AS 3: REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Chapter 1
Introduction to Reinforced Concrete

AGGREGATES - classified as fine and course materials. Fine Aggregates is generally sand and may be
categorized as consisting of particles that will pass a No. 4 sieve. Coarse Aggregates consist of particle
that would be retained on a No. 4 sieve.

CONCRETE - a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates that are held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE
1. Lightweight Concrete
Concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand-and-gravel concrete is used principally to reduce
dead load, or for thermal insulation, nailability, or fill.

Disadvantages of Lightweight Structural Concrete

 Higher cost
 Need more care in placing greater porosity
 More drying shrinkage
 Lower strength

2. Heavyweight Concrete
Concrete weighing up to about 60.5 KN/m3 can be produced by using heavier-than-ordinary
aggregate. Theoretically, the upper limit can be achieved with steel shot as fine aggregate and steel
punching as coarse aggregate. The heavyweight concrete is principally used in radiations shields

SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENTS

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer should be equal to the diameter of the bar
but not less than 25mm. Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the
upper layers should be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance layers not
less than 25mm. In a spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression member, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db nor 40mm.

In walls and slab other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall be placed
not farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450mm.

LOADS
Loads are outside forces that can be applied to a structure during its life and can occur simultaneously.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LOADS
A. Dead Loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structure. Usually the major part of the dead load is the wweight of the structure
itself.

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 B. Live Loads
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on bridges. They may
be fully or partially place or not present at all, and may also change in locations. Their
magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and even their maximum
intensities throughout the lifetime of the structure are not known with precision.

C. Environmental Loads
Environmental loads are intensities applied in the structure caused by the environment.
Different environmental loads are as follows:
1. Snow Load
2. Wind load
3. Earthquake Load
4. Earth Load/Soil Bearing Load
5. Hydraulic Load

Assignment 01:
1. Research on the different loading combination used in determining the ultimate capacity of
structure using the different load classifications.
2. Research the different strength reduction factor used in order to determine the design capacity
of reinforced concrete structures.

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 Chapter 2
Analysis and Design of Beams

ASSUMPTION IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE

1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis. Except for deep flexural members with overall depth to clear span ratio, h/L >2/5
for continuous spans and h/L > 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be
considered.
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, ϵc shall be assumed equal to 0.003
3. For fs below fy, fs shall be taken as Es ϵs. For ϵs > ϵy, fs=fy.
4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations.
5. Relationship between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be assumed
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other form that results in prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with result of compressive tests.
6. For rectangular distribution of stress:
a. Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to
the neutral axis at a distance of a=β1c from the fiber of maximum compression strain.
b. Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in the direction
perpendicular to N.A.
c. Factor β1 shall be taken as 0.85 for f’c < 28 MPa. For f’c < 28 MPa;
β1= ( )

RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED)

FIGURE: Stress and Strain diagram for Singly Reinforce Rectangular Beam

For the depth of compression block,

[∑ ] C=T
0.85f’cab=AsFy

Ratio of steel reinforcement is denoted by the equation;

Nominal Moment Capacity:

( )

( )

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Ultimate Moment Capacity:
( )

( )

Coefficient of Resistance:
( ), where

[ √ ]

BALANCED DESIGN
Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with strain
of 0.003) and steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached,
causing them to fail simultaneously.

UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Under reinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for
balanced condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although the
compression concrete is still under stressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will continue to
elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete. Failure
under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the structure to decrease the load.

OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Over reinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for
balanced condition. If the beam is over reinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As the load
increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is highly stressed, and
failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.

Over reinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the code limit the tensile steel percentage to ensure the under reinforced beam
with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure occurs.

BALANCED STEEL RATIO

In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously. In this condition the strain in
concrete reached its maximum usable value of 0.003 and in steel is fy/Es where Es =200000 MPa.

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By ratio and proportion in the triangle shown:

*Note that

Therefore, balance steel ratio is denoted by:

( )

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STEEL RATIO

For flexural member, the ratio of the reinforcement provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the balanced
ratio to produce balanced strain conditions.

The limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile failure.

At any section of a flexural member where positive reinforcement is required by the analysis, the steel
ratio provided shall not be less than that given by

The provision of minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for architectural and
other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by strength consideration. With a very
small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed moment strength as a reinforced concrete
section becomes less than that of the corresponding plain concrete section computed from its modulus
of rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.

MINIMUM AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, the area As
provided shall not be less than that given by:

but not less than;

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DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE:
I. Identify the values of dead load and live load to be carried by the beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of the beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of (DL + LL). This weight is
added to the dead load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored moment.
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, Mu.
V. Assume value of steel ratio considering the limits provided by the code.
VI. Compute the value of Coefficient of Resistance.
VII. Determine the section of the beam considering ratio of the base to depth.
VIII. Determine required steel reinforcement and number of bars.
IX. Draw the beam details.

ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA As OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN MOMENT Mu
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
I. Solve for and
If Mu design as Singly Reinforced (step II)
If Mu design as Doubly Reinforced (step II)
II. Solve for :
Solve for the coefficient of resistance,
Solve for actual steel ratio
Solve for the required Steel area.
III. Compression reinforcement is necessary.

STEPS IN COMPUTING MOMENT Mu OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN THE TENSION STEEL AREA As AND
OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
I. Solve for actual steel ratio
II. Check if steel yields by computing
If , steel yields, proceed to step III.
If , steel yields, proceed to step IV.
III.
Determine ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
IV.
Solve for fs and c;
Solve for ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Problem Set No.01

1. A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460 mm and is
reinforced for tension only. Assuming f’c=21 MPa and fy=276 MPa, Determine the balance steel
area.
2. A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b=400 mm and d=720 mm is reinforced for
tension only with 6-25 mm diameter bars. If f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 400 MPa, determine the
coefficient of resistance of the beam.

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3. A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d=480 mm. The beam is used to carry a factored
moment of 18 KN-m. Assume f’c = 27.60 MPa and fy = 276 MPa. Calculate the required steel area.
4. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to tension bars of
600 mm. Compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a depth of 60 mm below the
top. If f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, determine the tension steel area if the beam is to resist an
ultimate moment of 650 KN-m.
5. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm. The
beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and is used to carry a uniform dead load of
25KN/m and a uniform live load of 40KN/m. Assume f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 312 MPa.
Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the outermost
compression concrete.
a. Determine the maximum tension steel area for singly reinforced condition.
b. Determine the required tension steel area.
c. Determine the required no of D25mm bars.
6. A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d=490 mm. The tension steel
area provided is 4500 mm2. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m.
Assume f’c = 27 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
7. A rectangular has b=300 mm, d=500 mm, As=3-25mm, f’c = 34.2 MPa, grade 60 reinforcement
(fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the design moment Mu.
8. A rectangular beam with b=250 mm and d=460 mm is reinforced for tension only with 3-25
mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and carries a uniform dead load of
680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the beam can carry.
Assume f’c = 20.70 MPa and fy = 276.50 MPa.
9. A rectangular beam has a b=300 mm, d=500 mm, As=6-32 mm, f’c = 27.60 MPa, grade 60
reinforcement (fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
10. A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d=490 mm. The tension steel
area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with fy=415 MPa, f’c=21 MPa. Calculate the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.
11. Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of 56 KN-m
(including its own weight) and a live load moment of 47 KN-m. Use f’c = 20.70 MPa and fy = 276
MPa.
12. Design a rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a dead load of 29 KN/m (including
its estimated beam weight) and a live load of 44 KN/m. Use for steel ratio, f’c = 27.60 MPa
and fy = 276 MPa.

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 Chapter 3
Analysis and Design of T-Beams and
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam

DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Occasionally, beams are restricted in small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent that
the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression. Compression
reinforcement is needed to increase the moment capacity of a beam beyond that of a tensilely
reinforced beam with a maximum steel percentage of 0.75 Aside from these reasons, compression
reinforcement makes beam tough and ductile and reduces long-time deflection of beams.

Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur during
earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning stirrups and keeping them
in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various tests show that compression concrete
crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.

Compression steel in beams must be enclosed by lateral ties, at least 10mm in size for longitudinal
bars in 32mm or smaller, and at least 12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled bars. Deformed wire or
welded wire fabric of equivalent area is allowed. The spacing of these ties shall not exceed the
following:
 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal bars;
 48 times tie bar or wire diameter; or
 Least dimension of the compression member.

ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure. For this reason, therefore, the stress
in tension steel is always equal to fy. On the other hand, the stress of compression steel may either be fy
or below fy. The stress must always be checked.

If the compression steel yields, then As’ = As2, otherwise As’ = As2 (fy/f’s), where f’s is the stress of
compression steel and is given by the following equation.
’
For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of equalized by compression
reinforcement need not be reduced by the factor 0.75 factor. Thus, the maximum permissible As is:

STEPS TO COMPUTE As AND A’s OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM, GIVEN MU AND OTHER BEAM
PROPERTIES
I. Solve for and
If design as Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam
If design as Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam (Proceed to step II)
II. Solve for As1, Mu1, Mu2, and As2

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 III. Solve for the stress of compression steel
If , compression steel yields, proceed to step IV
If , compression steel does not yield, proceed to step V
IV. If then use
A’s = As2
V. If , then use

STEPS TO COMPUTE MU OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM WITH GIVEN As, A’s AND OTHER BEAM
PROPERTIES

I. Assume compression steel yields ( )

Solve for As2 and As1.
II. Solve for a and c;
III. Solve for stress in compression steel;
If , compression steel yields, proceed to step IV
If , compression steel does not yield, proceed to step V
IV. Since compression steel yields, Solve for Mu;
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
V. If , assumption is wrong, compression steel does not yield
Solve for actual stress on steel, c, and a
Solve for Mu:

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

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Problem Set No.02
1. Design a rectangular beam to carry a factored moment of 272 kN-m. The beam width is
b=250mm and its effective depth is d=400mm. Use f’c = 20.70 MPa and fy = 344.70 MPa and
d’=60mm.
2. Design a rectangular beam to resist a dead load moment of 200 kN-m (including its own
weight) and a live load moment of 300 kN-m. The size of the beam is limited to 375x600mm.
Steel covering (from bar centroid to outermost fiber) is 100 mm for both tension and
compression bars. Use f’c = 27.50 MPa and grade 60 steel with fy = 414 MPa.
3. Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of a beam with b=350mm and h=650 mm.
Tension steel and compression steel provided are 4-D36mm and 2-D28mm respectively.
Assume steel covering from centroid of the bar to outermost fiber is 60mm for both
compression and tension. Use f’c = 20.70 MPa and grade 55 steel with fy = 345 MPa.
4. A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:
Beam width, b = 350 mm Tension steel, As = 3625 mm2
Effective Depth, d = 600 mm Compression strength, f’c = 27.50 MPa
Effective concrete cover, d’= 63 mm Yield strength, fy = 414 MPa
Compression steel, A’s = 775 mm2

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