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Into a Volcano!
 This magazine is to understand Volcanoes, to contribute facts and
information, and also to entertain kids, teens and adults. Our goal on
making this magazine is to bring knowledge about volcanoes to our
readers and to answer their questions regarding volcanoes. And also to
let our readers be alert and let them know what to do before, during and
after a volcanic eruption.

Hi everyone! Whose up
for entering the world
of volcanoes?

GO!!!
LET'S
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Volcanoes!.................................................................1
Types of volcanoes...................................................2-6
Types of volcanic eruption......................................7-11
Inside the volcano....................................................12
Effects of volcanic eruption....................................13
What to do before, during and after a volcanic eruption.......14-17

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 VOLCANOES!
A volcano looks like a mountain, although they are
two different things.A mountain is a large natural
rise of the earth's surface, more like a giant heap What are
of sand. A volcano is also like a big heap of earth volcanoes?
just that this heap is a mixture of lava, ash, dust,
and other substances that have piled up over many
years. It pours out of an opening in the earth after
an eruption. This means volcanic eruptions or
explosions can create elevations that we can call
mountains. 

A volcano is simply a rapture (opening or vent) on

the earth's surface (crust) through which molten
magma (extremely hot mixture of gases, lava, ash
and other burning substances) escape on to the
1 earth's surface. 
 Why do Volcanoes erupt?

Did you know? Whenever extreme pressure builds in the mantle, along fault lines
Molten rock is called (openings or cracks in weak spots in the earth’s crust) an eruption is
magma when it is inside
likely to happen next. During an eruption, molten materials (soon to
the crust but once it
gets to the surface of become lava) gush out through spaces in the crust to the
the earth it is called surface. Eruptions can be in the form of lava fragments shooting into
lava. the atmosphere and forming thick clouds of lava. Some also ow
slowly (non-violent) from the vent, ooding the area around it. Very
ne particles of ash may also be discharged high into the
stratosphere and further carried away by wind action. Fresh lava is
believed to be about 2,200°F. It can be red hot as it shoots from the
vent and turn into gray or black as it cools. Lava rich in silicon is like
honey, and ows a lot more slowly from the vent. In other types, lava
also comes in thick, pasty form.
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 Types of Volcanoes

S !
AN OE
LC
VO
3
 Shield Volcanoes
This is very uid lava,
usually from multiple vents
or fractures, spreading over
very large areas. The uid-
like nature (viscous – say
veez-kos) of the lava, it
does not allow it to pile up
like a cone. The result is
usually an elevation with a
shape like a warrior’s
shield. Mount Kilauea and
Maunaloa in Hawaii are
good examples of shield
volcanoes. They are usually
found at constructive or
tensional boundaries.

Shield Volcano Interesting Facts

Dimensions Width 20 times height
Famous example Mauna Loa in Hawaii
Lava type Ma c
Origin of name skildus, meaning “to divide, split, or separate”
Pro le Low and broad
Viscosity Low (very uid) 4
 Lava Domes
They are produced from eruptions with
less viscous lava. Because it is less viscous,
they do not spread far and cool off
(hardens) sooner. This means they pile
around the vent and the dome grows
only because of the expansion of the
vent area within. Lava domes tend to
have steep walls and rock types such as
andesites, dacites or rhyolites.

Vocabulary:
Rhyolites
(rai-o-lites)
a very acid
volcanic rock
that is the
lava form of
granite.

5
 Cinder Cones
Did you know?
Cinder cones can rise
as high as 1200ft. A
good example of a
cinder cone is the
Paricutin Volcano in
Mexico.

These are the most common in the study of volcanoes. When lava is
ejected into the air above, the fragments and ne particles fall as
cinders (ash) around the vent, forming a cone. The height of cinder cones
usually depend on how long the eruption takes and how much lava comes
out. The cone has a depression (crater) in the middle where the vent is. 
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 Composite Volcanoes
WOW!

Did you know?

They are also known
as stratovolcanoes
and they include
Mount Cotopaxi in
Ecuador and Mount
Fuji in Japan.

Vocabulary:
Pyroclastic
formed by or involving
These are usually awesome in nature, rising up fragmentation as a
to about 8000ft. They are seen as massive result of volcanic or
mountains. They are formed by alternating igneous action.
layers of ash, rock, dust and lava, (pyroclastic)
and hence the name ‘composite’. They have
7 steep slopes with a peak.
T y p es o f
volcanic
er u p t i o n
s
Lava and other volcanic
matter are expelled in many
distinctive ways. These ways
were named after the manner
in which some well-known
volcanoes gave out lava. 

8
 pt i o n Iruzu Volcano
l i an Eru
o mb o
St r
In this eruption, clots of molten lava burst from the vent
(summit) into the sky. It looks like reworks, displaying
luminous arcs or re. It was observed during an eruption of
Iruzu volcano in Costa Rica in 1965.

Vulcan
ian Eru
ption
This involves the expulsion of ash-laden gas from
the peak, forming whitish clouds of ash at the top
of the cone. This type was observed in an eruption
of Parícutinin 1947.
9 eruption of Parícutinin
 Hawaii
an eru
ption
As observed with Mauna Loa Volcano in
Hawaii, 1950, this eruption occurs along a
fracture (linear vent) with burning lava
sprouting from the fracture. It can also occur
in a central vent, in which case incandescent
lava gushes out in the form of a fountain.
Mauna Loa Volcano

ru pt i o n
s u vi an e It was observed in the
Ve eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in Italy, in the
year 79 A.D

Here, ash-laden gas gushes out

violently, forming thick cauli- ower
Mount Vesuvius shapes of ash-clouds.
10
 ru pt i on
at i c e
Phre
This type does not involve the outpour of lava,
but usually set off when cold ground or water
comes into contact with hot molten matter.
The resulting steam that is forced upwards
usually contains débris of surface rocks. No
new magma is erupted.

The term Plinian comes

Plinian e
from Pliny the Younger,
who described the 79 AD
ruption
eruption of Mount
Vesuvius.
This eruption type ejects massive viscous
lava, with gases and ash, miles into the air.
The light nature of the lava is carried miles
away by the wind action, and tends to
spread many miles from the eruption point. 11
 ru pt i o n
d e n t e e
N u é e Ar
/
Peléan
Here, incandescent lava,
together with ash and gas
are blown out from the
crater, vertically upwards
and falling in again. The
spilling of glowing avalanches
along the slopes can be very
deadly and destructive.

This type of eruption

occurred on the Mayon
Volcano in the
Philippines in 1968
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 Inside the Volcano
ye r s o f ash
La
a:
and lav lls of a
The wa
are
volcano u p
Ashes, clouds
ad e
usually m ed and cinders:
of solidi As the eruption
f lava
layers o . continues, ashes
t
and dus and gases are
S e c on d a r y
vents: discharged into
These are ot
her the air, which is
smaller vent
s or carried further
opening thr
ough by wind action.
c hambe r : lection w hich ash and
M a gm a as s iv e c o l gases
it h m an
is is t h e area w e a r t h ’ s crust d lava escap
e. nt: point
Th lo w t h e in ve
be t. Ma exit
of magma h magma ows ou Crater: e m ain
) in a
w h ic t h le t
from After an eruption, the tip or This is g or out olten
n in e m
top of the volcano tends to (ope ne wher to the
zo ed
get blown off, leaving a small weak is releas
a ce.
depression at the top of it. magm surfa 13
 The effects of volcanic eruptions
ix with
Negative effects: Ash discharged very ud can m
,
Eruptions oc s h a nd m lting snow
curring close high into the A d me ars
t o a in a n s . L ah
human settle r ahar
ments may s stratosphere can
r m in g l
o w ing at
and destroy pill fo ows
have negative d
property. P liv es and a r em u
as t p ace.
eople often
h a v
consequences on the Lands
ca v ery f
to be evacua e natu pe
ted.  ozone layer. ral sc s and
can b e
e de neries
stroy
Unlike other natural disasters such ed.
as floods, wild fires and Some ash
earthquakes, volcanoes can have and lava
some positive effects, even though
Positive E
breakdow
n
ffects:
they can be very disastrous.
v o lcanic become s
oils
e t o e t h
lace s clos nd to hav at are ric Different types of erupting
h
P s t e l in n utrients, volcanoes provide
itie tia
activ her poten l and beco
hig h e r m a me extraordinary scenery, so
eot e good are
for g hich can b as beautiful and natural that
g y  w o th e for crop they attract tourists to
e n er a g e t
n a d vant cit ies. planting the area, bringing in some
a s an d activities
town . economic value. 14
 Now that we know about volcanoes, let
me tell you what to do before, during
and after a volcanic eruption.

r e: After:
B ef o
During:
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 Before:
1. Each person should be aware of
2. Prepare all necessary things to bring
in case of evacuation: gas mask or clean
cloth, candles, matches, ashlights,
the dangers that volcanic
extra batteries. Don't forget to
eruptions. Volcanic eruptions are prepare your disaster kit ahead of
expected to caush ash falls which time.
in turn could harm humans,
animals, plants, equipments, and
structures. Beyond that, ne
volcanic ash is also often respirable
which can cause pulmo-respiratory
diseases if inhaled over prolonged
period.

3. Know which
areas are covered
by the danger
zones.
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During:
1. Stay calm. Cover
4. If you are outside,
your nose and
immediately seek cover
mouth with mask or
in case of ash or rock 6. Stay in the evacuation
clean cloth.
2. If you are driving falls. Wear glasses to center until further
a vehicle, pull to the protect your eyes and instructions. Do not
side of the road avoid all low-lying attempt to leave the
and stop if there is places. place unless told to do.
a heavy ashfall. 5. If you are inside a house,
listen to the radio for
3. As soon as the updates and developments
ashfall tapers, scrape regarding the volcanic
off the ash that has eruption. Close all windows
accumulated on roof and doors of the house and
tops to prevent your car to prevent ashes
17 collapse. from getting inside.
After:
1. Thoroughly wash utensils
before eating. Cover water
containers and food to avoid
contamination with ash.
3. After removing the 4. Wait for further
2. Shake loose the ash ash, clean the roof and announcements
from plants, furniture, and gutter with water to related to the
windows before cleaning prevent corrosion. volcanic eruption.
them with water. Cover
your nose while cleaning.

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 Let's remember to always stay alert, stay safe and
always be prepared.

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 Lets improve our Vocabulary!
(Volcanic Style)
Eruption
In volcanic terms, (e-rup-shun) is a discharge or emission of matter from
down below the earth's crust through an opening on the earth’s surface.
Extinct Volcano
This is one that has not had any eruptive activity in 10,000 years and not
expected to have any in the next few years. 
Dormant Volcano
This is one that has not erupted in a long while, but scientists believe will
erupt at some time.
Active Volcano
This is a volcano that has erupted in recent time or still erupting. 

Constructive boundary
A weak zone in the earth’s crust where two tectonic plates are moving
away from each other. They are also called divergent plate boundaries. 20
 (Volcanic Style)
Destructive boundary 
A weak zone in the earth’s crust where two tectonic plates are moving
towards each other.

Pyroclastic
A pyroclastic ow is a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.

Supervolcano
This is a massive volcano that results in a depression (caldera), with
ridges of higher lands bordering it.

Yellow stone
This is an example of a supervolcano, with a depression of about 55km
by 80km wide. Its last eruption was about 1630,000 years ago.

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 Bibliography
Thank You! And always
remember to stay vigilant
everyone!

Photo by Marc Szeglat on Unsplash

BYE!
Photo by Jack Ebnet on Unsplash

Photo by Pierre-Yves Burgi on Unsplash

eschool today (2008-2017) What is a volcano?

Rappler (n.d.) What to do during a volcanic eruption?

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