogator
• Antenna: Omni with 6 dB gain. Directive type can also be used
• Channel: 1030 MHz
• Bandwidth: ICAO compliant
• Interrogator Type: A/C All Call, UF4/5
• Output Power: configurable, 50 dBm max
• Interfaces
• 1 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT (IEEE 802.3)
• 1 RS232 port for local monitoring/configuration
• 1 RS485 port for local monitoring/configuration
• Sensor Clock Offset Compensation: exploiting SGUs (Squitter Generator Units) CPF is
able to perform system self-calibration and reach Rx sensor clock alignment and
tracking (through Kalman filtering function)
• Target Identification: extraction of additional target information as:
• 3/A Mode code
• Call-sign
• Aircraft altitude (barometric Mode C and/or Mode S information)
• ADS-B derived position and velocity information
• target type information (e.g. vehicle, aircraft, surface/on-ground or airborne)
• Target position estimation: mixing of weighted (through real-time TOA accuracy) all-in-
view sensor non-iterative and iterative position estimation algorithms, as:
• Chan-Ho Method (non-iterative algorithm)
• Taylor’s Series Method (iterative algorithm)
• Target Tracking: adaptive Kalman Filtering with an advanced manouvre detector to
track targets with different kinematics characteristics (e.g. aircraft, vehicles, etc.)
• Configuration
• 10 RX
• 4 RTX
• 4 RTX Synch
• Sistema innovativo di
sorveglianza
• Alta precisione (< 7m)
• Non necessita di nessun
upgrade avionico
• Sincronizzazione
completamente
indipendente dal GPS
• Immunità ai fenomeni
atmosferici
• Ridondanza intrinseca
del sistema
• Facile installazione
• Sistema scalabile
• Costi contenuti