Suport curs drept (texte juridice) sem 1 2012-2013

The adversary system

The trial system in the United States is an adversary system. This

means it is a contest between opposing sides. The theory is that the
trier of fact (the judge or jury) will be able to determine the truth if
the opposing parties present their best arguments and show the
weaknesses in the other side’s case.
If a criminal case goes to trial, the prosecution has the burden of
proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil
case, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove his or her case by a
preponderance of the evidence (greater weight of evidence). The
standard of proof is more difficult in a criminal case. This is because
of a belief that more evidence should be required to take away a
person’s freedom.
The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal
disputes. Many countries use the inquisitional system, in which the
judge is active in questioning witnesses and controlling the court
process, including the gathering and presenting of evidence. This
differs from the adversary process, in which these matters are left to
the competing parties and a decision is made by the judge or jury
based on the arguments and evidence presented.
The adversary process is often criticized. Critics say that it is not
the best method for discovering the truth with respect to the facts of a
specific case. They compare the adversary process to a battle in
which lawyers act as enemies, making every effort not to present all
the evidence. In this view, the goal of trial is “victory, not truth or
justice.”
On the other hand, the adversary process is the cornerstone of the
American legal system. Most attorneys believe that approaching the
same set of facts from totally different perspectives will uncover
more truth than other methods.

Crime GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Every crime is made up of certain elements. Elements are the

conditions that make an act a crime. A crime cannot be committed
unless all its elements are fulfilled. For example, robbery is defined

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as the unlawful taking of goods or money from someone’s person by
force or intimidation. Thus, the elements of robbery are (1) the taking
of the goods or money, (2) the use of force or intimidation, and (3)
the lack of consent of the person from whom the goods or money are
taken.
If someone picks your pocket without your knowing it, the person
cannot be convicted of robbery. This is because the person did not
use force or intimidation – one of the elements of robbery. However,
the person could be convicted of larceny, because the elements of
larceny do not include the use of force or violence.
Almost all crimes require an act and an intent. Criminal intent
means that the person intended or meant to commit a crime.
Criminal intent usually involves knowing and willful action. If a
person acts because of a mistake or some other innocent reason, there
is no criminal intent.
A few crimes are strict liability offences. These crimes do not
require criminal intent. Strict liability offences make the act itself a
crime regardless of the knowledge of the person committing the act.
For example, the law makes it illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to
minors. This is true regardless of whether or not the seller knew the
buyer was underage.
Intent is different from motive. The motive is the reason a person
commits a crime. For example, in murder, the motive is the reason a
person kills someone (for revenge, to obtain money, or the like). A
good motive seldom justifies a criminal act. Robin Hood had a good
motive. He stole from the rich to give to the poor, but his actions
were still unlawful.
A single act can be both a criminal and a civil wrong. For example,
if Paul purposely sets fire to Floyd’s store, the state may file criminal
charges against Paul for arson. Floyd may also brings separate civil
action against Paul to recover for the damage to his store.

STATE AND FEDERAL CRIMES

There are both state and federal criminal laws. Some acts, such as
simple assault, disorderly conduct, drunk driving, and shoplifting,
can be prosecuted only in a state court unless they occur on federal
property, such as a national park. Other acts, such as failure to pay
federal taxes, mail fraud, espionage, and international smuggling, can
be prosecuted only in a federal court. Certain crimes, such as illegal

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possession of dangerous drugs and bank robbery, can violate both
state and federal law and can be prosecuted in either state or federal
court.

CLASSES OF CRIMES

Crimes as classified as either felonies or misdemeanors. A felony is

a crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for more than one
year. Felonies are usually the more serious crimes. A misdemeanor
is any crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for one year or
less. Minor traffic violations are not considered crimes, although
they are punishable by law.

PARTIES TO CRIMES

The person who commits a crime is called the principal. For

example, the person who fires the gun in a murder is the principal.
Accomplice is someone who helps another person commit a crime.
For example, the person who drives the getaway car during a bank
robbery is an accomplice. An accomplice may be charged with and
convicted of the same crime as the principal. A person who orders a
crime or who helps the principal commit the crime but who is not
present (for example the underworld leader who hires a professional
killer) is known as accessory before the fact. This person can
usually be charged with the same crime, and can receive the same
punishment, as the principal. An accessory after the fact is a person
who, knowing a crime has been committed, helps the principal or an
accomplice avoid capture or escape. This person is not charged with
the original crime but may be charged with harboring a fugitive,
aiding the escape, or obstructing justice.

Crimes against the person

include homicide, assault, battery and rape. All of those crimes are
serious offences. A defendant found guilty of one of them may

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receive a harsh sentence. However, the law also protects the
defendant by defining various levels of these crimes and by
considering the circumstances of each offense.

HOMICIDE

Homicide- the killing of one human being by another is the most

serious of all acts. Homicides may be either noncriminal or criminal.

Noncriminal Homicide- is the a killing that is justifiable or

excusable and for which the killer is deemed faultless. Examples of
noncriminal homicide include the killing of an enemy soldier in
wartime, the killing of a condemned criminal by an executioner, the
killing by a police officer of a person who is committing a serious
crime and who poses a threat of death or serious harm, and a killing
performed in self-defense or in defense of another.

Criminal Homicide Murder, the most serious form of criminal

homicide, is a killing that is done with malice. Malice means having
the intent to kill or seriously harm. At one time, there were no
degrees of murder. Any homicide done with malice was considered to
be murder and was punishable by death. To reduce the punishment
for less grievous homicides, most states now have statutes that
classify murder according to the killer’s state of mind or the
circumstances surrounding the crime.
First-degree murder is a killing that is premeditated (thought about
beforehand), deliberate, and done with malice (with intent to kill)
Second degree-murder is a killing that is done with malice but
without premeditation. That is, the intent to kill did not exist until
just before the murder took place.
Felony murder is a killing that takes place during the commission of
certain felonies, such as arson, rape, robbery or burglary. It is not
necessary to prove intent to kill; felony murder includes most killing
committed during a felony, even if the killing is accidental. Most
states consider felony murder to be first-degree murder.
Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing committed under
circumstances that mitigate(lessen), but do not justify or excuse, the
killing. Manslaughter is based on the idea that even “the reasonable
person” may lose self-control and act rashly if sufficiently provoked.

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Involuntary manslaughter is an unintentional killing resulting from
conduct so reckless that it causes extreme danger of death or bodily
injury. An example is a killing that results from playing with a gun
known to be loaded.
Negligent homicide is the causing of death through criminal
negligence. Negligence is the failure to exercise a reasonable or
ordinary amount of care in a situation that causes harm to someone.
Some states classify death by gross, or extreme, negligence as
involuntary manslaughter. The most common form of negligent
homicide is vehicular, or automobile homicide. This is a killing that
results from operating a motor vehicle in a reckless and grossly
negligent manner. Any death that results from careless driving may
lead to a civil suit for damages, but it is usually not considered a
crime unless the death results from gross negligence.

ASSAULT AND BATTERY

Assault is any attempt or threat to carry out a physical attack upon

another person. An assault occurs when the threatened person
reasonably believes that he or she is in real danger. For example,
suppose John points an unloaded gun at Maggie. This is an assault if
Maggie reasonably believes the gun is loaded. Battery is any
unlawful physical contact inflicted by one person upon another
without consent. Actual injury is not necessary. The only requirement
is that the person intended to do bodily harm. Today, there is often
not much difference in law or practice between the use of the words
assault and battery.

Just as there are degrees of murder, there are also different

classifications for assault and battery. Aggravated assault and battery
is an assault with intent to murder, rob, rape, or do serious bodily
harm. For example, if John knocks Maggie down while trying to
snatch her purse, he is guilty of aggravated assault as well as the
crime of attempted robbery. Many states impose greater punishment
when the assault is made with a deadly weapon (a weapon that could
cause death). Many states also impose greater punishment for
assaults on police officers, prison guards or other law enforcement
officer.

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 To deal with the growing problem of harassment, forty states now
have “anti-stalking” laws. Stalking occurs when a person repeatedly
follows or harasses another person and makes threats, causing the
victim to fear death or bodily injury. Women are the targets of most
of the 200000 cases of stalking that are estimated to occur each year.

RAPE

Traditionally, the law has recognized two types of rape. Forcible rape
is the act of unlawful sexual intercourse committed by a man with a
woman by force and without her consent. Statutory rape is sexual
intercourse by a male with a female who has not yet reached the legal
age of consent. In statutory rape cases, consent is not an issue.
Sexual intercourse with an underage female is rape whether she
consents or not.
A number of states have recently rewritten their rape laws. The new
laws classify the offense as sexual assault and make it applicable to
both men and women.

Crimes against property

The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which

property is destroyed (such as arson and vandalism) and crimes in
which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the
owner (such as robbery and embezzlement).

ARSON

Arson is the willful and malicious burning of another person’s

property. In most states, it is a crime to burn any building or
structure, even if the person who burns the structure owns it.
Moreover, burning property with the intent to defraud an insurance
company is usually a separate crime, regardless of the type of
property burned or who owned the property.

VANDALISM

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Vandalism, also known as malicious mischief, is willful destruction
of, or damage to, the property of another. Vandalism causes millions
of dollars in damage each year. It includes such things as breaking
windows, ripping down fences, flooding basements, and breaking off
car aerials. Depending on the extent of the damage, vandalism can be
either a felony or a misdemeanor.

LARCENY

Larceny is the unlawful taking and carrying away of the property of

another with intent to steal it. In most states, larceny is divided into
two classes, grand and petty, depending on the value of the stolen
item. Grand larceny involves the theft of anything above a certain
value (often $100 or more) and is a felony. Petty larceny is the theft
of anything of small value (usually less than $100) and is a
misdemeanor.
The crime of larceny also includes keeping lost property when a
reasonable method exists for finding the owner. For example, if you
find a wallet that contains the identification of its owner but
nevertheless decide to keep it, you have committed larceny.
Likewise, you may be guilty of larceny if you keep property
delivered to you by mistake.
Shoplifting is a form of larceny. It is the crime of taking items from a
store without paying for them. Some states have a separate crime
called concealment. This is the crime of attempted shoplifting.

EMBEZZLEMENT

Embezzlement is the unlawful taking of property by someone to

whom it was entrusted. For example, the bank teller who takes money
from the cash drawer or the stockbroker who takes money that should
have been invested are both guilty of embezzlement. In recent years,
a number of states have merged the crimes of embezzlement, larceny,
and obtaining property by false pretenses (intentional misstatement
of fact) into the statutory crime of theft.

ROBBERY

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Robbery is the unlawful taking of property from a person’s
immediate possession by force or intimidation. Though included here
as a crime against property, robbery, unlike other offences, involves
two harms: theft of property and actual or potential physical harm to
the victim. In most states, the element of force is the difference
between robbery and larceny. So, a pickpocket who takes your wallet
unnoticed is liable for the crime of larceny. A mugger who knocks
you down and takes your wallet by force is guilty of the crime of
robbery. Robbery is almost always a felony, but many states impose
stricter penalties for armed robberies.

EXTORSION

Extortion, popularly called blackmail, is the use of threats to obtain

the property of another. Extortion statutes generally cover threats to
do future physical harm, destroy property or injure someone’s
character or reputation.
BURGLARY

Burglary was originally defines as breaking and entering the dwelling

of another during the night with intent to commit a felony. Modern
laws have broadened the definition to include the unauthorized entry
into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the
time of day. Many states have stricter penalties for burglaries
committed at night, burglaries of inhabited dwelling, and burglaries
committed with weapons.

FORGERY

Forgery is a crime in which a person falsely makes or alters a writing

or document with intent to defraud. This usually means signing,
without permission the name of another person to a check or some
other document. It can also mean changing or erasing part of a
previously signed document. Uttering, which in many states is a
separate crime, is offering to someone as genuine a document (such
as a check) known to be fake.

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RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY

If you receive or buy property that you know or have a reason to

believe is stolen, you have committed the crime of receiving stolen
property. Knowledge that the property is stolen may be implied by
the circumstances. In most stated, receiving stolen property is a
felony if the value of the property received is more than $100 and a
misdemeanor if the value is less that $100.

UNAUTHORIZED USE OF A VEHICLE

Several crimes may occur when a person takes a motor vehicle

without the owners consent. The crime of unauthorized use of a
vehicle is committed if the person only intends to take the vehicle
temporarily. This crime, which includes joyriding, is usually
punished as a misdemeanor. However, if the person intends to take
the car permanently, then the crime may be larceny or auto theft. The
crime of carjacking occurs if a person uses force or intimidation to
steal a car from a driver. Carjacking is a federal crime and is
punishable by a sentence of up to life in prison.

The jury system

The jury system, as it exists now, is entirely the creation of the

British and American legal systems. Efforts to introduce trial by jury
into the legal systems of other nations had some limited success in
the 19th century. Beginning about 1850, however, juries were
gradually abolished or used far less throughout Europe. In the 20th
century, with the rise of Fascism, Nazism, and Communism in
Europe and elsewhere, jury systems were abolished outright. They
were done away with in Japan in 1943, during World War II. In the
second half of the 20th century, more than 90 percent of all jury
trials took place in the United States. Most of the remainder occurred
in England and other nations of the Commonwealth, especially
Australia and Canada.
Selection. In the early centuries of the trial jury system there were
some minimum requirements for service as a juror, such as ownership

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of property and clear mental competence. Women were not allowed
to serve. This has changed in the 20th century. The principle of
random selection from among qualified voters has come to be
common in the United States, England, Canada, and Australia. Some
Canadian provinces still have property qualifications, and in Quebec
women are still not allowed to serve as jurors. In most places persons
who are employed in certain professions lawyers, physicians, clergy,
police are exempt from jury service.
To be called for jury duty does not necessarily mean that one will
actually serve. Before the trial begins, potential jurors are questioned
by the judge and by lawyers for the defendant and the plaintiff. The
law allows the lawyer to challenge jurors for cause, such as a specific
bias in the case. A limited number of peremptory challenges are also
allowed; these are challenges for which no cause need be stated. This
screening process is called voir dire, meaning "to say the truth." It
can become very complex and time-consuming, especially in a case
that has received a great deal of publicity.
Function. During a trial, whether civil or criminal, the jury is under
the supervision of the judge. It is he who decides what evidence the
jury may hear, according to complex and established rules of
evidence. If the judge decides the evidence presented leaves no
matter of fact to be resolved, he may direct a verdict of acquittal.
This effectively ends the proceedings. In a civil trial the judge may,
on his own, find in favor of the defendant or the plaintiff. But in a
criminal trial he may not direct a guilty verdict; this is the
responsibility of the jury. The judge, in most cases, also explains the
legal aspects of the evidence and the duties of the jury. If the jury's
verdict is completely at odds with the weight of the evidence, the
judge may set it aside. The exception to this rule is acquittal in a
criminal trial: acquittal is final, and the persons cannot be tried again
for the same crime. This is called the principle of double jeopardy.
In many jurisdictions, if a verdict of guilty is rendered by a jury,
the jury must also be present for a hearing on sentencing and may be
asked to decide what the sentence should be. In civil cases, the jury
is asked to decide on the damages to be awarded to the plaintiff. In
some jurisdictions the awarding of damages or sentencing are part of
the original trial. In other places they become the subject of what is
virtually a second trial. Where the death penalty is in effect and
could be a sentence, a jury is required at least to express an opinion
on whether it should be used.

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 Merits and criticisms. Along with other parts of the political
structure, the jury trial system has come under a great deal of
criticism for its competence and performance. It has been claimed
that because juries are drawn from such a wide range of the populace,
they do not have the intelligence or sophistication to deal with the
complexities of law. To counter this criticism, it is argued that a jury
of nonexperts brings a good deal of common sense and openness to a
trial. This results in cases being decided in the spirit of the law,
rather than by the rigidity of individual statutes. A jury also may
provide a useful counterweight to the biases (if any) of the judge and
lawyers involved in a trial. Although juries are strictly confined by
law to the finding of facts, their presence frequently injects a sense
of justice into the proceedings, either on the side of the defendant or
the plaintiff.

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Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013

NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s.

pen – pens
dog – dogs
student – students

However words that end in –ch, -x, or –s will require an –es to form
the plural.

dish – dishes
mix – mixes
kiss – kisses

Some nouns have irregular plural forms.

child –children
woman – women
man – men
mouse – mice

Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin
form.

singular plural
analysis analyses
appendix appendixes/appendices
axis axes
basis bases
cactus cacti
criterion criteria
datum data
diagnosis diagnoses
index indexes/indices
medium media
oasis oases
octopus octopuses/octopi

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phenomenon phenomena
syllabus syllabuses/syllabi
thesis theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

deer- deer
fish – fish
sheep- sheep

Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be

plural in form but take a singular verb.

This news is perfect.

COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS

Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be

counted) and may have a plural form.
one boy two boys
one chair two chairs
one foot two feet

Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and

cannot have a plural form.
bread plastic aluminum publicity
milk ice steel biology
water cloth glass history

Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a

type:
The waters of the Danube are polluted.
The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines .

Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):

peace courage liberty anger progress culture

Note:
Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a
change of meaning) a plural form:
This position requires experience.

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He had a lot of unpleasant experience s as a police officer.

My work is boring.
The work s of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.

Gender of Nouns
Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while
there are only two sexes, there are four genders:
masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind
feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind
neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is
without life
common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of
which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird,
etc
Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which,
properly speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of
speech called Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine,
as, for instance, we say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.
The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of
Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals:
man, woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things
without animal life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender

When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common
or of Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three
ways of indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-
1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness
2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf
3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

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Masculine and feminine gender
actor actress

author authoress

bachelor spinster

boy girl

bridegroom bride

brother sister

conductor conductress

count countess

czar czarina

dad mum

daddy mummy

duke duchess

emperor empress

father mother

father-in-law mother-in-law

gentleman lady

giant giantess

god goddess

governor matron

grandfather grandmother

headmaster headmistress

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heir heiress

hero heroine

host hostess

hunter huntress

husband wife

king queen

lad lass

landlord landlady

lord lady

man woman

manager manageress

manservant maidservant

master mistress

milkman milkmaid

monk nun

Mr. Mrs.

murderer murderess

nephew niece

papa mama

poet poetess

postmaster postmistress

prince princess

prophet prophetess

proprietor proprietress

shepherd shepherdess

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sir madam

son daughter

son-in-law daughter-in-law

step-father step-mother

step-son step-daughter

steward stewardess

sultan sultana

uncle aunt

waiter waitress

wizard witch

boar sow

buck doe

bull cow

bull-elephant cow-elephant

cock hen

cock-pigeon hen-pigeon

dog bitch

drake duck

drone bee

fox vixen

gander goose

he-bear she-bear

he-goat she-goat

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 he-wolf she-wolf

leopard leopardess

lion lioness

peacock peahen

ram ewe

stallion mare

tiger tigress

tom-cat tabby-cat

turkey-cock turkey-hen

THE VERB

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts
something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or
states of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a
sentence.
There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice,
and mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative
time in which an action or condition occurs.
The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being
received by the subject or being done by the subject.
In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action
expressed in the verb; the subject acts.
The man drives the car.
In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action
expressed in the verb . The car is driven by the man.
The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is
conceived or intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a
verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are

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normally used in English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request.
“Go away!”
“Please leave!”
Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition
contrary to fact.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully
I wish that his report were longer.
Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or
possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs
carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the
subject does to something else (object).
He bought a shirt.
She lost her wallet.
Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not
require the subject’s doing something to something else.
He runs.
She dances.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to
change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs
conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The
principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms
of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present
(or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle.
Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some
lists of principal parts omit it.
To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs)
we simply add “ed” at the end.
Past Tense: I walked home.
Past Participle: I have walked home.
Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help
us write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of
irregular verbs)
Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.
Past Participle: We have seen them.

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 TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE

Timpul Forma Cum se formează Menţiuni

Aff. S + vb(prima formă)
The present
tense Neg. S + don’t/doesn’t + ____________________
simple vb(prima formă)
Int. Do/Does + s + vb (prima
formă
Ex:I always go to school every day.
Aff. S + to be + vb-ing
The present
tense Neg. S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing ____________________
continous
Int. To be + s + vb-ing
Ex:I am going to the school now.
Aff. S + shall/will + vb(short Tomorrow, the day after
The future inf) tomorrow
tense Neg. next year , next month.
simple S + shan’t/won’t +
Int. vb(sh.inf)

Shall/Will + S +
vb(sh.inf.)
Ex: I will go to my parents next month.
Aff. S + shall/will + be + vb-ing Exprimă o acţiune viitoare
The future în desfaşurare într-un
tense Neg. S+shan’t/willn’t + be + vb- viitor.
continous ing
Int.

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 Shall/will + S + be + vb-ing
Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week-end.
Aff. S + vb-ed(VB REGULATE) Exprimă o acţiune care s-a
The past tense S + vb(a doua coloana) desfăşurat şi s-a încheiat
simple Neg. S + didn’t + sh. Int) într-un moment trecut
precizat (adv.timp):
Int. Did + S + vb(sh.int) the day befor yesterday, last
year.
Ex: I played football last year.
Aff. S + was/wer + vb-ing Exprimă o acţiune trecută
The past tense în desfăşurare : ,,this time
continous Neg. S + wasn’t/weren’t + vb- yesterday’’
ing Arată doua acţiuni în
Int. desfăşurare simultan.
Was/Were + vb-ing
Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio.
Aff. S + had + vb(a-3-a Exprimă o acţiune care a
The past forma)/ed avut loc şi s-a petrecut
perfect Neg. înaintea unui alt timp
tense simple S + hadn’t + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed trecut.
Int.
Had + s + vb(a-3-a formă)
Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office.

Aff. S + had + been + vb-ing Exprimă o acţiune care s-a

The past desfăsurat continuu pe o
perfect Neg. S + hadn’t + been + vb-ing perioada de timp şi s-a
tense continous încheiat înaintea unui alt
Int. Had + s + been + vb-ing timp.

Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes.

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 1)Exprimă o acţiune ce a avut
The present loc şi s-a încheiat într-un
Aff. S + have/has + vb(a-3-a formă)
perfect tense moment trecut care nu este
simple precizat; rezultatele acestei
acţiuni se pot vedea în
prezent.
2)Exprimă o acţiune care s-
Neg. S + haven’t/hasn’t + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed a încheiat recent.
3)Exprimă o acţiune trecută
care a avut loc intr-un
Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed moment trecut ce face
Int. parte dintr-o perioada de
timp care nu s-a încheiat
încă.
4)Se foloseşte cu adverbele
de frecvenţă : always ,
sometime offen .
5)Exprimă o acţiune care
tocmai s-a încheiat :
‚,just’’
6)În propoziţiile
interogative se foloseşte
adverbul ,,already”pentru
a arăta uimirea
vorbitorului.
Ex: 1) People have polueted the planet.
2) I have just done my homework.
3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country.
Aff. S + have/has + been + vb- Exprimă o acţiune care a
The present ing început în trecut şi
perfect tense
continous Neg. continuă în prezent.
S + haven’t/hasn’t + been +
Int. vb-ing
Have/Has + s + been + vb-

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 ing

Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

to be was, were been

to bear bore borne, born

to beat beat beaten

to become became become

to begin began begun

to bend bent bent

to bite bit bitten

to blow blew blown

to break broke broken

to bring brought brought

to build built built

to burn burnt burnt

to burst burst burst

to buy bought bought

to catch caught caught

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to choose chose chosen

to come came come

to cost cost cost

to creep crept crept

to cut cut cut

to deal dealt dealt

to dig dug dug

to do did done

to draw drew drawn

to dream dreamt dreamt

to drink drank drunk

to drive drove driven

to eat ate eaten

to fall fell fallen

to feed fed fed

to feel felt felt

to fight fought fought

to find found found

to fly flew flown

to forbid forbade forbidden

to forget forgot forgotten

to forgive forgave forgiven

to freeze froze frozen

to give gave given

to go went gone

to grow grew grown

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to hang hung hung

to have had had

to hear heard heard

to hide hid hidden

to hit hit hit

to hold held held

to hurt hurt hurt

to keep kept kept

to kneel knelt knelt

to know knew known

to lay laid laid

to lead led led

to lean leant leant

to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

to leave left left

to lend lent lent

to let let let

to lie lay lain

to lose lost lost

to make made made

to mean meant meant

to mow mowed mown

to meet met met

to pay paid paid

to put put put

to read read read

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to ride rode ridden

to ring rang rung

to rise rose risen

to run ran run

to say said said

to see saw seen

to seek sought sought

to sell sold sold

to set set set

to sew sewed sewn

to shake shook shaken

to shine shone shone

to shoot shot shot

to show showed shown

to shrink shrank shrunk

to shut shut shut

to sing sang sung

to sink sank sunk

to sleep slept slept

to slide slid slid

to smell smelt smelt

to sow sowed sown

to speak spoke spoken

to spell spelt spelt

to spend spent spent

to spill spilt split

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to spread spread spread

to stand stood stood

to stea1 stole stolen

to stick stuck stuck

to stride strode stridden

to strike struck struck

to strive strove striven

to swear swore sworn

to sweep swept swept

to swim swam swum

to take took taken

to teach taught taught

to tell told told

to think thought thought

to throw threw thrown

to understand understood understood

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