A PROJECT REPORT

ON
DESIGN OF SEWAGE WATER PLANT

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of the Degree of B.TECH

By
K.VENKATA RAMANA 163E1A0113
P.SRIHARI 163E1A0123
A.SANDEEP KUMAR 163E1A0101
P.NAVEEN KUMAR 163E1A0124

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. ALAGUMUTHU

Department of Civil Engineering.

Department of Civil Engineering

JAGAN’SCOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY: NELLORE
(Recognized by the AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur)

2016-20
 JAGANS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
NELLORE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN OF SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT” that is submitted by

K.VENKATA RAMANA 163E1A0113

P.SRIHARI 163E1A0123

A.SANDEEP KUMAR 163E1A0101

P.NAVEEN KUMAR 163E1A0124

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology
(B.Tech) in Civil Engineering (CE) from Jagans College of Engineering and
Technology during the academic year 2016-2020.

Project Guide : Prof. ALAGUMUTHU

Head of the Department : Prof. SHAKTHI MURUGAN

External project viva-voce held on: -------------------------------

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An endeavour over a long period can be successful only with a device and support
of many well-wishers. The task would be incomplete without mentioning the people who
have made it possible, because is the epitome of hard work. So, with the gratitude, we
acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement owned our efforts with
success.

We wish to express grateful acknowledgement to our guide Mr.

ALAGUMUTHU, Assistant Lecturer, in CE, JCET, Nellore for his inspiring guidance
and continuous encouragement throughout the project.

We are thankful to Prof. SHAKTHI MURUGAN, Head of CE Department,

JCET Nellore, for his kind and timely help offered to us in projection of our studies and
execution.

Our special thanks to Dr. P. GOPI KRISHNA Ph.D. and Principal of JAGANS
College of Engineering and Technology, Nellore who provided us all required facilities
and helped in accomplishing the project within time. Finally, we would like to extend our
deep sense of gratitude to all the staff members, friends and last but not least we are
greatly indebted to our parents who inspired us at all circumstances.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

K.VENKATA RAMANA 163E1A0113

P.SRIHARI 163E1A0123

A.SANDEEP KUMAR 163E1A0101

P.NAVEEN KUMAR 163E1A0124

 ABSTRACT

A sewage treatment plant is quiet necessary to receive the

domestic and commercial waste and removes the materials which
pose harm for general public. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally-safe Fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and
solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or re-use (usually
as farm fertilizer).
The growing environmental pollution needs for determining
waste water result in the study of characterization of waste water,
especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic waste water
treatment was mainly confined to organic carbon removal. Recently,
increasing pollution in the waste water leads to developing and
implementing new treatment techniques to control nitrogen and other
priority pollutants.
Sewage treatment plant is a facility designed to receive the
waste from domestic, industrial and commercial sources and to
remove materials that damage water quality and compromise public
health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It
includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove
various contaminants depending on its constituents. Using advanced
technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking
water. Sewage /waste water treatment consists of different processes
which protect the environment and human through cleansing the
water pollutant. In history people used difference method of
treatment for purification of water which get advance by
advancement in technological world.
CONTENTS:

Acknowledgment
Abstract
Contents
Chapter-1: Introduction
1.1 Generals
1.2 Sewage treatment process
1.3 Roles of waste water treatment plant
1.4 Objective

Chapter-2: Literature Review

Chapter-3: Methodology
3.1 Treatment of sewage

Chapter-4: Design period

4.1 Population forecast
4.2 Calculation of sewage generation
4.3 Sewage treatment process
4.4 Object of treatment
4.5 Degree of treatment
4.6 Design period
4.7 Location of treatment plant
4.8 Layout of treatment plant
4.9 Point of considered in design
4.10 Receiving chamber
4.11 Design
4.12 Screening
4.13 Grid chamber
4.14 Fine screen
4.15 Skimming tank
4.16 Primary sedimentation tank
4.17 Activated sludge process
4.18 Concept
4.19 Method: Contact Stabilization method
4.20 Aeration tank
4.21 Secondary sedimentation tank
4.22 Stabilization tank
4.23 Sludge drying tank
4.24 Sewage disposal

Chapter-5: Salient details of project

Chapter-6: Result and Conclusion

Chapter-7: Reference
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERALS

1.1.1 Sewage

Sewerage is the art of Collecting, treating and finally disposing of the

sewage.

1.1.2 Sewerage

The removal and disposal of sewage and surface water by sewers

1.1.3 Strom sewage

Storm sewage is a liquid flowing in sewer during or following a period of

rainfall and there from.
A Partially Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in which the
domestic sewage is carried with storm water in the rain season.

Activated sludge is the active biological floc produced in active sludge

plants, largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria, protozoan flora (amoebae) and a
range of other filter feeding species.

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is the amount of suspended solids in

the mix of raw water and activated sludge.

Return active sludge (R.A.S) is the active sludge extracted from the system and
mixed with raw water to form the mixed liquor.

Waste activated sludge (W.A.S.) or Surplus Activated Sludge (S.A.S) is excess

activated sludge that is extracted from the system to be directed to sludge treatment.

Sludge is the average residence time of biological solids in the system. It can be
defined as the average lifespan of bacteria in the system.

Overflow rate / Surface loading is the discharge per unit of plan area. This
parameter is the design factor in designing the settling tanks.

Food to Micro-organisms ratio (F/M ratio) is the ratio between daily BOD
load applied to Aerator System and total microbial mass in the system.

1.2. SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

Sewage treatment is the process of remaining contaminants from the

wastewater household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes
physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and
biological contaminants. Its objective to produce is treated and its solid waste or
sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into environment. This material is often
inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
Sewerage implies the collecting of waste waters from into the rom occupied
areas and conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid waste will require
treatment before they are discharged water body otherwise disposed of endangering
the public health or causing offensive conditions.
As the cities have grown, the more primitive method of excreta disposal have
gain place to the water-carried sewerage system. Even in the small cities the greater
safety of sewerage, its convenience, and freedom from nuisance have caused it to
adopted wherever finances permit.
Human health and environment are mainly affected by direct disposal of
industrial and human effluents into the natural resources without any treatment. The
sewage treatment is necessary to reduce the toxic level of sewage and maintain the
healthy environment and human welfare. Sewage contains huge amount of organic
matters which are toxic organic matter. Sewage or waste water treatment consists of
two stages.

 Primary treatment
 Biological treatment

Primary treatment:

It involves the removal of large or small sized components in the waste

water through physical process.

Biological treatment:

Aerobic microorganisms are inoculated into the sewage treatment plant.

These microbes utilize the organic components of the sewage and reduce the toxicity.
This can be measured by BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand).
After the biological treatment, the sludge is pumped from the treatment
plant into large tank. This large tank consists of anaerobic bacteria which lead to the
digestion of sludge. During digestion, biogas is produced and it is used an energy
source. Hence sewage treatment plant design and sewage management play a crucial
role in the maintenance of human welfare.
Microorganisms which are involved in the production of energy are
called microbial fuel cells. Microbial fuel cells are used to generate a variety of
energy sources like biogas and electricity. Agricultural waste, manure and domestic
wastes are raw materials for the generation biogas. Biogas generation is done in the
large concrete tank which is called as biogas plant. Biomasses are collected at the
biogas plant and the slurry is fed. Biomasses are rich in organic matter. Some of the
bacteria can grow anaerobically inside the biogas plant. These bacteria can digest the
biomasses which are present in the slurry and sewage. During digestion a huge
amount of mixture of gases is released inside the tank. The mixture of these gases is
called as biogas. Biogas is removed from the biogas plant through a separate outlet.
Microbial fuel cells are also used to generate electricity from the waste
water. Microbial fuel cells utilize the organic matter from the wastewater treatment
plant. During digestion organic matters are converted into simple molecule and
release the carbon dioxide and electrons. Those electrons are absorbed by the
electrode and used as the source of electricity.
This is the basic introduction and common process involved in the
sewage treatment and energy generation.

Waste water treatment is a widely used process for the residential and
industrial purposes. In analyzing wastewater treatment plant design problem physical,
chemical and biological parameters are to be considered. In view of the multiple
factors and parameters affecting complete wastewater treatment plant design, a trial
and error characteristics which are time consuming and complex. Several waste water
treatment software tools are available in the market such as Mathematica, Maple ,
MATLAB, Mathcad etc. Such software tools provide vast capabilities for the
modeling and optimization tools for engineers and researchers.
Amongst Indian industries, pulp and paper industry is the greatest industrial
polluter in terms of wastewater volumes and organic discharges. With the ever
increasing social awareness of environmental protection issues, the proper operation
and control of waste water treatment plants have come under scrutiny. Optimization at
every stage of design a WWTP demands systematic investigation and determination
of control strategies to minimize multiple objective criteria. Although this industry
discharges gaseous, liquid and solid wastes, pollution of the aquatic ecosystem is the
major problem as large volumes of waste water are generated while producing paper.
Urban wastewater is usually treated by conventional activated sludge
processes (CASP’s), which involve the natural biodegradation of pollutants by
heterotrophic bacteria ( i. e activated sludge) in aerated bioreactors. Activated sludge
could be separated by gravitational setting. The treatment efficiency is usually limited
by the difficulties in separating suspended solids. The optimal sludge concentration is
generally up to 5 g/l, which imposes large size of aerated bioreactor. Further treatment
of sludge needs to be provided separately.
Membrane bioreactor is an improvement of the CASP where the
traditional secondary clarifier is replaced by a membrane unit for the separation of
treated water from the mixed solution in the bioreactor.
1.3 ROLES OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
 In general waste water treatment plants remove solids everything from rags
and plastics to sand smaller particles found in wastewater.
 Moreover they reduce organic matter and pollutants by growing incubating
naturally occurring bacteria and other microorganisms which consume the
organic matter in wastewater and are then separated from the water and finally
restore the oxygen to ensure that the water put back into our rivers or lakes has
enough oxygen to support life.
 It is well known that the wastewater treatment plants have always undergone
evolution with time and introduction of technology. Se-sufficient biological
treatment plant is on the horizon.
 They are prominent for the mitigation of the consumption of electrical energy
and at the same time as doubling green power generation by biogas. However
the upgrading technologies in India are quite different from those in developed
countries.
 Apparently reuse of treated municipal wastewater should be encouraged in
industries and agricultural sector.

Figure 1.1 Sewage treatment plant

1.3 OBJECTIVE

 To treat sewage to meet the standard, which is can be safely discharged to the
environment or reused.
 To prepare the suitable sewerage treatment plant method.
 To provide an economic sewerage system which is profitable.
 To design the size of pipe for sewer and manhole size.
 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
DR. SUNIL JAYANT KULKRNI: (2017)

The characterization of waste water plays important role in treat ability of

waste water. The effluent from paint industry contains high chemical oxygen
demand and turbidity. The waste water contains primary, secondary and tertiary
treatments. Chemical treatment for the waste water treatment contains coagulation,
flocculation and floatation. Advance oxidation processes are used as tertiary treatment
methods in many applications. Studies indicated that coagulants such as aluminium
sulphate (alum) (Al2.(So4)3.18H2O), and anionic polyelectrolyte are very useful for
the treatment. Modified Electro Fenton Process was found very effective by few
researchers. Use of iron and aluminium salts as coagulants is also effective for the
removal of pollutants. It can be observed from the review that water based paint
wastewater can effectively be treated by Fenton process with rust catalysis in the
mixed reactors.
PALLAVI M. KHERDE:(2016)

Effluent treatment can be carried out by various biological physical and

chemical methods. Physical treatment techniques are used for removal of coarser
materials from the water followed by biological methods. Biological treatment can be
either attached growth of suspended growth. The selection of biological treatment
depends on quality of effluent and the percentage removal required. Biological
treatment are also used for selective removal of many heavy metals, phosphorous and
other pollutants. The current review summarizes the research and advancements in
biological treatments.
ANDREAS N.ANGELAKIS: (2015)

This paper provides an overview of the special issue on wastewater treatment

and Reuse: Past, Present and Future. The papers selected for published include
advanced waste water treatment and monitoring technologies, such as membrane
bioreactors, electrochemical systems; denitrifying bio filters and disinfection
technologies, the influence of organic matter on pathogen inactivation and nutrient
removal. Collectively the special issue presents an evolution of technologies from
conventional through advanced for reliable and sustainable wastewater treatment and
reuse.
R. V. WANJULE: (2013)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of sewage from 100 MLD
sewage treatment plant located at Vashi , Navi Mumbai which is based on latest
Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology. Study of sewage quality of this plant is an
essential as the most of the treated effluent discharged into Vashi Creck and
remaining used for Gardening purpose. Water samples were collected from raw inlet
and treated outlet and analyzed for the major waste water quality parameters such as
pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen Demand (DOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) etc. The overall
quality of sewage of 100 MLD sewage treatment plant will be evaluated by collecting
samples. The results of these evaluation also determine whether the effluent
discharged into the water bodies are under limits given by MPCB.
DR.SANTHOSH KUMAR:(2011)

Most of the river basins are closing or closed to severe water shortages
brought on simultaneous effects of agricultural growth industrialization and
urbanization. Performance of state owned sewage treatment plants for treating
municipal waste water and common effluent treatment for treating effluent from small
scale industries is also not complying with prescribed standards. Thus effluent from
treatment plant often not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste waters
is mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial purposes. The development of
innovative technologies for treatment of wastewaters from various industries is a
matter of alarming concern for us. Although many research papers have been reported
on waste water pollution control studies but a very few treatment work is carried out
for treatment of wastewater steel industries especially in reference to development of
design of industrial Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) System. Another beneficial spect
of this research work will be recycling reuse of water and sludge from steel industry.
The whole technologies for treating industry wastewater can be divided into four
categories:

 Chemical
 Physical
 Biological
 Mathematical approaches

DARSHAN MEHTA & MARGI A. SHETH: (2010)

The trend of urbanization India is exerting stress on civic authorities to

provide basic requirement such as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure.
The rapid growth population has exerted the portable water demand which requires
exploration of raw water sources developing treatment and distribution systems. The
study is based on the environmental engineering. The effectively of the anjana
Sewage Treatment Plant surat will be work out during the entire project. The selected
parameters are pH ,Turbidity, TSS,COD,BOD and TDS. The treated and non treated
samples will be collected twice a week an every Monday and Thursday per month for
winter sessions and summer sessions have been tested in. Results obtained from
collected samples are compared with BIS and GPCB standards to evaluate the
efficiencies of the activate sludge plant will be calculated. By regression analysis
correlation between BOD and TSS will also be established. Hence the measure
against non treated water can be made to protect the environment. Additionally, the
problems associated with the operation and maintainance of waste water treatment
plant is discussed.
 S.S.TURKER,D.BHARTI:(2009)
Due to industrialization and urbanization disposal of industrial as well as domestic
effluent become more and more complex. Hence various techniques were developed to
purification of water. Pollution of water streams causes due to by different organic , in
organic and biological contaminates among which pesticides are very common and
introduced due to agriculture source represents a serious environmental problem.
Several usual methods of water treatment exist such as activated carbon adsorption,
chemical oxidation, biological treatment etc…., and as such have found certain practical
applications. For example activated carbon adsorption involves phase transfer of
pollutants without decomposition into another pollution problem. Chemical oxidation
minerals all organic substances and is only economically suitable for the removal of
pollutants at high concentrations.
XUYAO LI, HONGTAO WANG: (2008)

Optimization of energy efficiency is important for waste treatment plant.

Increasing energy costs and concerns about global change highlight the need to realize
energy self- sufficient in WWPs. Energy self- sufficient WWTPS have been studied
to reduce operation costs energy consumption and achieve carbon neutrality. In this
paper we analyzed the energy consumption and recovery in WWTPs. We
characterized the comprehensive influence factor of energy use in WWTPs including
treatment techniques treatment capacity and different regions. It is feasible to
established energy self-sufficient WWTPs although there are still challenges for the
implementation of energy self -sufficient WWTPs such as technology barriers and
higher investment, particularly in developing countries.
.
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

Literature

Design Period

Location & layout

treatment plan

Recieving
chamber

Screeing

Grid chamber

Fine screen

Primary
sedimentation tank

Secondary
sedimentation tank

Sludge drying bed

Sewage disposal

Salient details &

project

Result and
conclusion
3.1 TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

The treatment of sewage consists of many complex function . The

degree of treatment depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet sewage as well
as the required effluent characteristics.

Treatment processes are often classified as:

(i) Preliminary treatment

(ii) Primary treatment

(iii) Secondary treatment

(iv) Tertiary treatment

3.1.1 Preliminary treatment

Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating floating materials

like tree branches, papers, pieces of rags , wood etc., and heavy settable inorganic
solids . it helps in removal of oils and grease and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30% .
the processes under this are:
(i) Screening - to remove floating papers , rags ,
clothes
(ii) Grid chamber - to remove grid and sand.
(iii) Skimming tank - to remove oil and greases

3.1.2 Primary Treatment

Primary treatment is consists of removing large suspended organic

solids. It is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid
effluent from the primary treatment often contains a large amount of suspended
organic materials and has a high BOD (about 60% of original).

3.1.3 Secondary treatment

Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological

decomposition o organic matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

3.1.3.1 Aerobic biological units

(i) Filters ( intermittent sand filters , trickling filters )

(ii) Activated sludge plant ( feed to activated sludge , secondary settling
 tank)
(iii) Oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons
3.1.3.2 Anaerobic biological units

(i) Anaerobic lagoons

(ii) Septic tanks
(iii) Imhoff tanks.

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10% of
original) and may contains several milligram per litre of DO.

3.1.4 Tertiary treatment

The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise

the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment ( sea, river ,
lake , ground etc..,) more than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any
treatment plant . if disinfication is practiced ,it is always the final process. It is known
as “effluent polishing.”
Fig.3.1.sewage treatment plant activated sludge process flow chart.
 CHAPTER-4
DESIGN PERIOD
A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground sewer pipes and
construction of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or increased in their
capacities easily or conveniently at a later date. In order to avoid such

complications, the future expansions of the city and consequent increase in the
sewage quantity should be forecasted to satisfactory for a reasonable year. The future
period for which the provision is made in designing the capacities of various
components of the sewerage is known as design period. This sewage treatment plant
is designed for 30 years.
Table-4.1 Parameters

PARAMETERS RAW SEWAGE OF EFFLUENT

VANDALUR corp.* (expected)**
6.4 5.5-9.0
BOD 300 mg/l ≤ 20 mg/l
COD 600 mg/l ≤ 250 mg/l
Oil & Grease 50 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l
Total suspended solids 600 mg/l ≤ 30 mg/l
Nitrogen 61 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l
ammonia nitrogen 50 mg/l ≤ 50 mg/l
Total phosphorous 5 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l
(as PO4)
Total coli form 100000 MPN/ml ≤ 1000 no/100 ml
 Fig.4.1 Example for parameter

Fig.4.1.1 sewage treatment plant laboratory

4.1 POPULATION FORECAST

Forecasting method: Incremental increase method

Year population Incremental Incremental increase

1968 1,06,024

7,718

1978 1,13,742 17,622

25,430

1988 1,39,082 9,825

35,165

1998 1,74,247 -34,351

814

2008 1,75,061 1,538

2,352

2018 1,77,413

Avg =71,389 Avg = -5,366

X = 71,3895 = 14,278

Y = -53664 = -1342

Pn = po + +12 xy

Base period as 2018,

P2010 = 1,77,413 +0.9 x 14278 +0.9 + 12 x (-1342)

= 1,89,116

Ultimate design period as 2048,

P2048 = 1,77,413 +3.9 x 14278 +3.9 +12 x (-1342)

= 2,25,920

At design period of 30 years the forcasted population of the vandaur is 2,4,92

P2040 = 1,77,413 + 3.9 x 14278 + 3.9 3.9 +12 x (-1342)
 = 2, 45,920

At design period of 30 years the forecasted population of the vandalur is 2,45,92

4.2 CALCULAION OF SEWAGE GENERATION:

Ultimate design period = 30 years

Forecasted population at 2040 = 24,920
Per capita water supply = 135 lpcd
Avg . water supply per day = 24920 x 135

= 33199200

= 33.2 MLD
Avg . sewage generation per day =80% of supplied water
= 0.8 x 33.2

= 26.56 MLD

Avg . sewage generation per day = 26.56 x 1061000 x 24 x 60 x 60

Avg . discharge = 0.308 cume

Max . discharge = 3 x 0.308
= 0.924 cumec

4.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

4.3.1 GENERAL

Sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria.

This sewage is disposed of by dilution or on land after collection and conveyance. If
the sewage is directly disposed of, it will be acted upon the natural forces, which will
convert it into harmful substance .the natural forces of purification cannot purify any
amount of sewage within specified time. If the quantity of sewage is more, then
receiving water will become polluted or the land will become sewage sick. Under
such circumstances it become essential to do some treatment of the sewage, so that it
can be accepted by the land or receiving water without any objection. These treatment
processes will directly depend on the types of impurities present in the sewage and the
standard up to which treatment is required.
4.4 OBJECT OF TREATMENT

The main object of treatment units is to reduce the sewage contents

(solids) from the sewage and remove all the nuisance causing element and change the
character of the sewage in such a way that it can be safely discharged in natural water
course applied on the land.
In other word, the objective of sewage treatment is to produce a
disposable effluent without causing harm or trouble to the communities and prevent
pollution.
 Practically the treatment of sewage is required in big cities only where
the volume of the sewage is more as well as the quantity of various types of solid,
industrial sewage etc.. is more and porous land or large quantity of water bodies is not
available for the proper disposal of sewage.
4.5.DEGREE OF TREATMENT

The degree of treatment will mostly be decided by regulatory agencies

and the extent to which the final product of treatment are to be utilized. The
regulatory bodies might have laid down standard for the effluent or might specify the
condition under which the effluent must be discharged into the natural stream. the
method of treatment adopted should not only meet the requirement og the regulatory
bodies, but also result in the maximum use of the end product with economy.

4.6 DESIGN PERIOD

The treatment plant is normally designed to meet the requirement over

a 30 year period after it completion. The time lag between the design and completion
should not normally exceed 2-3 years. Care should be taken that the plant is not
considerably under loaded in the initial stages, particularly the sedimentation tank.
The ultimate design period should be 30 year and to that extent
sufficient accommodation should be provided for all the units necessary to cater to the
need of ultimate population .in some cases, it may be necessary to combine a number
of sewage system with a common sewage treatment plant.

4.7 LOCATION OF TREATMENT PLANT

The treatment plant should be located as near to the point of disposal

as possible .if the sewage as to be disposed finally in to the river, the plant should be
located near the river bank .care should be taken while location the site that it should
be on the downstream side be taken while locating the site that it should be on the
downstream side of the city and sufficiently away from water intake works. if finally
the sewage as to be applied on land ,the treatment plant should be located near the
land at such a place from where the treated sewage can directly flow under
gravitational forces toward the disposal point. The plant should not be much far away
from the town to reduce the length of the sewer line.
On the other hand the site should not be close to town, thwt it may
cases difficulties in the expansion of town and may pollute the general atmosphere by
smell and fly nuisance.
4.8 LAYOUT OF TREATMENT PLANT

The following point should be kept in mind while giving layout of any
sewage treatment plant:
  All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that sewage from
one process should directly go to other process.

. If possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage
can flow one plant into next under its force of gravity only.

. All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that minimum
area is required it will also ensure economy in its cost

. sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.

. staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment
plant, so that operators can watch the plant easily.

. the site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good
appearance.

. Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of operation

any unit when required.

All channels, conduits should be laid in such a way a to obtain flexibility,

convenience and economy in the operation

4.9 POINT OF CONSIDERED IN DESIGN:

Following points are considered during the design of sewage treatment unit:

. The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years

. The design period should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis’
but the average domestic flow plus the maximum industrial flow on the yearly record
basis.

. Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two
numbers small unit should provided, which will provide in operation as well as no
stoppage during maintenance and repair of the plant.

. Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the

 particular operation is desired.
 Self cleaning velocity should be develop at every place and stage.

. The design of the treatment units should be economical. Easy in

maintenance should offer flexibility in operation.

4.10 RECEIVING CHAMBER

Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected

through under group sewage system from the cit . it’s the rectangular shape tank
constructed at the entrance of sewage treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is directly
connected with is tank.

Fig.4.10.Receving chamber

4.11 DESIGN

Design flow = 0.924 cumec

Detention tank = 60 sec
Volume required = flow x detention time
=
0.
9
2
4
x
6
0
 = 55.44

Provide, depth = 3m

Area = 55.443

= 18.48

Length : Breadth = 2 : 1

L x B = 2B x B = 2 = 18.48 B
= 3m
L = 6.2m

CHECK :

Volume designed = 6.2 x 3 x 3

= 55.8

= 55.44

graterthan

Receiving chamber is designed for the size of

6.2m x 3m x 3m (SWD) + 0.5 (F.B)

Fig.4.10.1.Receving chamber.
4.12 SCREENING

4.12.1.GENERAL

Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant and
consist of passing the raw sewage through different type of screen so as to trap and
remove the floating matter such as tree leaves, paper , gravel , timber pieces , rags ,
fibre , tampons,cans , and kitchen refuse etc.

4.12.2 Purpose of screening

 floating matter.
 To remove the major floating matter from the raw sewage in a simple
manner before it reaches into the complex high energy required
process.

4.12.3 Coarse screen

The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed to inclination
to the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm or above. These racks are
placede in the screen chamber provided in the way of sewer line.

The width of the rack channel should be sufficient so that self cleaning

velocity should be available and a bypass channel should be provided to prevent the
overtopping.

4.12.3.1 Design of coarse screen

Peak dischare of sewage = 0.924 /s

Assume the velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.8 m/s
The net area screen opening required = 0.9240
= 1.16

Clear opening between bars = 30 mm = 0.03 m

Size of bars = 75 mm x 10 mm
Assume width of channel = 1m
The screen bars are placed at to the horizontal.
Velocity through screen peak flow = 1.6 m/ s
 Clear area = 1.16 sin 60

= 0.837

No of clear opening = 0.837.03

= 28 Nos

Width of channel = ( 28 x 30 ) + ( 29 x 10 0

= 1130 mm = 1.13 m

Provide width of channel = 1.2 m

Coarse screen channel is designed for the size of

1.2m x 0.7m (SWD) + 0.5 M (FB)

Fig.4.12.3.Section of coarse screen
4.13 GRID CHAMBER

Grid removal basins are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the fine
screen to remove the inorganic particles having specific gravity of 2.65 such as sa ,
gravel , grid , egg shell that may clog channel or damage pumps due to abrasion and
to prevent their accumulation in sludge digester.
Here horizontal flow type grit chamber designed to give a horizontal straight
line flow velocity , which is kept constant over varying discharge.

4.13.1 Design

Peak flow of sewage = 0.924 /s

Assume average detention period = 180 s

Aerated volume = 0.924 x 180

= 168

In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenance two
chamber are used.

Therefore volume of one aerated chamber = 1682

= 84

Assume depth of 3m and width to ratio 2 : 1

Width of the channel = 2 x 3

= 6m

Length of the channel = 4.7 m

Increase the length by about 20% to account for inlet and outlet

Provide length = 4.7 x 1.2 m

= 5.7m

Grid chamber is designed for the size of 5.7m x 6m x 3m

Fig.4.13.Section of Aerated Grit channel
4.14 FINE SCREEN

Fine screens are the structures built between the grit chambers and primary
sedimentation tank in order to remove some amount of suspended solids from sewage.
The fine screens often get clogged need frequent cleaning. The brass metal is used as
it has higher resistant towards rust and corrosion.
Here the disc type fine screen is designed and the wire mesh of the screen is
made up of brass metal.The fine screen is attached with electric motors.The clogged
screen is often cleared by cone brush.

4.14.1 Design

Design flow = 0.924 cumec

At avg. flow design velocity = 0.8 m/s

Area required = 0.9240.8

= 1.16 m2

SWD provided = 0.7 m

At peak design velocity = 1.6 m/s

Assuming the screen bars are placed at 400 to the horizontal.

Clear area = .9241.6sin40

= 1.13 m2

Clear opening = 8 mm = 0.008 m

Net clear width of channel = 1.130.008

= 1.41 m

No. of clear openings = 178

 No. of bars = 178

Size of the bars = 50 mm x 10 mm

Width of channel = (178 x 8) + (179 x 10)
= 3.2 m

Fine screen is designed for the size of 3.2 m X 0.8 m (SWD)+0.5 m(FB)
Fig.4.14.Cross section of Disc type Fine screen
4.15 SKIMMING TANK

Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the sewage
constructed before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains oils, fats,
waxes, soaps, fatty acids etc. The greasy and oily matter may form unsightly and
odorous scum on the surface of setting tanks or may interfere with the activated
sludge process.
In skimming tank air is blown along with chlorine gas by air diffuser placed at
the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and solidify the grease and
cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas chlorine destroys the protective colloidal
effect of protein, which holds the grease in emulsified form. The greasy materials are
collected from the top of the tank and the collected are skimmed of specially
designed mechanical equipments.

4.15.1 Design
The surface area required for the tank A = 6.22 X 10-3 X qVr m2
Where
q = rate of flow sewage in m3/day

Vt = minimum rising velocity of the material to be

removed in m/min

q = 0.924 x 60 x 60 x 24

= 79833.6 m3/day
Vt = 0.25 m/min
= 0.25 x 60 x 24

= 360 m/day

A = 6.22 x 10-3 x 79833.6360

A = 1.37 m2
~ 1.5 m2

Provide the depth of the skimming tank is 3m

The length breadth ratio is 1:5:1
Therefore L = 1.5 B

L x B = 1.5 B2 Therefore B = 1 L = 1.5 m

Skimming tank is designed for the size of 1.5 m x 1 m x 3 m x 0.5 m (FB)
fig.4.15.Cross section of skimming tank
4.16 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

Primary sedimentation tank is the setting tank constructed next to skimming tank
to remove the organic solids which are too heavy to removed i.e. the particles having
lesser size of 0.2 mm and specific gravity of 2.65.

The designed tank is circular type which makes setting by allowing radial flow.
These are fabricated using carbon steel with epoxy lining on the inside and epoxy
coating on the outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification,

these clarifiers use gravity in conjunction with the projected settling area so as to

effect a fairly high percentage of removal of suspended solids as to 60 to 65% of the

suspended solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the sewage.

Fig.4.16 primary clarifier sludge sump

4.16.1 Design

Max. quantity sewage = 26.56 MLD

Surface loading = 40 m3/m2/day
Detention period = 1 hrs
Volume of sewage = 26560 x 124

= 1106.7 m3

= 1110 m2

Provide effective depth = 2.5 m

Surface area = 11102.5
= 444 m2
Surface area of the tank = Total flow surface loading

= 2656040.

= 664 m2

Use greater of area of these two,

Therefore area surface of the tank = 664 m2

Diameter of the tank = 664 x 4 
= 29.07 m

~ 29.2 m

Primary sedimentation tank is designed for the dimension of

29.2 m(dia) x 2.5 m ( depth ) + 0.5 (FB)

Fig.4.16.1.cross section of circular sedimentation tank
4.17 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological sewage treatment system to

treat the settled sewage consist a variety of mechanisms and processes that use
dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that substantially removes
organic material. The essential units of the process are an aeration tank, a secondary
settling tank, a sludge return line from the secondary settling tank and an excess
sludge waste line.

4.18 CONCEPT

Atmospheric air is bubbled through primary treated sewage combined with organisms
to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage. The
mixed liquor, the combination of raw sewage and biological mass is formed. In
activated sludge plant, once the effluent from the primary clarifier get sufficient
treatment, the excess mixed liquor is discharged into settling tanks and the treated
supernatant is run off to undergo further treatment. Part of the settled sludge called
Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S) is returned to the head of the aeration system to re-
seed the new sewage entering the tank. Excess sludge eventually accumulates
beyond R.A.S known Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S) is removed from the
treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied (F:M) ratio. W.A.S is
further treated by digestion under anaerobic conditions.

4.19 METHOD: CONTACT STABILIZATION METHOD

 Microorganisms consume organics in the contact tank.

 Effluent from primary clarifier flows into the contact tank where it is
aerated and mixed with bacteria.
 Soluble materials pass through bacterial cell walls, while insoluble materials stick
to the outside
 Fig.4.19 CONTACT STABILIZATION METHOD

4.19.1 Flow chart of contact stabilization activated sludge process

 Solids settle out later and are wasted from the system or returned to a stabilization
tank.

 Microbes digest organics in the stabilization tank, and are then recycled back
to the contact tank, because they need more food.

 Waste Activated Sludge is removed and sent to further treatment.

PROCESS

The activated sludge functions in the above mentioned concept by following the
Contact stabilization method. The effluent from primary clarifier is mixed with 40 to
50% of own volume of activated sludge (R.A.S). Then it is mixed for 4 to 8 hours in
the aeration tank by the combined aerator which does compressed air diffusion and
mechanical mixing. The moving organisms oxidize the organic matter and make it to
settle in the secondary clarifier.The settled sludge known as activated sludge is then
recycled to head of aeration tank and mixed with the new entering sewage. New
activated sludge is produced continuously and W.A.S is disposed along with primary
treated sludge after proper digestion.
The activated sludge plant results 80 to 95% of BOD removal and 90 to 95% bacteria
removal by making the necessary set up such as
(i) Ample supply of oxygen to plant
(ii) Intimate and continuous mixing sewage with activated sludge.
(iii)Constant rate of return sludge is made to be kept through out the process.
4.20 AERATION TANK

Aeration tank is the mixing and diffusing structure is the activated sludge plant.
These are rectangular in shape having the dimensions ranging 3 to 4.5 m deep,4 to 6
m wide and 20 to 200 m length. Air is introduced continuously to the tank. Combined
Aeration type aerators having the diffused air aeration as well as mechanical aeration
together in a single unit are used in the project. The Dorroco model is designed as it
gives higher efficiency and occupies less space. This results in higher efficiency and
lesser detention period and lesser amount of compressed air.

Fig.4.20.Aeration tank

4.20.1 Design

No. of Aeration tank = 2

Design flow = 26.56 MLD

Average flow of each tank = 265602
= 13280 m3

BOD at inlet = 0.8 x 300

(20 % of BOD removed at Grit chamber)

Y0 = 240 mg/I
BOD at outlet YE = 20 mg/I
BOD removed in activated plant = 240 - 20

= 220 mg/I
Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant
= 220240
 Min.efficiency = 91.7%

Since the adopted extended aeration process can removed

Hence it is Ok
MLSS ( Xt ) = 3000 mg/I

F/M ratio = 0.4

Volume the tank required V = Q FM x Y0Xt

= 13280 x 2200.4 x 3000

= 2344.67 m3

≈ 2345 m3

Assume the liquid depth of the tank as 4.5 m

The Width to Depth ratio as 2.2
BD = 2.2

B = 9.9 ~ 10 m

L = 24354.5 x 10

= 54 m
L = 54 m; B = 10 m; d = 4.5 m
Volume provided = 54 x 10 x 4.5

=2430 m3

(i) Check for aerated period/HRT

Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = t = v x 24Q

= 2430 x 2413280

= 4.39 hrs

Since it lies between 3-6 hrs it is OK

(ii) Check for volumetric reading

Volumetric loading = Q x YoV

= 13280 x 2402430

= 1171.6 g/m3

= 1.171 kg/m3
Since it lies between 1.0 - 1.2 it is OK
(iii) Check for return sludge

Return activated sludge = QrQ = Xt (106S.V.I-

Xt) Where, S.V.I = Sludge Volume Index
Qt = Sludge Recirc

QrQ = 3000(106115 - 3000)

= 53%

It lies between 0.5 - 1.0. Design is OK

(iv) Check for SRT(θC)

V x Xt = ay X Q X Y0-YE X θcl + (ke X θc)

Where, y = 0.5 constant for municipal sewage with respect to MLSS

Ke = 0.06 d-1 constant for municipal sewage
θc = Solids Retention Time (SRT)
Y0 = 240 mg/I
Ye= 20 mg/I
V = 2430 m3
Xt = 3000 mg/I

Q = 13280 m2/day

2430 x 3000 = 0.5 x 13280 x (240-20)l + (0.06 x θc)

1 + 0.06 θc = 0.2004

θc = 10.2004

θc = 7.12 days

It lies between 5-8 days. The design is OK

Provide the aeration tank as 54 m x 10 m x 4.5 m + 0.5 m (FB

BOD5 applied to each tank = 240 mg/I
Average flow in each tank = 13280 m3/day
BOD5 removed in each tank = 13280 x 0.240
= 3187.2 kg/day

= 133 kg/hr

Oxygen requirement = 1 kg/kg of BOD applied

Peak oxygen demand = 125%
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aeration standard condition

= 1.9 kg/kWh

= 1.41 kg/HP/hr

Oxygen transfer capacity aerators at field conditions

= 0.9 x 1.41

= 1.269 kg/HP/hr
Oxygen to be applied in each tank = 1.0 x 133 x 1.25
= 167 kg/hr
HP of aerators required = 1671.269
= 132 HP

Provide 4 Nos. of 40 HP aerators

4.21 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

A sedimentation tank constructed next to the aeration tank is the secondary

sedimentation. This tank will be as the primary sedimentation tank with certain
modifications as no floating materials are here, providing for the removal of scum,
floatage are not needed.
The surface area for the secondary sedimentation tank is designed for both
Overflow rate basis and solids loading rate basis. The larger value is adopted.

Fig.4.21.secondary clarifier
 4.21.1 Design

No.of secondary clarifier = 1

Average flow = 26560 m3/day

Recirculated flow = 53%
= 14070 m3/day

Total inflow = 26560 + 14070

= 40630 m3/day

Provide hydraulic detention period = 2 hrs

Volume the tank ( exclusive of hopper portion)
= 40630 x 224

= 3386.4 m3

Assume liquid depth = 3.5 m

Area = 3386.43.5

= 967.54 m2

Surface loading rate of average flow = 25 m3/m2/day

Surface area provided = 2656025
= 1062.4 m2

Using greater area of the two values

Therefore surface area = 1062.4 m2

Diameter = 1062.4 x
4
= 36.7 m

= 37 m

Provide diameter of 37 m

(i) Check for weir loading

Average flow = 26560 m3/day

Weir loading = 2656037 x 
= 176.13 m3/day/m
It is lesser than 185 m3/day/m. Hence it is OK
(ii) Check for solid loading

Recirculated flow = 14070 m3/day

Average flow = 26560 m3/day
MLSS in the tank = 3000 mg/I

Total solids in flow = (26560 + 14070) x 3

= 121890 kg/day
Solids loading = 121890967.54
= 125.98 kg/day/m2
It lies between 100 - 150 kg/m2/day
Provide secondary sedimentation as 37 m (dias) x 3.5 m (depth) + 0.5 m (FB)
Hopper slope shall be 1 in 12

4.22 STABILIZATION TANK

Total return flow = 14070 m3/day

= 9.771 m3/min
Detention time = 15 min
Volume of wet well = 9.771 x 15

= 146.6 m3

Provide depth as 3 m, width as 5 m

Therefore length is 9.8 m
Wet well dimension as 9.8 m x 5 m x 3 m + 0.5 m (FB)
Dry well dimension as 9.8 m x 9.8 m
2 No. of pump house each of 14.07 MLD capacity in the dry well are provided.

4.23 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such
open beds of land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from
digestion tank contains a lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater the
digested sludge before it disposed of dumping. It is the quite suitable to dewater in
Vandalur due to its hot climate.
 The sewage sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a depth
of 20 to 30 cm, through distribution troughs. A portion of the moisture drains Through
the bed while most of its gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot countries like India
it takes 6 to 12 days to dry. After the period the sludge cakes are removed with spades
and they are used as manure as it contains 2 to 3 % of NPK.
Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm thick
graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15 cm at bottom and
1.25 cm at top. Open jointed under drain pipes of 15 cm diameter are laid below the
gravel layers. Large beds are portioned by concrete walls, and a pipe header from the
digesters with gated openings allows application of sludge independently to each cell.
Sewage collected in the under drains is returned to the plant wet well for treatment
with the raw waste water.

4.23.1 DESIGN

Sludge applied to drying bed at the rate of 100 kg/MLD

Sludge applied = 300 kg/day
Specific gravity = 1.015
Solid content = 2%
Volume of sludge = 3000.02 x 1000 x 1.015

= 14.778 m3/day

For vandalur weather condition the beds get dried out about 10 days
Number of cycle in one year = 36510
= 37 cycles
Period of each cycle = 10 days
Volume of sludge per cycle = 14.778 x 10

= 147.78 m3

Spreading a layer of 0.3 m per cycle

Area of bed required = 147.780.3

= 492.6 m2

= 500 m2

Provide 5 nos.of beds,

Area of each bed = 100 m2

5 beds of dimension 12.5 m x 8 m are designed

4.24 SEWAGE DISPOSAL

The disposal of treated effluent into land or water body is sewage disposal.
This can be of two methods,

(i) Dilution - disposal in water bodies

(ii) Effluent irrigation - disposal on land

4.24.1 Dilution

The disposal of effluent by discharging it into water courses such as streams,

rivers or large body of water such as lake, sea is called dilution.

4.24.2 effluent irrigation

When the effluent is evenly spread on the surface of land it is efferent

irrigation. The water of sewage percolates on the ground and the suspended solids
remain at the surface of the ground. The remaining organic suspended solids are
partly acted upon by the bacteria and are partly oxidized by exposure to atmospheric
actions of heat, light and air.
While considering the characteristics of Vandalur Coorporation it is prefered
that Effluent Irrigation i.e land disposal for the following reasons.

(i) Vandalur Coorporation is not a costal city i.e sea is out of reach. Vellore does
not have any perennial river makes impossible for dilution.

(ii) The nearby lake has very small amount of dry weather flow.In summer
season it runs dry.

(iii) The sewage treatment plant is designed according to Indian Standards

which produces effluent having lesser hazardous characteristics than the standards

of land disposing.

(iv) It is an alternative source of water for irrigation and it contains the

manure and some amount of NPK compounds.
Table no-4.42.2 Characteristics of tolerance limit as per IS:3307-1986 & effect
from the plan

Tolerance limit as
SI.no Characteristics per IS : 3307-1986 Effect from the plant

1 Ph 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

2 BOD 100 mg/I ≤ 20 mg/I

3 Suspended solids 200 mg/I ≤ 30 mg/I

4 Oil & Grease 10 mg/I ≤ 5 mg/I

5 Chlorides 600 mg/I ≤ 400 mg/I

6 Sulphate 1000 mg/I ≤ 250 mg/I

COMPARISION BETWEEN IS : 3307-1986 AND EXPECTED EFFLUENT’S

CHARACTERISTICS
The effluent to be disposed in land effluent irrigation method and it is done by
constructing ridge and furrow in the disposal land. Here the land is first ploughed up
to 45 cm, then leveled and divided into plots and sub plots.Then each sub plot is
enclosed by small dykes. Now ridges and furrows are formed in each subplot. The
sewage is allowed to flow in furrows, whereas crops are grown on ridges. After an
interval of 8 - 10 days the sewage can be again applied depending on the crops
requirement and the nature of the soil.
 CHAPTER-5
SALIENT DETAILS OF PROJECT
Table no-5.1 Salient details of project

SI.NO ATTRIBUTE DATA

Sewage Treatment Plant for vandalur
Project municipal coorporation
1

Sewage type Partially separated sewage system

2

Population Census
3
1951 1,06,024
1961 1,13,742
1971 1,39,082
1981 1,74,247
1991 1,75,061
2001 1,77,413

Method of Forecasting Increamental increase method

4

Design Population
5
Base year – 2010 1,89,116
Intermediate – 2025 2,10,343
Ultimate year – 2040 2,45,920

Per Capita Water Supply 135Ipcd

6

Existing Sewerage System Nil

7
 CHAPTER-6
RESULT & CONCLUSION
A successful technical project involving integration of various fields. This is an attempt to
combine several aspects of environmental, biological and chemical and civil engineering. Since,
in vandalur Municipal Corporation there is no proper treatment plant for sewage, it is necessary
to construct a sewage treatment plant. The plant is designed perfectly to meet the future
expansion for the next 30 years in accordance with Indian Code Provisions. This project consists
the design of the complete components of a Sewage Treatment Plant from receiving chamber,
screening chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, active
sludge tank and sludge drying beds for sewage.

PLANT DETAILS

COMPONENT TYPE NOS DIMENSIONS

Receiving
chamber 1 6.2 m x 3 m x 3 m x (SWD)
+ 0.5 m (FB)
1 manual
Course screen 1 mechanical 2 1.2 m x 0.7 m (SWD) + 0.5
m (FB)

Horizontal flow
Grit Chamber type 2 5.7 m x 6 m x 3 m

Disc type,
Fine Screen Mechanical 2 3.2 m x 0.8 m (SWD) + 0.5
m

Air diffuser +
Skimming tank chloride gas 1 1.5 m x 1 m x 3 m + 0.5 m
(FB)
49
 Circular type,
Primary clarifier Radial flow 1 29.2 m θ x 2.5 m (SWD) +
0.5 m (FB)

Combined dorroco
Aeration tank type 1 54 m x 10 m x 4.5 m + 0.5 m
(FB)

Circular type,
Secondary clarifier Radial flow 1 37 m θ x 3.5 m (SWD) + 0.5
m

Sludge drying bed Sand + Graded 5 12.5 m x 8 m

graveled
 CHAPTER-6
REFERENCES

 Garg, S.K., "Environmental Engineering" Vol. II, Khanna

Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.
 Punmia, B.C., Jain, A.K., and Jain. A., "Environmental
Engineering", Vol.II, Lakshmi Publications, News letter, 2005.