Momentum Balance 12

1 Momentum Balance (Video 19)

2 Consider a particle falling in stationary fluid. The momentum balance equation is given by
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5 Gravity Force by Newton’s Second Law

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Particle
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11 Substitution equation 1 and 2 into last equation

12 (4.12)

13 The derivative

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15 Thus, equation (4.12) can be written as

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21 At steady state, the free settling velocity is a constant velocity fall (4.13)

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23 Terminal velocity is

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Dr. Amjed Ahmed

 Momentum Balance 13

1 For spherical particles.

4 Substitute last equations,

6 Where CD is drag coefficient has been a function Video 20

7 1. Shape of the particle (considered a solid sphere)
8 2. Reynolds Number of the flowing gas which is defined as:

9 (2)

Region Expression Range

Laminar flow Region
Stoke’s Law

Intermediate flow Region

Schiller and Nauman correlation

Turbulent flow Region

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11 In intermediate region, values of is determined using the following steps:

12 1. Assume an initial value of terminal velocity.
13 2. Calculate the particle Reynolds number and thereafter CD.
14 3. Calculate the value of terminal velocity by equation (2.16).
15 4. The new calculated value becomes the starting value for the next iteration.
16 5. The procedure is repeated till the absolute value of the difference between the new
17 value and the previous value of the terminal velocity in an iteration is less than 2%

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Dr. Amjed Ahmed

 Momentum Balance 14

1 Example 2.4 (Video 20) Oil droplets of diameter 2 mm are to be settled from air at 25 °C and
2 1 atm. The density of oil is 900 kg/m 3. Calculate the terminal settling velocity of the particles.
3 The air viscosity is 1.85 × 10-5 kg/m-s, Drag coefficient is following by

5 Solution The density of air under the given conditions is given by

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7 The particle Reynolds number is given by

9 The calculations are presented

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11 The terminal velocity obtained is 6.52 m/s.
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Dr. Amjed Ahmed

 Momentum Balance 15
Video 21

1 Example 4.6 A velocity of the solid particles of diameter 0.3 mm drop in the pneumatic
2 conveyor tube The density of the particle is 900 kg/m3. The initial velocity of
3 the particle is zero. Air conditions are 25 °C and 1 atm. the viscosity of air is 1.8 × 10-5 kg/m-s,
4 and superficial velocity of air is 12 m/s. The Reynolds number range between 1 and 800.
5 (a) Determine the velocity of the particles with neglect wall effects.
6 (b) How long of distance the velocity become steady state filling?
7 Solution: The density of air is

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9 By equation (4.13a) is

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13 The particle Reynolds number is

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17 Initial conditions are at = 0, = 0

18 It can be solved using the Runge-Kutta 4th order method. The step size of 0.1 m is taken.
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12 ( ) (m/s)
10 0.0 0.00
0.1 5.84
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0.2 7.24
Vp (m/s)

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0.3 8.06
4 0.5 9.01
2
1.0 10.06
2.0 10.67
0
3.0 10.83
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.0 10.90
z (m) 10.0 10.90

Dr. Amjed Ahmed

 Momentum Balance 16

1 Nomenclature
2 Ap: Projected area of the particle (πD2/4).
3 CD: Drag coefficient
4 Fb: Buoyancy force
5 FD: Drag force
6 Fg: Gravitational Force
7 m: Mass of the particle.
8 Vp: Volume of the particle
9 Terminal velocity of the falling particle,
10 z : Direction along the length
11 ρ : Density of the fluid.
12 ρp: Density of the solid particle.
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14 Problems

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18 Q: Find a mathematical model of filling velocity of ellipsoid shape droplet as a function of

19 distance.

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Dr. Amjed Ahmed