DEVELOPMENT OF FRAME, CHASSIS AND BODY OF HYBRID

CARS FOR THE RACE COMPETITIONS

PROPOSAL

TECHNOLOGY AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

GRADUATE SCHOOL
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2018
I. INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM STATEMENT AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. FRAME , CHASSIS & BODY FRAME
1. FRAME
It is the supporting component of automobile vehicle. It is the foundation for carrying the
engine, transmission system & steering system by means of spring, axle, rubber pads etc. The
frame are made of box, tubular channels or U-shaped section, welded or riveted together.
a. FUNCTION OF FRAME
The function of frame is to support chassis components & the body, to withstand the
static & dynamic load of different components of chassis, to withstand load of the body,
to carry load of passengers/ goods carried in body, to withstand stresses caused due to
uneven road conditions, to withstand force caused due to turning of vehicle & sudden
braking or acceleration.
b. TYPES OF FRAME
The types of frame usually used are conventional frame, integral or unit construction or
frameless chassis, and half integral & half frame chassis. Conventional Frame is used in
most of the heavy vehicles. Construction of frame varies according to the type of vehicle.
The frame generally made from the steel sections. This type of frame has “2 long side
members” & “5 to 6 cross members” joined together with the help of rivets or bolts. Cross
members are used to increase the strength of the frame. They are in swept (Narrow) at
the front & are upswept (Broad) at the rear. The frame is narrowed down at the front (in
swept) to have a better steering lock which provides space for pivoting & swinging of the
front wheels. Upswept at the rear provided to give room for the vertical movement of the
rear axle as it travels over road bumps & other road inequalities. Body brackets are
provided to support the body of the vehicle. Spring brackets are provided for mounting
the body of the vehicle. Extension of chassis frame ahead of the front axle known as front
overhung. Extension of chassis beyond the rear axle known as rear overhung. Different
sections are used for long & cross members. Generally channel section & box section are
used for long side members & other sections like I section, hat section, tubular section are
used for cross members. INTEGRATED FRAME CHASSIS or FRAME LESS CHASSIS. This
frame construction, now-a-days used in most of the motor cars called as a frameless or
chassis less or mono or unit construction in which the floor assembly & frame form one
integral unit. Need of the heavy side members are eliminated, which is used in
conventional frame & the floor is strengthened by cross members & body , all welded
together. In some cases sub-frames are also used on which various chassis components
are mounted. This sub-frames are supported by main frame. The main purpose of sub-
frame are to provide isolation , flexibility & simplified production. So, in this type of
construction all components like cross member, floor, body are welder or bolted together
as one assembly. This type of construction gives more strength & rigidity.
 2. CHASSIS
When engine , transmission system , steering & wheels are fitted on the frame, the
assembly known as the “chassis”. It is the backbone of the vehicle. It is the vehicle without
body. It contains all the major units necessary to propel the vehicle. Vehicle can be driven
after placing the driver seat on the chassis. Chassis consist of following components:
Engine, Wheels, Radiator, Brakes, Fuel tank, Steering system, Suspension system and
Transmission system (including clutch, drive shaft, differential, and axle)

3. BODY
It is a super structure of the vehicle. Chassis & body makes the complete vehicle. For small
& light car body & chassis are made as a single unit but in large vehicles both are not
made as a single unit. Generally it is made from metal or fiber. Main purpose of car body
is to provide comfort & protection to the passenger & also the good look.

B. Defining Hybrids
The vehicle is a hybrid if it utilizes more than one form of onboard energy to achieve
propulsion. In practice, that means a hybrid will have a traditional internal-combustion
engine and a fuel tank, as well as one or more electric motors and a battery pack. Hybrid cars
are sometimes mistakenly confused with electric vehicles. Hybrids are most often gasoline-
burning machines that utilize their electric bits to collect and reuse energy that normally goes
to waste in standard cars.
Present on all hybrids, the engine's traditional starter motor is absent because the motor-
generator takes on that function, too. Hybrid-control software shuts the engine off while
stopped at traffic signals and automatically restarts it again with the electric motor when the
driver releases the brake pedal. Eliminating the fuel waste of an idling gas engine causes
overall mpg to climb significantly and tailpipe emissions to drop, especially in town. Not all
hybrids possess these attributes in equal measure, nor do they operate the same way. It all
begins with the layout of the system.
An important function of the motor-generator is to generate electricity to recharge the
battery as it absorbs a portion of the vehicle's momentum when slowing or coasting
downhill. Normal cars waste all of their excess momentum as heat in the brakes.
Regenerative braking is insufficient to stop a car quickly, so conventional hydraulic brakes are
still necessary.
Operating the vehicle on electric power alone is possible if the hybrid system has enough
electrical capacity. The maximum speed and distance over which electric-only operation can
be sustained varies from essentially zero to a handful of miles, and has everything to do with
the weight and aerodynamics of the vehicle, the strength of the motor-generator and, more
than anything else, the capacity of the battery.
Series hybrids is the oldest hybrid type. Diesel-electric locomotives and ships using this
layout appeared in the last century. In a series hybrid car, electric motors alone turn the drive
wheels, so the motors must be large and powerful. But a series hybrid is not a "pure" electric
vehicle. It has a dedicated engine that burns fuel and expels emissions. The engine powers a
generator to produce the electricity onboard the vehicle.
 Parallel hybrids are the simplest and least costly type in current automotive use. Here the
output of the engine and the electric motor are blended together upstream of the
transmission. The engine dominates, never doing anything except propelling the vehicle. An
electric motor provides an extra boost, and if it's large enough, it may be the car's only
source of propulsion for short distances. In conventional parallel hybrids, such as the Civic
Hybrid from Honda, regenerative braking is the sole source of recharging power for the
battery.
Series-parallel hybrids. As the name implies, these cars contain elements of both types.
Conceptually, the engine and the electric motor feed into the transmission via separate
paths, enabling fully independent propulsion via the engine or electricity. In parallel fashion,
the motor-generator can either bolster the engine's output or provide battery charging via
regenerative braking. Series-parallel motor-generators are sizable, so electric-only operation
(at low speeds for a couple miles) is a standard feature. The engine can still power the car,
but it can also be reassigned to battery charging duty while the electric motor drives the
vehicle: the classic series operation.
In a series-parallel hybrid vehicle, a computer monitors driving conditions and the state of
the battery to decide which mode is most efficient at any given moment. The seamless
blending of these modes is then carried out by a unique continuously variable transmission
(CVT) that uses a planetary gear set as opposed to a system of variable pulleys and belts.
Series-parallel hardware is more expensive, but the payoff in efficiency is huge: To date,
these hybrids offer the largest gains in mpg, the highest electric-only speeds and the longest
electric-only run times. Ford's C-Max and Fusion hybrids and all Toyota and Lexus hybrids use
series-parallel systems.

III. METHODOLOGY
A. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION
B. DATA COLLECTION
C. CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY