WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM (ANSWER)

Activity 1 (refer text book pg 11, 12,)

1. tiny, discrete
2. molecules, ions
3. smallest, take part
4. atoms, chemically
5. positively-charged
6. in
7. gas, liquid, solid, movement, different arrangement
8. absorbed, released
Activity 2 (refer text book pg 13,14,15)
1.
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles

arrangement

The particles are The particles are less The particles are further
Particles packed closely closely packed but not apart from each other.
arrangement together in an orderly in orderly
manner arrangement
Particles can only Particles are attracted Particles are attracted by
Particles movement vibrate and rotate by very strong forces. moderately strong
about their fix forces.
positions.
Attractive forces Particles are Particles are held The attraction forces
between the attracted by a very together by strong between particles are
particles strong forces forces but weaker weak forces
between the partcles than the forces in
solid /(moderately)
Energy content of Very low energy Moderately high Very high energy
particles energy.

2. When heat energy is supplied to particles in matter, its kinetic energy (increase/decrease) and
the particles in matter vibrate ( faster/ slower) When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic
energy of the particles (increase/decrease) and they vibrate ( faster/ slower).

3. A : Melting B : Boiling/ Evaporating C : Freezing

D : Condensation E : Sublimation F : Sublimation

4. (a) solid, melting point, liquid, gas, absorbed, overcome, intermolecular

5.
Point States of matter Explanation
A to B Solid Heating causes the particles to absorb more energy
and vibrate faster. The temperature of the substance

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

and the kinetic energy increases.

B to C Solid and liquid Continuous heating does not cause the temperature
of the substance to increase. The energy absorbed is
used to overcome the forces of attraction between
the particles. The constant temperature is called the
melting point.

C to D Liquid Continuous heating causes the temperature of the

liquid to increase. The particles move faster because
their kinetic energy increase.

6. (a)
Point State of matter Explanation
P to Q Liquid As cooling continues, particles lose more kinetic
energy, move slower and the temperature
decreases.
Q to R Liquid and solid The stronger bonds formed during freezing
release energy. This energy released is the same
as the energy lost to the surroundings during
cooling. Thus the temperature remains
unchanged. This constant temperature is called
freezing point

R to S Solid The solid is cooled. The particles vibrate slower as

the temperature decreases

(b) liquid, solid, exactly balanced,

Activity 3 (refer text book pg 16, 17,)

Model Structure Characteristic

(Refer text book pg 16,17)

Dalton’s atomic model The atom was imagined as a small

(proposed by John indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball.
Dalton in 1805 )

Thomson’s atomic J.J Thomson discovered the electrons, a

model negatively-charged particle.
(proposed by J.J The atom was describe as a sphere of
Thomson in 1897 ) positive charge embedded with electrons.

Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, a

Rutherford’s atomic positively-charged particle in an atom.
model The central region of atom has a very small
(proposed by Ernest positively-charged particles, which contains

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

Rutherford in 1911 ) almost all the mass of the atom.

Bohr’s atomic model The electrons in an atom move in shells

(proposed by Neils around the nucleus which contains protons.
Bohr in 1913 )

Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons,

Chadwick’s atomic the neutral particle in the nucleus.
model (proposed by The nucleus of the atom contains protons &
James Chadwick neutrons, and the nucleus is surrounded by
in 1932 .) electrons.

Activity 4
1. neutrons, electrons

2. protons, neutrons, electrons

Subatomic particle Symbol Relative mass Relative electric

charge
Proton p 1 +1

Neutron n 1 0

Electron e 1/1840 -1

3. protons

4. protons, neutrons

5. The nucleon number is also known as the mass number.

NUMBER OF NEUTRON = NUCLEON NUMBER -- PROTON NUMBER

= A - Z

Symbols Of Elements
The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and the
nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows:

A
Z X
# A – Nucleon number
Z – proton number
X – symbol of element

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WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

1 21 Proton number 2
H Sc Nucleon number He
1 45 4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40

19 20 21
K Ca Sc
39 40 45

6. Consider part of the periodic table of the element above and complete the table below.

Element Symbol Proton No. of Nucleon No. of Standard

number electron number neutron representation
Scandium Sc 21 21 45 24
Aluminium Al 13 13 27 14
Argon Ar 18 18 40 22
Beryllium Be 4 4 9 5
Boron B 5 5 11 6
Calcium Ca 20 20 40 20
Carbon C 6 6 12 6
Chlorine Cl 17 17 35 18 35
17 Cl
Fluorine F 9 9 19 10
Helium He 2 2 4 2
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0
Lithium Li 3 3 7 4
Magnesium Mg 12 12 24 12
Neon Ne 10 10 20 10
Nitrogen N 7 7 14 7
Oxygen O 6 6 16 10 16
8 O
Phosphorus P 15 15 31 16
Potassium K 19 19 39 20

Activity 5 ( refer text book pg 20)

1. same number, different number

2.

Element Number of Symbol of Number of Number of Number of Name of

isotopes isotopes protons electrons neutrons isotopes

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

1
1 H 1 1 0 Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen 3 1 1 1 Hydrogen-2

1 1 2 Hydrogen-3

16
8 O 8 8 8 Oxygen-16
Oxygen 3 8 8 9 Oxygen-17
18
8 O 8 8 10 Oxygen-18
6 6 6 Carbon-12
Carbon 3 6 6 7 Carbon-13
14
6 C 6 6 8 Carbon-14
Chlorine 2 35
17 Cl 17 17 18 Chlorine-35
17 17 20 Chlorine-37
Bromine 2 35 35 44 Bromine-79
35 35 46 Bromine-81

3. Uses of isotopes in Our Daily Lives (refer text book pg 21)

a. Gamma rays of Cobalt-60 : to treat cancer

b. Carbon-14 : to estimate the age of bone/ artifacts

c. Phosphorus-32 : to treat skin cancer/ to study the metabolism of phosphorus by plants

d. Sodium- 24 : to detect the leakages of underground pipes

e. Iodin -131 : to treat thyroid patients/ to diagnose thyroid glands

Activity 6

1. 2,8,8

2(a)
Number of proton 11
23 Number of electron 11
Number of neutrons 12
x Na Proton number 11
xx
11 Nucleon number 23
Electron arrangement 2.8.1
x
x
x
x x

xx
Number of proton 17
Number of electron 17
Number of neutrons 18
Proton number 17
Nucleon number 35
Electron arrangement 2.8.7

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

x 3. the outermost occupied

x

4.
Atom of Elements Electron Arrangement Number of valance electron
Oxygen 2.6 6
Aluminium 2.8.3 3
Chlorine 2.8.7 7
Neon 2.8 8
Potassium 2.8.8.1 1
Magnesium 2.8.2 2
carbon 2.4 4
phosphorus 2.8.5 5
helium 2 2