F unctional A natomy of

Prokaryotic C ells

C hapter 4
 Prokaryotic and E ukaryotic
C ells

‡ Prokaryote comes from the Greek words

for prenucleus.
‡ E ukaryote comes from the Greek words for
true nucleus.
 Prokaryote E ukaryote

‡ O ne circular ‡ Paired chromosomes,

chromosome, not in in nuclear membrane
a membrane
‡ No histones ‡ H istones present
‡ No organelles ‡ O rganelles
‡ Peptidoglycan cell ‡ Polysaccharide cell
walls walls
‡ Binary fission ‡ M itosis
 Basic Shapes/Morphology
Scientific name: Bacillus
‡ Bacillus (rod-shaped) Shape: Bacillus

‡ Coccus (spherical)

‡ Spiral
± Spirillum
± Vibrio
± Spirochete

Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4a, 4.4b, 4.4c

Unusual Shapes of Bacteria

H yphal/F ilamentous bacteria

 BA C T ERIA L ARRANG E M ENT
‡ Pairs: Diplococci,
diplobacilli

‡ C hains:
Streptococci,
streptobacilli

‡ C lusters:
Staphylococci
Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2b, 4.2c
 Bacterial A r rangement

‡ C lusters:

T etrads
Sarcinae
 monomorphic

vs.

pleomorphic

Rhizobium, Corynebacterium
 Significance of Size
1. T ypical size of prokaryote vs. typical
eukaryote
1-2 Pm vs. 10-100 Pm
1 Pm = 10-6 m

2. /DUJHVWEDFWHULXPNQRZQ«68
Epulopiscium sp.

3. O bserving a bacterium vs. a colony

4. A dvantage of small size

F unctional A natomy of
Prokaryotic C ells

Figure 4.6
 A . G lycocalyx

‡ O utside cell wall

‡ Usually sticky
‡ Composition
‡ T wo types
of G lycocalyx:
C apsule vs. Slime layer
 A . G lycocalyx

‡ F unctions of G lycocalyx:
Slime layer allows cell to attach
C apsules prevent phagocytosis
 B. C ell W all
1. F unction
Prevents osmotic lysis, rigidity, shape

2. Composition and Structure

Peptidoglycan (P G)
 Peptidoglycan (P G)
1. Disaccharide polymer (N A G and N A M)
2. T etrapeptide side chains
3. Peptide cross bridges

Polymer of disaccharide:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Peptidoglycan

Figure 4.13a
 T wo types of cell walls
‡ Differentiation based on amount of
P G and other components
‡ G ram-positive vs. G ram-negative
 1) G ram-positive (G m+) cell walls
a. T hick layers of PG
b. Presence of
teichoic acids
(A lcohol/G lycerol
plus phosphate)
-M ay regulate movement of cations
-Provide antigenic variation
2) G ram-negative (G m) cell walls
a. T hin layer of P G + outer membrane

b. No teichoic acids

c. O uter membrane: made up of

L ipopolysaccharides (L PS)
L PS = O polysaccharide + L ipid A
 G ram-negative (G m) cell walls

L ipid A is an endotoxin
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
 G ram-positive G ram-negative
C ell W all C ell Wall
‡ T hick peptidoglycan ‡ T hin peptidoglycan
‡ Teichoic acids ‡ O uter membrane

Figure 4.13b±c
 How penicillin affects bacterial
FHOOZDOO«

E ffect on
G ram-positive vs. G ram- negative
 A typical C ell W alls
a. A cid F ast cell wall
W axy lipid (M ycolic acid) bound to
peptidoglycan in acid-fast cell walls.

Mycobacterium
Nocardia
 A typical C ell W alls
b. M ycoplasmas
‡ L ack cell walls
‡ Sterols in plasma membrane
c. A rchaea
‡ W alls of pseudomurein (lack N A M and
D-amino acids)
C . T he Plasma M embrane or
C ytoplasmic membrane

Figure 4.14a
 C . T he Plasma Membrane
1. Phospholipid bilayer and Proteins

2. F luid Mosaic Model

 C . T he Plasma M embrane
3. F unctions of plasma membrane
‡ Selective permeability allows passage of
some molecules
‡ Enzymes for ATP production
‡ Photosynthetic pigments
‡ Damage to the membrane by alcohols,
quaternary ammonium (detergents), and
polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell
contents
4. Movement A cross Plasma Membrane
1. Passive T ransport
a. Simple diffusion: C O2, O2
b. F acilitated diffusion: G lycerol
c. Osmosis: water
2. A ctive transport
a. A ctive T ransport
b. G roup T ranslocation
 Passive T ransport
a. Simple diffusion:

Movement of a
solute from an area
of high
concentration to an
area of low
concentration

Figure 4.17a
 Passive T ransport
b. F acilitated diffusion: Solute combines
with a transporter protein in the membrane

Figure 4.17b-c
 Passive T ransport
c. Osmosis:
T he movement of
water across a
selectively
permeable
membrane from an
area of high water
to an area of lower
water concentration
Figure 4.18a
Osmolarity of the solution outside
bacterial cells and its significance

Figure 4.18c±e
 A ctive transport

a. A ctive T ransport
Using either P M F or A T P

b. G roup T ranslocation

E ndocytosis and E xocytosis????

G roup T ranslocation
D. F lagella

1. F unction

2. M ade up of 3 parts
a. filament : F lagellin
b. A ttached to a
protein hook
c. anchored to the
wall and membrane
through basal body
Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
3. F lagellar ar rangement on a bacterial cell
surface
a. Monotrichous b. amphitrichous
c. Lophotrichous d. peritrichous
4. Run and tumble

5. chemotaxis and
phototaxis

6. Helicobacter pylorii

7. other types of
bacterial motility
 E . F imbriae and Pili

1. W ho has them?

2. F imbriae

3. Pili
- F acilitate
transfer of D N A from one cell
to another
-G liding motility
-Twitching motility
 F . C ytoplasm

No C ytoskeleton

No membrane
bound organelles
 G . Nucleoid

1. bacterial chromosome characteristics

No nuclear membrane
No H istones
C ircular D N A
H aploid

2. size and packaging: Supercoiling

 H . Plasmids

1. W hat are they?

2. A dvantages to bacteria

3. Transfer
 I. Ribosomes
1. F unction
2. Composition/structure

3. A ntibiotic effect on ribosomes

 J. Inclusions/storage granules
1. M etachromatic/volutin/polyphosphate granules
diagnostic use: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

2. Polysaccharide G ranules

3. L ipid Inclusions
P H B:poly-ȕ-hydroxy butyric acid

4. Sulfur G ranules
K . E ndospores

1. W ho produces?

2. N O T reproductive! Resting structures

3. W hen are they produced?

4. How long can they survive?

Formation of Endospores by Sporulation

Figure 4.21a
5. Structure of a free endopsore (DPA)

6. G ermination

7. Importance of endospores medically and in

food processing

8. Destroying endospores

a. John Tyndall and tyndallization

b. autoclave and pressure cooker