Unstably classified Letters

in Alphabets
Joannes Richter

Abstract
In an overview of the Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Hebrew and Runic alphabets the letters H, Z, R, S, L
and D are the most unstably classified symbols.
Obviously these unstably classified letters H, Z, R, S, L and D are located at special locations: the
letter Z (Zeta) between the labial “F” and gutteral “H”, the “R” and “S” between the gutteral “Q”
and the dental “T” and the dental “L”, the nasals “M” and “N” and the “Xi” in an “extraterritorial
isolated zone”.
In the periodic table of the Ugaritic alphabet we may identify the unstably classified letters in the
columns labeled Palatals, Linguals, Nasals and Sibilants. Most of the letters are found in the stable
core (of vowels, Labials, Gutturals and Dentals) at the left side of the alphabet.
In Flinder Petrie's Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet 1 the following Greek letters belonged to the
stable core of the alphabet: ΑΒΓΔ, ΕFΗΘ, ΙΚ, ΟΠϘʹΤ, ΥΦΧΨ, Ω, interpreted as A, B, G, D, E, Z, F
(digamma), H, Th, I, K, O, P, Q, T, Y, Chi, Psi, Ω. The unstably classified letters are: Ζ, ΛΜΝΞ,
ΡΣ, translated as Z, L, M, N, Xi, R, S.

1 (Source: Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabetical Structures)

Determining the most unstably classified letters
In the following overview of the Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Hebrew and Runic alphabets the letters H,
Z, R, S, L and D are the most unstably classified symbols.
• In Sanskrit and Old-Persian the sibilants Ś, Ṣ, S may be considered as spreading in various
categories. In Latin, Hebrew and Runes the letter S is a dental (consonant). In Old-Persian
the letter Z also belongs to the sibilants.
• In Sanskrit the letters RRi, RR i, LRRi, LRR i, are classified as vowels. In Sanskrit and Old-Persian
the Y, R, L are a semi-vowels. In Latin, Hebrew and Runes the letter R is a dental
(consonant).
• In Sanskrit and Old-Persian the H is a glottal. In Hebrew and Runes the H is a vowel or
semi-vocal.
• In Old-Persian and Sanskrit the D is classified as a dental and in Sanskrit, Latin and Runes
the D is a retroflex /lingual. The following overview of the Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Hebrew
and Runic alphabets illustrates where categorizations of the alphabetical symbols are
correlating:2
Sanskrit Old Persian Latin (& Hebrew Staveless
Derivations) runes
Symbols 8 + 25 + 7 = 40 6 + 22 25 (except "X") 22 15
Vowels 1 Velar A, Ā, A, Ā A A,E,H,O A, H
Gutturals
2 Palatals I, Ī, E, Ai, I, Ī E, I I I
3 Retroflex RRi, RR i,
Cerebrale
Linguals
4 Dentals LRRi, LRR i,
5 Labials U, Ū, O, Au, U, Ū O, U U U
Conso- 1 Velar K, Kh, G, Gh, Ṅ K, X, G
nants Gutturals
2 Palatals C, Ch, J, Jh, Ñ C, Ç, J C,K,Q,G,J Ch,K,G K
3 Retroflex Ṭ, Ṭh, Ḍ, Ḍh, Ṇ D,L,N,T D,L,N,T, Th, N, T, L
Cerebrale Th
Linguals
4 Dentals T, Th, D, Dh, N T, Θ, D, N Z,R,S Z,R,S, Ts, R,S, (R)
Sh
5 Labials P, Ph, B, Bh, M P, F, B, M B,M,P, B,V,M,Ph F,M,B
F (→ V,W,Y)
Semi- Y, R, L Y, V, R, L
vocals
Sibilants Ś, Ṣ, S S, Z, Ś (?)
Glottal H H
Reference DYAUS DIĀŪṢ ḌIAVS IHV FIThAR
Table 1 Overview of the Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Hebrew and Runic alphabets

2 from A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets

Splitting up the alphabetic structure in stable section and unstable zone
Obviously these unstably classified letters H, Z, R, S, L and D are located at special locations: the
letter Z (Zeta) between the labial “F” and gutteral “H”, the “R” and “S” between the gutteral “Q”
and the dental “T” and the dental “L”, the nasals “M” and “N” and the “Xi” in an “extraterritorial
zone”.

Splitting up the Ugaritic alphabet

In the periodic table of the Ugaritic alphabet we may identify the unstably classified letters in the
columns labeled Palatals, Linguals, Nasals and Sibilants. Most of the letters are found in the stable
core (of vowels, Labials, Gutturals and Dentals) at the left side of the alphabet.

Vowels Labials Gutturals Palatals Linguals Dentals Nasals Sibilants (?)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 A1 B2 G3, Kh4 D5
2 E6 W7 Z8, H9 Th10 (Θ, Þ)
3 Y11 (y) K12 Ś13 L14 M15, N17 Z16 Ẓ18 S19
4 O20 P,Φ21 Q23 Ṣ22 (?) R24 Θ 25, Gh26, T27
5 Ƕ28 (I) {Φ (phi)} {Χ (chi)} {Ψ (psi)}
6 Ω29 (U) S30
Table #2 A Periodic Table for the Ugaritic alphabet (transliterated in Latin letters).
(Source: Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabetical Structures)
T
We may split this table up in a stable core (of vowels, Labials, Gutturals and Dentals) and a group
of “unstably classified” letters (Palatals, Linguals, nasals and sibilants).

Stable Core Unstable Classified letters

Vowels Labials Gutturals Dentals Palatals Linguals Nasals Sibilants (?)
1 2 3 6 4 5 7 8
1 A1 B2 G3, Kh4 D5
2 E6 W7 Z8, H9 Th10 (Θ, Þ)
3 Y11 (y) K12 L14 Ś13 M15, N17 Z16 Ẓ18 S19
4 O20 P,Φ21 Q23 Θ 25, Gh26, T27 Ṣ22 (?) R24
5 Ƕ28 (I) {Φ (phi)} {Χ (chi)} {Ψ (psi)}

6 Ω29 (U) S30

Table #3 A Periodic Table for the Ugaritic alphabet (transliterated in Latin letters).
(Source: Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabetical Structures)
Splitting up the Greek alphabet
In Flinder Petrie's Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet 3 the following Greek letters belonged to the
stable core of the alphabet: ΑΒΓΔ, ΕFΗΘ, ΙΚ, ΟΠϘʹΤ, ΥΦΧΨ, Ω, interpreted as A, B, G, D, E, Z, F
(digamma), H, Th, I, K, O, P, Q, T, Y, Chi, Psi, Ω.
The unstably classified letters are: Ζ, ΛΜΝΞ, ΡΣ, translated as Z, L, M, N, Xi, R, S.

1: Flinders Petrie's Periodic Table in

the Greek alphabet (1912)

In analogy to the split-up of the Ugaritic alphabet we may also split up Flinder Petrie's Periodic
Table of the Greek alphabet:

Stable Core Unstably Classified letters

1 Α Β Γ Δ
2 Ε “F” Η Θ Ζ
3 Ι - Κ -
4 Λ Μ Ν Ξ
5 Ο Π Ϙ Τ Ρ Σ

6 Υ Φ Χ Ψ
7 Ω - - -
Table 4: Flinders Petrie's Periodic Table in the Greek alphabet (1912)
split up in a stable core and a group of “unstably classified” letters.

3 (Source: Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabetical Structures)

Conclusion
In an overview of the Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Hebrew and Runic alphabets the letters H, Z, R, S, L
and D are the most unstably classified symbols.
Obviously these unstably classified letters H, Z, R, S, L and D are located at special locations: the
letter Z (Zeta) between the labial “F” and gutteral “H”, the “R” and “S” between the gutteral “Q”
and the dental “T” and the dental “L”, the nasals “M” and “N” and the “Xi” in an “extraterritorial
isolated zone”.
In the periodic table of the Ugaritic alphabet we may identify the unstably classified letters in the
columns labeled Palatals, Linguals, Nasals and Sibilants. Most of the letters are found in the stable
core (of vowels, Labials, Gutturals and Dentals) at the left side of the alphabet.
In Flinder Petrie's Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet 4 the following Greek letters belonged to the
stable core of the alphabet: ΑΒΓΔ, ΕFΗΘ, ΙΚ, ΟΠϘʹΤ, ΥΦΧΨ, Ω, interpreted as A, B, G, D, E, Z, F
(digamma), H, Th, I, K, O, P, Q, T, Y, Chi, Psi, Ω. The unstably classified letters are: Ζ, ΛΜΝΞ,
ΡΣ, translated as Z, L, M, N, Xi, R, S.

4 (Source: Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabetical Structures)

Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Determining the most unstably classified letters..................................................................................2
Splitting up the alphabetic structure in stable section and unstable zone........................................3
Splitting up the Ugaritic alphabet ..............................................................................................3
Splitting up the Greek alphabet ..................................................................................................4
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................5
Appendix 1 – Papers of J. Richter at Academia.edu and Scribd
The (approximately) 150 following papers are sorted according to the initial upload date5 :
• Unstably classified Letters
• Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures
• A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
• A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
• A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
• The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
• Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
• The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
• The Origin of the Name Dyaus
• De oorsprong van de naam Diaus
• The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
• Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
• An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
• A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
• The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
• The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
• The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
• The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
• A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation

◦ A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings

◦ The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
◦ Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
◦ Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
◦ Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
◦ The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
◦ The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)

• The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet

• The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
• Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea

◦ The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation

◦ De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
◦ Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
◦ The Initials of European Philosophy
◦ Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
◦ The War against Atlantis

• The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"

• The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
• The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
5 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes
• Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
• Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
• Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
• The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
• Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
• Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderz
• De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
• The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
• The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
• King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
• Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperik I
• The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
• A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
• Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
• Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
• De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
• The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
• Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
• A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
• The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
• De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
• The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
• The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
• Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
• De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
• De fundamenten van de samenleving
• De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
• De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
• The Antipodes Mith and With
• The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
• De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
• The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
• Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
• De restanten van de dualis in het Nederlands, Engels en Duits
• Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
• The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
• Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Nederlandse alfabet
• The Backbones of the Alphabets
• The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
• The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
• De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
• The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
• Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
• The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
• De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)
• King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
• De 4 letters van koning Chilperik I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
• The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
• The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
• In het Nederlands, Duits en Engels is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
• In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
• The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
• A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
• The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
• Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
• Über die Evolution der Sprachen
• Over het ontwerpen van talen
• The Art of Designing Languages
• Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
• Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
• Over het filosofische Nous-concept
• Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
• The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
• A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
• Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
• The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
• The Unification of Medieval Europe
• The Divergence of Germanic Religions
• De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
• The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
• Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
• Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
• Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
• The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
• Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
• Notes to the book TIW
• Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
• Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
• Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
• The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
• Etymology, Religions and Myths
• The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
from Nantucket”
• Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
• Ϝut - Het Nederlandse sleutelwoord
• Concepts for the Dual Forms
• The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
• Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
• Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
• The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
• A Linguistic Control of Egotism
• The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
• The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
• Die keltische Haarhauben
• De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
• The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
• Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
• De god met de twee gezichten
• The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
• Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
• De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
• Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
• The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
• Een reconstructie van de Nederlandse scheppingslegende
• The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
• The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
• The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
• Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
• Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
• Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer "
• De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
• The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
• Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
• Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
• Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
• Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
• Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
• The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
• The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
• The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
• The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
• De kern van de Futhark-talen
• Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
• De symboolkern IE van het Nederlands
• Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
• Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)
• Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
• A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
• A Paradise Made of Words
• The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
• The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
• The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
• The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
• The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)
• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)