PROJECT REPORT

ON
TRANSFORMER

Submitted by:
Radhe Shankar Tiwari

CLASS: XII

ROLL NO: 26
They are so important in our lives that without them even the electric bells fitted in our homes won’t
work.
This is to certify that -------------------------------, student of Class ---------, LMS
International School, has completed the project titled Transformer during the
academic year 2017-2018 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2018, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision. ………………………Department of Physics LMS
International School
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise
to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a
veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at LMS
International School for their support during the making of this project.

Radhe Shankar Tiwari

 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric
power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical .A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A
Transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits. Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.

Single Phase Poll Mount Transformer

 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a

circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in
a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same
core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated
from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and
a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.
thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
 THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced inthe primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of
change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np Dфь/dt (1)

Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

I =E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E= output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1

hence Ns < NpIf Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power = output power or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / E p = Ip / Is = KIn
a step up transformer As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < IpI.e. current in sec. is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in
reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual

practice, thereare many power losses; therefore the efficiency oftransformer is less than
one.

ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy,
because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below.1. Loss of
Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.2.
Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The
magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the
iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

17. 17. Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming. Thus, apart of energy may be lost due to humming.
USES OF TRANSFORMERA transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations In voltage
regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc. In the induction furnaces. A
step down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down transformer is used
for obtaining large current. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small
transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bell etc

A Big Transformer
 BIBLOGRAPHY
The data used in this project was taken from the following sources:

www.scribd.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.google.com