Lab 1: Introduction to trainer: Identifying discrete logic gates, IC’s,

Pin configurations.

OBJECTIVE:

To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of typical discrete components like logic
switches, LED indicators, especially the various operations of the Digital Trainer Kit.

Detailed descriptions of integrated logic circuits (IC) , dual, quadruple-in-line IC’s and their Top
view with pin configurations etc.

Lab journal writing procedures, its format and the way to describe the logic circuits.

Grouping of students for lab works.

Background:
A logic gate is a circuit which has one or more inputs and single output. A logic gate is an
elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output.
At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1),
represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does,
change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately
zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).
For TTL 0 - 0.8V corresponds to ‘0’ logic level and 2 – 5V corresponds to ‘1’ logic level.

1. Introduction to gates and integrated circuits:

 Individual gates constructed from transistors and discrete passive components.
 Integrated gate circuits (also called chips) consisting of several transistors, passive
components fabricated in a single package.
 All chips must be connected to a power source (VCC) and ground (GND). All the gates
in the chip share these connections.

2. Packaging of integrated circuits (Top View)

Dual in line packages
3. Introduction to some standard gates and their symbols and truth tables:

Task # 1.1:
Use the ICs of individual gates to construct the circuit and verify the truth table of all gates.
(AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR)

Circuit:

Truth Table:

Conclusion:

Task # 1.2:
Use NAND to build NOT gate.
Circuit:

Truth Table:

Conclusion:

Task # 1.3:
 Implement the following circuit on bread board
 Construct the truth table
 Identify the type of gate constructed
Circuit:

Truth Table:

Conclusion:

Task # 1.4:
Use an inverter designed from a NOR gate to invert the output of the circuit
below
Circuit:

Truth Table:

Conclusion:

Answer the following questions

1. Which two connections are necessary for an IC to work?

2. What is the nominal value of voltage (Vcc) supplied to the IC for it to work?
3. To design a NOT gate from a NAND gate, both the inputs of a NAND gate are
fed with the same input signal. Does this concept hold for constructing a NOT
gate using a NOR gate as well?
4. Which two gates are known as universal gates and why?