Formula

US EPA Evaporation Equation (Open Area) – Eq. 1

7.4𝑃𝐴(0.447𝑊)
𝐸= 𝑇+459.67
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑎𝑦
)

𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡2)

𝑊 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙 (𝑚𝑝ℎ)

𝑃 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐺)𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝐹)

Stiver and Mackay Evaporation Equation (Open Area) – Eq. 2

𝑃𝐴𝑊
𝐸=
𝑇+459.67
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑎𝑦
)

𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡2)

𝑊 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙 (𝑚𝑝ℎ)
𝑃 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐺)𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝐹)

John W. Lund Evaporation Equation (Open Area) – Eq. 3

𝐸 = 0.0118𝐴𝐹𝑎 (𝑃 − 𝑃𝑎 )

Description 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Residential Pool 0.5
Condominium 0.65
Hotel Pool 0.8
Public Pool 1.0
Wavepools 1.5+

𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡2)

𝐹 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
𝑃 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐺)𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐺)𝑎𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑤 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Evaporation Rate Equation (Enclosed) – Eq. 4
𝛼𝑒 𝑁𝐴 (𝑃𝑣 − 𝑃ℎ )
ɸ𝑒 =
√2𝜋𝑀𝑅𝑇

ɸ𝑒 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝛼𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (0 < 𝛼𝑒 < 1)
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃ℎ = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑/𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑅 = 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Maximum Flux Equation in Vacuum (Enclosed) (𝛼𝑒 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃ℎ = 0) – Eq. 5
𝑃𝑣 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
ɸ𝑒 = 3.513 𝑋 1022
√𝑀𝑇 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠

𝑀 𝑔𝑟
𝛤𝑒 = 5.84 𝑋 10−2 √ 𝑇 𝑃𝑣 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠

Vacuum Dehydration (Enclosed) – Eq. 6

ABD 1
N = 𝒵RT ln P
1− AB
P

N = evaporation diffusion equation of water in oil

DAB = diffusion coefficient of component A in B
𝒵 = distance in the diffusion direction
T = thermodynamic temperature
PAB = Pressure of component A in component B
Heat Transfer – Eq. 7

Q = UA∆T
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
A = Exposed Area of Fluid to Hot Source
∆T = Temperature different between Hot Source and Fluid
Langmuir: Mass Transfer Over Area (Enclosed) – Eq. 8

ṁ 𝑀
A
= (Pv − 𝑃ℎ )√2𝜋𝑅𝑇

ṁ = mass lose rate

A = Exposed area of the fluid
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃ℎ = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑/𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑅 = 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Evacuation Time Using Mechanical Rotary Vane or Piston Pump – Eq. 9
𝑽
𝑻=
𝑺𝑭

The chamber volume is not all that important a consideration, assuming that the proper
pump can be supplied. The concept of chamber size, though, can easily lead to some
misconceptions due to incompletely applied logic. The flow rate will equilibrate to the same
amount regardless of chamber volume.

T = Evacuation Time in Vacuum Chamber

V = Volume of Vacuum Chamber
S = Pumping Speed of the Vacuum Pump
F = pump down Factor

Vacuum Dehydrator Processing Time – Eq. 10

W i
T= Q
ln fw
w

T = Processing Time of the Vacuum Dehydrator

W = Content of Waste Lube Oil
Q = Dehydration capacity
V
iw = initial water content, V %
V
fw = final water content, V %

Rate of Distillation of Reactor – Eq. 11

𝑉
𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑅

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑋 𝐴𝐻𝑇
𝐴𝐻𝑇 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Q = UA∆TLog

∆TLog = Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

A = Exposed Area of Fluid to Hot Source
𝑄ℎ𝑙 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝑤 𝐻𝑤
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐻𝑤 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Heat Transfer By Conduction – Eq. 12

𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴∆𝑇
𝑘 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐴 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑖𝑙
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Souders – Brown – Eq. 13

𝜌𝐿 − 𝜌𝐺
𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑠 √ 𝜌𝐺

4
( )𝑞𝑎
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √𝐹 𝜋
𝐺 𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝜌𝐺 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝜌𝐿 = 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝐹𝐺 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
(𝐹𝐺 𝑖𝑠 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠)

𝑞𝑎 = 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐺 = 0.54678 𝑚3 @ 130℃

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 − 𝑬𝒒 𝟏𝟒.

𝜌 = 𝜌𝑟 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 )]

𝜌𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑇𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

From the lab test report using the method of ASTM D1298-05, it is found out that the density
at different temperature are shown in Figure 1 and 2 below:-

Figure 1

Figure 2

Substituting the data into Eq. 14,

0.951 = 0.961 [1 + 𝛼(40 − 27)]

𝛼 = −0.0008
Thus, at temperature of 130℃, the density of the waste oil will be

𝜌 = 0.961[1 + (−0.0008)(130 − 27)]

𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 𝜌𝐿 = 0.882 @ 130℃
𝐿

𝜌𝐿 − 𝜌𝐺
𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑠 √ 𝜌𝐺
 𝑚
Using 𝐾𝑠 = 0.075
𝑠

882−0.54678
𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.075√ 0.54678

𝑉𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.011𝑚/𝑠
5 𝑚3
𝑞𝑎 = 3600 = 0.00139 𝑠

By Using Vertical Separators, 𝐹𝐺 = 1

4
( )(0.00139)
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ 𝜋
(1)(3.011)

𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.073𝑚