MANOVA in SPSS (Multivariate Analysis of

Variance) - Part 1
How to run and interpret the results of a MANOVA in SPSS is covered in this video (part 1).

Video Transcript:

So let's go ahead and get started with our problem in SPSS. Now in SPSS you can see here
we have three variables, gender, where we have males and females; I can turn those value labels
off for a minute. We have males and females given by 1s and 2s, and we have our two dependent
variables, empathic concern and cognitive perspective taking. So notice here we have to have at
least two variables once again for MANOVA, so you can see those here, and then we have our
grouping variable which is gender. So let's go ahead and run the MANOVA. So to do that we want to
go to Analyze and then General Linear Model and then Multivariate.

And here the Multivariate dialog box opens. We're going to take our two dependent
variables, empathic concern and perspective-taking, move those over to the dependent variables
box, and I just pressed and held the control key to grab both of those at once, and then move gender
to Fixed Factor(s). And then let's go ahead and go to Options, select gender and move that over to
the Display Means for box, check on Descriptive statistics, Estimates of effect size, and
Homogeneity tests, and then click Continue and then go ahead and click OK. Next we get our results
out, and you can see here our first table shows us our Between-Subjects Factors, and here we have
gender, 1 and 2, 1 is male 2 is female, and notice we have 15 adolescents in each group.

Next is our Descriptive Statistics table. We have empathic concern for males and females, so
here's these two means, and notice in the sample, let's just go ahead and go through this and ask
yourself, which of the two genders scored higher on empathic concern? Now we don't know if this is
significant yet, but just descriptively, just visually inspecting. Notice that females scored higher than
males by 8.27 points, approximately, on empathic concern. And then here on perspective-taking, we
can see that females scored about almost three points higher on perspective-taking than did males.

OK next we have Box's Test for Equality of Covariance Matrices. Now this test tests an
assumption of the MANOVA, which is that the variance-covariance matrices, also referred to as the
covariance matrices, as you see here, are equal for the two groups. Now we're going to have a
separate video on this assumption to look at it in more detail, but basically in a nutshell it's very
similar to the equal variance assumption for the ANOVA; this assumption is the multivariate
generalization or extension of the assumption of equal variances for the ANOVA, it's testing the
corresponding variances and covariances are equal for the two groups.

But for now all you really need to know is that we want to look at our p-value here and we
hope that this is greater than .05. But in fact this test, Box's test the equality of covariance matrices,
is so sensitive to departures from non- normality, that a lot of people will even use a standard of p is
greater than .001. So, basically, we want this result to be not significant. So if we use the more
lenient standard and use p is greater than .001, then you can clearly see, well at either level (.05 or .
001), this is not significant. So that provides us some evidence that the variance-covariance matrices
are equal for the two groups. And that's an assumption of MANOVA, we want that to hold. So, unlike
our significance tests on means, we want this to be greater than .05 or greater than .001. And in that
other video I'll go into more detail, some of the subtleties of that, and the research findings as well,
and what we can do if we do have a p-value that's less than say, .001, for Box's test.
 OK next we'll go to our Multivariate Tests box MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance
MANOVA in SPSS Wilk's Lambda Pillai Trace DFA Hotelling's T-squared

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