ME2320 Thermodynamics I

Summer I 2016

Instructor: Dr. William W. Liou

 Syllabus
http://homepages.wmich.edu/~liou/wp_course.htm
Homework Solutions Format

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How to get, and stay, ahead in this class?

 Preview
 Book to Class
 Review
 Homework
Will it work if I “Preview”, but not “Book to Class” ?
Well, yes, maybe, but…
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS
 Objectives
• Identify the unique thermodynamics vocabulary.
• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such
as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
• Review temperature, temperature scales, pressure,
and absolute and gage pressure.
• Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving
technique and the format of homework solution.

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Application Areas of Thermodynamics

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 1-1 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
• Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• thermodynamics stems from therme
(heat) and dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another (transform) but
the total amount of energy remains
constant.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
 The first law asserts that energy is a Energy cannot be created
thermodynamic property. or destroyed; it can only
change forms (the first law).
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• The second law of thermodynamics:
 It asserts that energy has quantity as well as
quality.
 Actual processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.

Heat flows in the direction of

decreasing temperature.

• Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic approach to the study of

thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of individual
particles (continuum). - EASY
• Statistical thermodynamics: A microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of individual particles. – NOT EASY!

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 1-2 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• Primary or fundamental dimensions
Basic dimensions, such as
mass m,
length L,
time t,
temperature T
• secondary or derived dimensions
such as
velocity V,
energy E,
volume V
are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
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•
Copyright O McGraw-Hill Education All rignts reserved No reproduction
or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hil
Education

between the various units.

Length meter (m)
Copyright O L4cGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribulion without the orior written consent of ñ4cGraw Hill Education
Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Temperature ke!vin (K)
Electric current ampere (A)
i Mn Amount of light candela (cd)
Amount of matter mole (mol)

Copyright @ McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or

(10’ H) distriDution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Standard prefixes in SI units

mass: m = 1 kg = g Multiple Prefix

103
volume: V = 200 mL = 0.2 L = 200 cm3
10‘4 yotta, Y
10* zetta, Z
10‘ exa, E
10 ^ peta, P
10 ** tera, T
LO giga, G
106 mega, M
• English system: It has no apparent 10*
10*
kilo, k
hecto, h
systematic numerical base, and various units 10
LO
deka, da
deci, d
in this system are related to each other 10" 2
10-^
centi, c
mi1Ii, m
rather arbitrarily. 10 6
10—’
micro, p
nano, n
10 * 2 pico, p
10 —!5 fernto, f
10 —!8 atto, a
10- 2‘ zepto, z
10—2^ yocto, y
Some SI and English Units

Force

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Some SI and English Units
Energy (such as Work)
Work = Force  Distance
1 joule (J) = 1 N∙m
1 calorie (cal) = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

Time Rate of Energy (such as Power)

Power = Energy/Time
1 watt (W) = 1 J/s
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
• Every term in an equation must have the same unit.

Unity Conversion Ratios LAST page !

Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless, and thus
such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently into any
calculation to properly convert units.

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 1-3 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The region outside the system
• Boundary (------): The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its surroundings.
 fixed or
 movable.
• Systems may be considered to be
 closed or
 open. piston-cylinder device

Closed System (control mass):

 Fixed amount of mass
 No mass can cross its boundary
 No mass + No energy = isolated
system. 15
Open System (control volume):
 Encloses a device that involves mass flow
o such as compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
 Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
 Control surface (-----): The boundaries of a control volume. It can
be real or imaginary.

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 1-4 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Property: Any characteristic of a system, such as
 pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m, etc.
 Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.

 Intensive properties: Values independent of the

mass of a system,
o temperature, pressure, and density, etc

 Extensive properties: Values depend on the size

or extent of the system.
o mass and volume

 Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit

mass.

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1-5 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density

Specific volume

Specific weight: The weight of a unit volume

of a substance.

Specific gravity (SG): The ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of water at 4°C.

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1-6 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• State: Condition of a system
 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.

• Equilibrium: A state of balance with no unbalanced

potentials (or driving forces) within the system.

 Thermal equilibrium: temperature is the same

throughout the entire system.

 Mechanical equilibrium: no change in pressure at

any point of the system with time.

 Phase equilibrium: If a system involves multiple

phases and when the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.

 Chemical equilibrium: chemical composition of a

system does not change with time, that is, no chemical A closed system reaching
reactions occur. thermal equilibrium.

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The State Postulate
• The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties.

•
State Postulate : number of properties required to fix the state of a system.

 Simple compressible system: If a system involves no electrical,

magnetic, gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects.
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1.7 PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
• A process : initial state, final states, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with
the surroundings.

Process Diagram

Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process:

A process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally
close to an equilibrium state at all times.
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• Some common properties that are used as coordinates are temperature T,
pressure P, and volume V (or specific volume v).

• Prefix iso- designates a process for

which a particular property remains
constant
 Isothermal process: A process during
which the temperature T remains
constant.
 Isobaric process: … pressure P….
 Isochoric (or isometric) process: …
specific volume v….

• Cycle: A process during which the

initial and final states are identical.

The P-V diagram of a compression

process.
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The Steady-Flow Process
• steady implies no change with time.

properties within the control volume may change with position

• Steady-flow process: A process during
which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily.

• A large number of engineering devices

operate for long periods of time under the
same conditions, and they are classified

but not with time.

as steady-flow devices.
 turbines,
 pumps,
 boilers,
 condensers, and
 heat exchangers
 power plants
 refrigeration systems.

mass and energy contents of a

control volume remain constant.
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 1.8 TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
• By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can
be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have
the same temperature, even if they are not in contact.

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Temperature Scales
• All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states
such as the freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the
steam point.
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air
saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in
equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
• Celsius scale: in SI unit system
• Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.
 Kelvin scale (SI)
 Rankine scale (E)

A constant-volume gas thermometer would read

-273.15°C, or 0 K, at absolute zero pressure.
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1.9 PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

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Some basic pressure gages.
• Absolute pressure: The actual pressure (relative to absolute
vacuum)

• Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure

and the local atmospheric pressure.
 Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere,
and so they indicate gage pressure.

• Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

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 THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• standard atmosphere: Pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm (= h)
in height at 0°C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration
(g = 9.807 m/s2).

Barometer
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PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

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