ACTIVITY #1

VINLUAN, BIANCA GAYLE B.

GE 16 / 11:00-1:00
Prof. Maryknoll Pangan-Soriano

FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO

(Philippine, b. May 30, 1892 – d. April 24, 1972)

Styles: Impressionism, Luminism, Realism

Subjects: Philippine genre and historical, nudes, society portraits

The paintings of Fernando C. Amorsolo “…overflow with sweetness and optimism,” says art
historian Eric Torres. Amorsolo, Torres asserts, managed to “capture on canvas the vibrant
tropical Philippine sunlight.” A shy man, whose only real genius was in painting, Fernando
Amorsolo also helped shape and stylize the image of the ideal Filipina.

Fernando Amorsolo’s enormous popularity, both during his lifetime and after, resulted
from his luminous and idealized treatment of Philippine genre and landscape subjects. His
best-known paintings feature peasants in colorful costumes, scenes of rice planting and
harvesting, genre and society portraits, and sensual female bathers. Amorsolo’s painterly
technique, and his skill in rendering the figure, is said to have peaked during the era known
as his “Golden Period” between 1915 and 1940.

Fernando Amorsolo was born on May 30, 1892 in Paco, Manila to Pedro Amorsolo, a
bookkeeper, and his wife Bonifacia Cueto. One of five brothers, Fernando grew up in Daet,
Camarines Norte, until moving to Manila upon the death of his father. Before he passed
away, Amorsolo’s father Pedro had made his wife promise to give Fernando a proper art
education.
The family moved in with his mother’s first cousin, Fabian de la Rosa, a genre painter who
had been trained at Manila’s Escuela de Bellas Artes y Dibujo (School of Fine Arts and
Design) and who had also traveled in Europe. In 1905 Fernando Amorsolo, aged 13, was
apprenticed to de la Rosa. The young man’s first commercial success came when he sold
watercolor postcards for 10 centavos each.

In 1908, Amorsolo won the second prize for the painting Levendo Periodico at the Bazar
Escolta, a competition sponsored by the Asociacion Internacional de Artistas. The following
year, Amorsolo enrolled at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila where a genre scene of
figures in a garden would earn him a first prize in his graduation year. In 1909 he began
attending the University of the Philippines School of Fine art, where his uncle Fabian de la
Rosa was serving as an instructor. During his university years Amorsolo supported himself
by doing illustration work that appeared in novels and religious publications. He graduated
with honors in 1916 and began a dual career as an art instructor and commercial artist.

In 1916 Enrique Zobel de Ayala, a Spanish citizen who was a leading businessman in the
Philippines, sponsored Amorsolo to study at the Adademia de San Fernando in Madrid.
While in Spain, Amorsolo became widely exposed to the works of key European modern
artists including French Realists, Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. He also
discovered the works of the Spanish luminist Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, and the great
Baroque master Diego Velasquez, who became the artists he most greatly admired and
emulated. The 7 months that Amorsolo spent in Spain, and the brief visit he made
afterwards to New York, gave him the stylistic tools he needed to transform himself from a
provincial artist to an international figure. “Informed by Western Impressionism,” states
art historian Floriana Capistrano-Baker, “Amorsolo used swift, broken brushwork and
thick impasto, with emphasis on landscapes and daily scenes.”

After returning to Manila, Amorsolo set up a studio and began an enormously productive
period. Using subject matter that he had borrowed from Fabian de la Rosa – scenes of rice
planting and harvesting — he created a series of paintings that captured the popular
imagination. His 1922 painting Rice Planting soon appeared on calendars, posters, and
travel brochures. Amorsolo also created powerful images of Philippine colonial history
including “The First Mass in the Philippines.” During the long span of his career, Amorsolo’s
paintings would continue to be reproduced in textbooks, commercial images, magazines
and newspapers, and became the accepted standard for historical imagery.

A rice harvesting scene by Fernando Amorsolo

Commercially successful from his thirties on, Amorsolo was the subject of international
exhibitions including a one-man show in New York City held in 1925. He was very much in
demand for portraits of society figures, including foreigners, and was willing to make
copies of his own works, always slightly altered, on a commissioned basis. He would
sometimes bring out a photo album of his better-known paintings and ask a client which
subject matter they would like.
Amorsolo continued to teach at the University of the Philippines, and served as the Director
of the school’s Art Department between 1938 and 1952. After the 1931 death of his first
wife – with whom he had six children – he remarried and fathered eight more children. In
total, five of his children also became painters.

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines Amorsolo sketched war scenes from the
window or roof of his rented apartment, while his wife and family lived separately in a
safer location. His drawings and paintings from this grim period document wartime
suffering and atrocities. In particular, Amorsolo depicted the sufferings of mothers and
children. During the war, Amorsolo’s younger brother Pablo, also an accomplished artist
was branded a Japanese sympathizer and was executed by Filipino guerillas. His wartime
paintings are considered among his finest work and were exhibited at Malacanang Palace
in 1948.

A 1954 Amorsolo oil painting depicts Philippine village life.

From the 1950s onward, Amorsolo created an average of 10 paintings per month. His
popularity was so great that the first generation of Philippine modernists generally cited
his work as an academy that needed to be rebelled against. In a sense, this was a kind of
compliment to the aging artist.

In Amorsolo’s waning years health problems, including diabetes and cataracts, created
obstacles, but he continued to paint productively to support his large family. The deaths of
two of his sons, Fernando Jr. in 1964, and Milo in 1971, affected him deeply. Fernando
Amorsolo died of heart failure on August 24, 1972.

In 2003, Amorsolo’s children founded the Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation, which is
dedicated to preserving Fernando Amorsolo’s legacy, promoting his style and vision, and
preserving a national heritage through the conservation and promotion of his works.

Museums and Public Collections:

The Ayala Museum, Manila

The Central Bank of the Philippines, Manila
The Lopez Museum, Manila
The National Museum of the Philippines, Manila

Sources:

“100 Years of Philippine Painting,” Essay by Emmanuel Torres, copyright the Pacific Asia
Museum, 1984
Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation, 39 Cordillera St. Quezon City, The Philippines
Biography by Edwin A. Martinez, www.fernandocamorsolo.com
“Pioneers of Philippine Art,” Essay by Floriana H. Capistrano-Baker, copyright the Asian Art
Museum of San Francisco, 2006

ACTIVITY #2
VINLUAN, BIANCA GAYLE B.
GE 16 / 11:00 – 1:00
Prof. Maryknoll Pangan-Soriano

JUAN NOVICIO LUNA

(b. Ilocos Norte, Oct. 24, 1857 d. Dec. 7, 1899)

Juan Luna was the son of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posada and Laurena Novicio y
Ancheta. He had four brothers: Manuel, b, 1855, a violin virtuoso; Jose, b. 1861, a physician;
Joaquin Damoso, b. 1864, governor, congressman, and senator and Antonio, b. I866, writer
and general of the Philippine Revolution Army. On December 7, 1886, Juan married Paz
(Chiching) Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho with whom he had two children, Andres Luna San
Pedro, and Maria de la Paz. Both died at early ages.

The Lunas transferred to Manila in 1861 enabling Juan to finish his high school at the
Ateneo de Manila. In 1869, he enrolled at the Escuela Nautica, where after five years of
theoretical courses and practical sailing to Asian ports like Hongkong, Amoy, Singapore,
Colombo, and Batavia, he obtained the certificate of piloto de altos mares tercer clase (pilot
of the high seass third class). While in Port for six months, he took up landscape painting at
the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura. Eventually, he received private lessons from Lorenzo
Guerrero, who, perceiving his potential, urged his parents to send him to Spain for further
studies. In 1877, Juan executed “Barrio al Lado del Rio” (village by the river) and “Vista de
un Barrio con Kapok” (Barrio Scene with Kapok Trees) Towards the end of that year he
sailed to Spain.

Luna enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. There he
obtained an award for outstanding color, composition and antique studies but did not stay
long. Instead he apprenticed himself with Alejo Vera, a professor of the said school, whom
he accompanied to Italy in 1879 when the later went to fulfill commissions there. Upon
arriving there, Luna visited the ruins of Pompeii and Naples and made some 40 studies of
excavated classical sites and objects now mostly in the National Museum of the Philippines.
At this time he finished his miniature “Autoretrato a Edad 22” (Self portrait at 22), in
charcoal, and “Dafnis y Chloe,” (Daphnis and Chloe). The latter would soon win him a silver
palette from the Centro Artistico Literario de Manila. When Vera went back to Spain, Luna
remained behind, staying with the Berdlliure brothers, with whom he was to develop a
loyal friendship. He stayed in Rome until spring, 1884, finishing there such pieces as “La
Bella Feliz y la Esclava Ciega” (The Happy Beauty and the Blind Slave), “La Muerte de
Cleopatra” (The Death of Cleopatra), and the “Portrait of Pedro Paterno.” “Cleopatra” won
for him a silver medal at the Madrid Art Exposition of 1881. For this achievement the
Ayuntamiento de Manila granted him a four year scholarship upon the instigation by
Francisco de Paula Rodoreda. In 1883 he started painting the “Spoliarium,” which won him
the first gold medal at the Madrid Art Exposition the following year. A colossal multifigure
scene depicting dead gladiators being mourned by their relatives at the basement of the
Roman Colosseum, the “Spoliarium” was identified by Jose Rizal as an allusion to the
exploitation or the Philippines by Spain.

Luna transferred to Paris in October 1884 but he shuttled back and forth to Madrid as his
works, particularly portraits, were now in demand. His presence was also needed by fellow
Filipinas who were pushing for reforms in the Philippine colony from the Madrid
government. In 1885, he executed “El pacto de Sangre” (Blood Compact) and “Miguel Lopez
de Legaspi,” pieces sent to Manila in return for his aforementioned scholarship. He also
started “La batalla de Lepanto” (The battle of Lepanto) commissioned by the Spanish
Senate upon the influence of King Alfonso XII to be hung beside “La Rendicion de Granada”
(The Surrender of Granada) by 1878 grand prize winner Francisco Pradilla. By this gesture,
the king hoped to compensate Luna who was not given the grand prize for Spoliarium.
Although public sentiment felt he deserved the award, it was withheld from him by a
biased jury. In 1886 Luna’s Damas “Romanas” (Roman Ladies) won a diploma of honor at
the Munich Salon, and in 1887 his “Mestiza en su Tocador” (Mestiza Lady at her Dresser)
won a similar award at the Exposicion General de las Filipinas. In November of the same
year, the Queen Regent Maria Cristina unveiled both Luna’s and Pradilla’s paintings at the
Madrid Senate, where both are still hanging.

Between 1884 and 1890 Luna also executed city scenes like “En el Palco” (At The Theater
Box),1894, “Street Flower Vendors,” 1885, that captured part of the funeral cortege of the
author Victor Hugo. He also painted many views of villages and beaches in Normandy and
executed portraits of himself, his wife and his children.

Nurtured in the academic classical canons then prevalent all over the western world, Luna
followed the conventional steps in attaining professional success, such as obtaining prizes
with colossal Graeco-Roman canvases in the grand Classico-Romantic manner at the
prestigious atr salons of Europe. By 26 May 1889, however, in his letter to Javier Gomez de
la Serna, he vowed his isillusionment with the historical canvas thus: “all historical painting
is false starting with the very concept, and those who think that correct drawing, good
composition, brilliant coloring and a lot of adornment are enough to make it valid are
mistaken.

This statement, however, does not signify Lunas break with the academic tradition nor his
sympathy with Impressionism, as many critics earlier presummed, but rather his leaving
towards the more progressive faction of the salon “the distant one,” that he described on 5
May 189 to Rizal. Luna first signalled this involvement with “Le Chifonier” (The Rag
picker), showing an old man in tattered clothes carrying a basket of rags, which he showed
at the Champs-de-Mars in 1889. By 1891, he was reading Le Socialism Contemporain
(Contemporary Socialism) by E. de Lavelaye and through this concern, he attained the
highest honors he was ever to achieve, namely his acceptance as member of the Societe
Nationale de Beaux Arts. This entitled him to exhibit as many as 10 pictures at the Champs-
de-Mars without going through the jury. He gained this acceptance through the merits of
“Les lgnores” (known as Heroes Anonimos or Los Desherados in Spanish) and “Poor Allan’s
Burial” which he showed at the Champs-de-Mars in that year.

In I892, Luna finished “Peuple et Rois” (People and Kings), which he intended to send to the
Chicago Universal Exposition of that year. Around that time Luna frequently accused his
wife Paz of having an affair with a Monsieur Dussaq. In a fit of jealousy, he killed his wife
and mother-in-law and wounded his brother-in-law, Felix, on September 23, 1892. He was
arrested and murder charges were filed against him.

Luna was acquitted of charges on February 8, 1893. He was ordered to pay the Pardo de
Taveras a sum of one thousand six hundred fifty one francs and eighty three cents, and an
additional twenty five francs for postage, in addition to the interest of damages. Five days
later, Luna went to Madrid with his brother, Antonio Luna, and his son, Andrés.

In Spain, Luna executed two worker themed paintings: “La Colada” (The Strainer) and a
genre scene entitled “Interior de los Talleres del Acero Robert” (Interior of the Robert Steel
Foundy). In May 1894, after an odyssey of 17 years, Juan returned to Manila with his son
and his brother Antonio. In the summer of 1896, he traveled to Japan with his student
Gaston O’Farrell. Juan did as many as 20 paintings in Japan. In August 1896, he was
arrested together with his brothers by the Spanish constabulary for complicity in the
Katipunan Rebellion.

Cleared eventually, he left for Spain to work for the pardon of his brother, Antonio. During
his homecoming period he painted many portraits such as Gobernador General Ramon
Blanco, La Bulaquena, those of his parents, brothers, sisters in-law and nieces. He painted
landscapes like “Taal Volcano,” “Marikina,” and genre scenes like “Tampuhan (Sulking).”
Back in Spain, he received news of the overthrow of the Spanish role in the Philippines.
Upon the establishment of the Philippine Republic, he was appointed a diplomatic agent of
the Hong Kong junta and later a member of the diplomatic missions to Paris and the United
States to work for the recognition of the new government in those countries. Luna died in
Hong Kong on his way back to the Philippines.
 ACTIVITY #3

VINLUAN, BIANCA GAYLE B.

GE 16 / 11:00 – 1:00
Prof. Maryknoll Pangan-Soriano

Philippine National Heroes

One of the greatest blessings in a country is the have people who strongly fight and
stand up for what they believe in is right. They are a country's pride - the heroes. These
men and women played a major part in ensuing the freedom of the Philippines.
The Philippine heroes are the people that have fought for freedom and
independence or to fight back against oppression. Many of the Philippine heroes were
revolutionaries in fight for independence against the colonizers. There are also those that
have fought to uphold freedom and independence.

List of Philippine National Heroes:

Dr. Jose Rizal - The National Hero.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal

(1861-1896)
Jose Rizal was born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861. He published his masterpiece
Noli Me Tangere in Berlin (Germany) in 1887 and his second novel El Filibusterismo in
Ghent (Belgium) in 1891. His two novels stirred the conscience of his people. He
contributed various literary works to La Solidaridad. For his leadership in the reform
movement and for his incendiary novels, Rizal was arrested and later killed by musketry in
Bagumbayan, Manila, on December 30, 1896. His execution was the last straw for other
Filipinos who called for a bloody revolution against Spain.

Andres Bonifacio - The Great Plebian and Father of the Katipunan.

Andres Bonifacio
(1863-1897)
He founded the secret society, Katipunan, on July 7, 1892, to fight Spain. He was also
president of the Tagalog republic from August 24, 1896 to May 10, 1897. Born in Tondo,
Manila, on November 30, 1863. He grew up in the slums and never knew the benefits of a
prosperous life. He married Gregoria de Jesus in 1892. He was killed on May 10, 1897, near
Mount Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.
General Gregorio del Pilar - Hero of the Battle of Tirad Pass.

General Gregorio del Pilar

(1875-1899)
Hero of Tirad Pass, born on November 14, 1875, in Bulacan, Bulacan. He died on December
2, 1899, in the battle of Tirad Pass, to enable Aguinaldo to escape from the Americans. He is
one of the youngest and bravest generals ever produced by the Philippines.

General Emilio Aguinaldo - President of the First Philippine Republic.

General Emilio Aguinaldo

(1899-1964)
He officially proclaimed the Philippine independence in Malolos, Bulacan, on January 23,
1899, with him as the first president. It was the first republic in Asia. Emilio Aguinaldo was
born in Kawit, Cavite, on March 22, 1869, and died at the Veterans Memorial Hospital,
Quezon City, on February 6, 1964.

Apollinaire Mabini - Sublime Paralytic and Brains of the Revolution.

Apolinario Mabini
(1864-1903)
He was known as the sublime paralytic and the brain of the revolution. Born in Talaga,
Tanauan, Batangas, on June 22, 1864. He joined La Liga Filipina in 1892 and Aguinaldo's
revolutionary government from June 1898 to May 1899. He was captured by the American
forces in December 1899 and deported to Guam in January 1901. He died in Manila on May
13, 1903.

GOMBURZA – The Martyred Priests of 1872

GOMBURZA
Three intellectuals who crusaded for reform. Killed by garrote in Bagumbayan, Manila on
February 17, 1872, for allegedly instigating the Cavite mutiny.

Father Mariano Gomez

(1799-1872)
 Father Jose Burgos
(1837-1872)

Father Jacinto Zamora

(1835-1872)

Doña Teodora Alonzo y Realonda - Mother and first teacher of Jose Rizal.

Emilio Jacinto y Dizon - Brains of the Katipunan.

Emilio Jacinto
(1875-1899)
Brains of the Katipunan. Born in Trozo, Manila, on December 15, 1875. He joined the
Katipunan in 1894 and became Bonifacio's trusted friend and adviser. He wrote the
Kartilya ng Katipunan, the primer of the Katipunan which embodied the teachings of the
organization. He founded and edited the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan, whose first issue
came out in January 1896. Died on April 16, 1899. He was one of the heroic figures in
Philippine history.

Cayetano Arellano - First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Trece Martirez - 13 Martyrs from Cavite.

Trece Martirez
The 13 martyrs of Cavite, who were executed by a firing squad on September 12, 1896.
They were: 1)Maximo Inocencio; 2)Jose Lallana; 3)Eugenio Cabezas; 4)Maximo Gregorio;
5)Hugo Perez; 6)Severino Lapidario; 7)Alfonso de Ocampo; 8)Francisco Osorio; 9)Antonio
de San Agustin; 10)Luis Aguado; 11)Agapito Conchu; 12)Victoriano Luciano; and
13)Feliciano Cabuco.

General Antonio Luna - Cofounder of La Independencia.

General Antonio Luna

(1866-1899)
The greatest general of the revolution. Younger brother of Juan Luna, the famous painter.
Editor of La Independencia, whose first issue came out on September 3, 1898. He was born
in Binondo, Manila, on October 29, 1866. He was one of the propagandists in Spain who
were working for political reforms in the Philippines. He contributed articles to La
Solidaridad. He was assassinated in Cabanatuan City, on June 5, 1899.

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - Mother of Balintawak.

Melchora Aquino
(1812-1919)
Better known as Tandang Sora. Born in Banlat, Kalookan City, on January 6, 1812. She
helped the Katipuneros under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio by providing them food,
shelter, and other material goods. She is recognized as the Grand Woman of the revolution
and the Mother of Balintawak. She died on March 12, 1919.

Graciano Lopez-Jaena - Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement.

Graciano Lopez-Jaena
(1856-1896)
Founder and first editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad, which became the vehicle of
expression for Filipino propaganda in Spain. Together wtih Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del
Pilar, he undertook propaganda campaigns in Spain. Born in Jaro, Iloilo, on December 18,
1856. He died on January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, Spain.

Panday Pira - First Filipino Cannon-maker.

Panday Pira
(1483-1576)
First Filipino cannon-maker. He forged the cannons which Rajah Sulayman used in
defending the Muslim Kingdom of Manila against the Spanish invaders. Born in one of the
islands in Southern Philippines in 1483. He died in 1576.

Mariano Ponce - Propagandist, Historian, Diplomat And Managing Editor of La

Solidaridad.

Mariano Ponce
(1863-1918)
Researcher, historian, bibliographer, propagandist, diplomat, physician, folklorist, and an
outstanding reformist. Born in Baliwag, Bulacan, on March 23, 1863. While in Spain, he
joined the propaganda movement and became one of the initiators of La Solidaridad, later
becoming its managing editor. Died in HongKong on May 23, 1918.

Gregoria de Jesus - Lakambini of Katipunan and Wife of Andres Bonifacio.

Gregoria de Jesus
(1875-1943)
One of the brave and patriotic women who played a heroic role in the Philippine revolution.
Born in Kalookan City, on May 9, 1875. Wife of Andres Bonifacio and Lakambini of the
Katipunan. She actually fought alongside her husband during the revolution, aside from
being the custodian of the Katipunan documents. She organized the Katipunan's Women
Chapter. She died on March 15, 1943.

General Vicente Lim - Brigadier General who was executed by the Japanese Imperial
Army.

Fernando Ma. Guerrero - Poet of the Revolution.

Fernando Ma. Guerrero
(1873-1890)
Musician, journalist, politician, and lawyer. Considered the greatest lyric poet in Spanish.
Born in Ermita, Manila, on May 30, 1873. When the revolution broke out, General Antonio
Luna invited him to join the editorial staff of La Independencia, the organ of the revolution.
Thus, he fought for the Filipino cause with his pen. Died in Manila June 12, 1929.

Jose Abad Santos y Basco - 5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

Felipe Agoncillo - Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.

Felipe Agoncillo
(1859-1941)
Outstanding diplomat of the Philippine revolution. Born in Taal, Batangas, on May 26, 1859.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo appointed him as Minister Plenipotentiary to the peace conference
in Washington and Paris. Died on September 29, 1941, at the Manila Doctor's Hospital.

Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz - Prince of Tagalog Poets.

Francisco Baltazar
(1788-1862)
More popularly known as Balagtas, he is considered the prince of Tagalog poets. Born in
Panginay, Bigaa, Bulacan, on April 2, 1788. He wrote Florante at Laura, a masterpiece of
local versification, upholding moral and social values; it served as the basic foundation of
the Philippine literature. Died in Orion, Bataan, on February 20, 1862.

Rafael Palma - Cofounder of La Independencia and First UP president.

Rafael Palma
(1874-1939)
Orator, statesman, scholar, educator, and writer. Born in Tondo, Manila, on October 24,
1874. He was involved in the propaganda campaign against the Spaniards. He cofounded
with Gen. Antonio Luna the revolutionary newspaper, La Independencia. Later, he also
founded El Nuevo Dia, Cebu's first daily. Died in Manila on May 24, 1939.

Juan Luna - Greatest and Famous Filipino Painter.

Juan Luna

(1857-1899)
A genius of the brush and a patriot of the highest order. Creator of the world-famous
painting, SPOLARIUM, which was awarded the gold medal in the Exposicion Nacional de
Bellas Artes in Madrid in 1884. It is also known as the greatest painting of all times. Born in
Badoc, Ilocos, Norte, on October 23, 1857. He was closely associated with the Reform
Movement, together with Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, Ponce, etc. He died in Hongkong on December
7, 1899.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Greatest Journalist and Moving Spirit of the Propaganda Movement.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

(1850-1896)
Political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain. Born in Kupang, Bulacan, Bulacan, on
August 30, 1850. In 1882, he founded the nationalistic newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. In
December 1889, he became the editor of La Solidaridad and became the moving spirit
behind the propaganda movement. Died on July 4, 1896.

Leona Florentino - First Filipino Poetess(from Ilocos Sur).

Leona Florentino
(1849-1884)
First poetess of the Philippines. Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on April 19, 1849. Her poems
were given international recognition at the Exposicion in Madrid in 1887 and in Paris in
1889. Died on October 4, 1884.
Pedro Paterno - Peacemaker of the Revolution.

Pedro Paterno
(1858-1911)
Statesman, poet, writer, and peacemaker. Born in Manila on February 27, 1858. He was the
negotiator/mediator of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. He helped prepare the Malolos
constitution. Died on April 26, 1911.

Isabelo delos Reyes - Founder of Philippine Socialism.

Isabelo delos Reyes

(1864-1938)
Last of the propagandists. Gifted son of Leona Florentino, first poetess of the Philippines.
Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on July 7, 1864. He aroused the hostility of the friars and
government officials when he openly criticized the evils of the Spanish rule and he
advocated reforms. He was the founder of the first Philippine labor union, as well as the
first independent Filipino Catholic church. Died on October 9, 1938.

Artemio Ricarte - Revolutionary General, known as Viborra.

Artemio Ricarte
(1866-1945)
The unconquerable hero of the revolution. Born in Batac, Ilocos Norte, on October 20, 1866.
Known as Viborra, he was a gentle public school teacher who became a dashing
revolutionary general. Died in the jungles of Sierra Madre on July 31, 1945.

Miguel Malvar y Carpio - Last Filipino general who surrendered to the Americans.

Jose Palma - Wrote the Spanish Lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem.
Jose Palma
(1876-1903)
Poet and soldier. Born in Tondo, Manila, on June 3, 1876. Younger brother of Dr. Rafael
Palma. He was a staff member of La Independencia. He wrote Filipinas, a patriotic poem in
Spanish, which became the lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem. Died in Manila, on
February 12, 1903.

Felipe Calderon - Drafted the Malolos Constitution.

Lakandola - Chief of Tondo, Friendly to the Spaniards.

Rajah Lakandola
( -1575)
One of the most illustrious ancient Filipinos. Chief of Tondo, when Legazpi came to Manila
in 1571. He became a Christian and took the name of Carlos, after the king of Spain. He
made the blood compact with Goiti. He fought alongside the Spaniards against the Chinese
pirate, Limahong. Died in 1575.

Rajah Soliman - The Last Rajah of Manila.

Rajah Soliman
( -1571)
The last rajah of Manila, noted for his daring and bravery. Nephew of Rajah Lakandola. Of
all of the early rulers of Manila, he was feared most by the Spaniards. He was killed on June
3, 1571, in the Battle of Bangkusay.

Leonor Rivera - Cousin and Fiancée of Jose Rizal.

Tomas Pinpin - Prince of Filipino Printers.

Marcela Mariño Agoncillo - Maker of the First Filipino Flag.

Marcela Mariño Agoncillo

(1859-1946)
Maker of the first Philippine flag. Born in Taal, Batangas, on June 24, 1859. Married to
Felipe Agoncillo. She labored to make the Filipino flag in Hong Kong with the help of Delfina
Herbosa de Natividad, a niece of Rizal. Died on May 30, 1946 in Taal, Batangas.

Galicano Apacible - One of the Founders of Katipunan.

Jose Ma. Panganiban - Bicolandia's Greatest Contribution to the Historic Campaign for
Reforms.
Jose Ma. Panganiban
(1863-1890)
Avenger of Filipino honor. Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863. A
good friend and co-worker of Rizal. He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the
historic campaign for reforms, more popularly called the Propaganda Movement. He wrote
articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen names Jomapa and J.M.P. Died in Barcelona, Spain,
on August 19, 1890.

Diego Baltazar Silang - Leader of the Ilocano Revolt.

Diego Silang
(1730-1763)
He led the revolt of the Ilocanos in opposition to the tribute and abuses of the Spanish
officials. Born in Aringay, La Union, on December 16, 1730. The revolt started in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur. He was killed by Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mestizo who bore grievances against
Diego Silang.

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang - First Filipino woman to lead a revolt against Spanish
colonization.

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang

After the death of Diego Silang on May 28, 1763, the fight was carried on by his wife, MARIA
JOSEFA GABRIELA SILANG, and his uncle, Nicolas Cariñ o. She too lost her life for freedom's
sake on September 30, 1763.

Lapu-Lapu - Chieftain of Mactan Who Killed Magellan. First Filipino Hero.

Lapu-Lapu
(c. 16th century)
Chief of Mactan who led the first successful Filipino armed resistance against Spanish
aggression. He fought and killed Magellan in a battle in Mactan, on April 27, 1521.

Francisco Dagohoy - Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol.

Francisco Dagohoy
(c. Mid-18th century)
He led the longest revolt in Bohol against the Spaniards. The immediate cause of the revolt
was the refusal of a Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to Dagohoy's brother. The
Spaniards needed 85 years before they were able to suppress the rebellion. It was only in
1829 that they finally succeeded in bringing to end the revolt started by Dagohoy.

Epifanio delos Santos - A Man of Many Talents; the Former Highway 54 is Now Named
After him (EDSA).

Epifanio delos Santos

(1871-1928)
Lawyer, journalist, historian, philosopher, bibliographer, biographer, painter, poet,
musician, literary critic, antique collector, and librarian. Born in Malabon, Rizal, on April 7,
1871. Died on April 28, 1928, in Manila.

Teresa Magbanua - First Woman Fighter in Panay. Visayan Joan of Arc.

Teresa Magbanua
(1871-1947)
The first woman in Panay to fight in the Philippine revolution. Known as the Visayan Joan
of Arc. Born in Pototan, Iloilo, on November 4, 1871. Died in August 1947.

Trinidad Tecson - Mother of Biak-na-Bato.

Trinidad Tecson
(1848-1928)
Mother of Biak-na-Bato. Born in San Miguel, Bulacan, on November 18, 1848. Even though
women-members of the Katipunan were exempted from the pact, she participated in
Sanduguan(blood compact). She fought fearlessly in 12 bloody battles of the revolution in
Bulacan, including the famous Battle of Biak-na-Bato. Later, she became known as The
Mother of the Philippine Red Cross. Died on June 28, 1928.

Agueda Esteban - Wife of Artemio Ricarte Who Carried Secret Messages About Spanish
Troops.
Agueda Esteban
Katipunan member who later married Artemio Ricarte. She commuted from Cavite to
Manila to buy saltpeter, lead, and copper which where used to make ammunitions. She also
carried secret messages about the planned offensives against the Spanish posts.
Marina Dizon - Daughter of One of the Trece Martirez.
Marina Dizon
(1875-1950)
Daughter of a Katipunan leader in Cavite, who was one of the Trece Martirez, executed by
the Spanish officials in 1896. Born in Trozo, Manila, on July 18, 1875. She joined the
Katipunan in July 1893, one of the first women to have done so. She also kept important
documents of the Katipunan. Died on October 25, 1950.

General Francisco Makabulos - Leader of the Revolt in Tarlac.

General Francisco Makabulos
(1871-1922)
Leader of the revolt in Tarlac. Born in La Paz, Tarlac, on September 17, 1871. He was the
first patriot in Tarlac, who joined the Katipunan. General Aguinaldo appointed him as one
of the brigadier generals of the Central Luzon area. He established the Central Executive
Committee, which had a constitution called the Constitution of Makabulos. Died in La Paz,
Tarlac, on April 30, 1922.

Julian Felipe - Composer of the Philippine National Anthem.

Julian Felipe
(1861-1941)
Composer of the Philippine National Anthem. Born in Cavite City on January 28, 1861. A
dedicated music teacher and composer, he was appointed by Aguinaldo as Director of the
National Band of the Philippine Republic. Died in Manila on October 2, 1941.
 Wikang Pilipino Tungo sa Globalisasyon
(by Ma. Cristina P. Pamaran 6/29/2012)

Habang pinauunlad ng mga kinauukulan ang wikang Pilipino lalo itong kumakalat sa
maraming panig ng mundo. Ito ay dahil s masugid na hangarin ng mga Pilipino na humanap
ng kapalaran sa labas ng bansa partikular sa mayayamang bansa tulad ng mga bansa sa
Europa at Amerika. Sa mga bansang iyon ay malaki ang katumbas ng pera nila sap era ng
Pilipino kung kaya’t magiging mabilis nga naman ang paggaan ng buhay kung doon mag-
eempleyo. Sa dami ng Pilipinong naninirahan sa US partikular ang sa Estado ng California
ang wikang Pilipino ay maririnig na ginagamit sa maraming panig ng estado. Nakakagulat
ngang isipin na ang resume at biodata sa dakong ito , kung nakasulat man sa wikang ingles
ay may katumbas na Pilipino sa ilalim. Nakakagulat din sa istatistika ng World Almanac
noong 2006 ang wikang Pilipino ay panglima sa mga lenggwaheng ginagamit sa United
States. Samakatwid malawak na ang lugar na nararating ng wikang ito.

Katulad ng ekonomiya, ang wika ay pinagsisikapan ding mapagyaman ng isang bansa dahil
ito ang pinaka kaluluwa nito. Nakatutulong ng malaki ang paggamit ng mother tongue sa
mga paaralan kung saan ang ating sariling wika ay ating pinag-aaralan. Ito ay makatutulong
upang mauanawaan ng mga mag-aaral ang kahalagahan ng sariling wika, ito ay madadala
nila hanggang sa kanilang pagtanda o kahit saan mang bansa sila dalhin ng kanilang
kapalaran. Patuloy nilang gagamitin ang ating wika, at ipagmamalaki kaninumang lahi.

Kaya’t sa isyu ng globalisasyon, madaling mamamayani ang wikang ito dahil madaling
maintindihan ang kahulugan dahil sa maraming wikang dayuhang nakahalo sa ating wika.

Higit sa lahat ang isipang global ng mga Pilipino na ngayon ay matatagpuan sa halos lahat
ng panig na pinanahanan sa buong mundo ang nagpadali na makilala sa mundo at maging
global ang wika. Kaya’t hindi kataka-taka na dumating ang araw na ang makasalamuha
nating dayuhan, Asyano, Amerikano, Europeo o anumang lahi, ang mga ito’y makausap
natin gamit ang wikang Pilipino.

http://deped-ne.net/?
page=news&action=details&opt=popup&REFECODE=AW12060002
 Ang Wikang Filipino, kaugnay ng Globalisasyon

Kasabay ng paglipas ng panahon, maraming mga pagbabago ang naganap hindi lamang sa
ating kapaligiran kundi maging sa ating wika. Malaki ang naging pag-unlad ng wika, simula
noong panahon ng mga katutubo, na kung saan tayo ay may alibata hanggang sa
kasalukuyan na kung saan nagkaroon ng bagong alpabeto. Itinuturing na malaki ang naging
ambag ng mga katutubo sa pag-unlad na tinatamasa ngayon ng wika.

Gamit ang mga makabagong teknolohiya, nagagawa ng wika na mas mapaglagom pa lalo
ang saklaw nito. Ang “internet”, ang nagbigay daan sa global na komunikasyon. Kahit na
malayo ang isang tao, nagagamit pa rin ang wika sa kanilang pakikipagtalastasan. Dulot ng
interaksyon na ito sa modernong kaparaanan, ay maraming salita ang nadagdag,
naimbento at nabago. Marami ring salita ang umuso at nakakuha pansin sa mga tao. Ang
henerasyon ngayon ang may malaking ginagampanan sa pagyaman at pagbabagong ito ng
wika. Ang kanilang mga malilikhaing isip ang nakagawa at nakaimbento ng mga ito. At sa
pamamagitan ng biyayang ito ng globalisasyon, pinanatili nitong buhay ang kaluluwa ng
ating Wikang Filipino sa puso’t isip ng bawat-isa. Hindi naging hadlang ang wikang banyaga
sa panahon ngayon bagkus ay nakatulong pa lalo upang maipakita ang pag-unlad nito.

Ayon sa 2001 Rebisyong ng Wikang Filipino at Patnubay sa Ispeling, dala ng mga bagong
dagdag na titik/letra C, F, J, Ñ , Q, V, X, Z. Ang mga ito ay nakatulong nang malaki sa
pagsasalin upang magkaroon ng sariling berso ang ating wika. Higit na mas napadali ang
paggamit ng wika sa pagbibigay interpretasyon ng iba’t ibang salita mula sa banyaga. Halos
lahat ng wika sa mga karatig bansa ay may katumbas na ring berso sa Filipino. Hindi naging
hadlang ang pagkakaiba-iba ng wika sa ating pakikiangkop sa agos ng globalisasyon dahil
ang rebisyong ito ang naging tulay sa ating pakikipagtalastasan sa iba.

Ang ating ekonomiya sa usaping komersyal at industriya ay higit na napaunlad rin dulot ng
wika. Nagkaroon ng pagkakaintindihan ang mga tao dala ng komunikasyon gamit ang
lingua franca na siyang nagbigay daan sa pagkakaisa. Mas naihatid nang madali at maayos
ang mensahe na may kinalaman sa transaksyon kahit nasa magkaibang lugar. Mas
napaganda rin ang paggamit ng wika sa panahong ito. Hindi naging mahirap sa mga tao na
makipagsabayan sa mga karatig bansa dahil na rin sa pagtaas ng ekonomiya sa tulong nang
matalinong paggamit ng wika.

Samakatuwid maraming salik ang naging ugnayan ng globalisasyon at ng ating wika. Ang
dalawang ito ay magkaagapay sa pag-unlad. Hindi naging masama ang panahong ito sa
pagpapalagom ng ating wika bagkus ay lalo pang naisakatuparan ang mithiin para sa wika.
Patuloy pa rin ang pagbabago at pag-unlad ng wika. Hindi ito mapipigilan o masisira man
ng panahon. Iba- iba man ng yugto, ay patuloy pa rin ang pagyabong nito. Ang modernong
panahong ito tungo sa bagong yugto ng globalisasyon ay malaki ang maitutulong sa wika.
Patuloy ang rebisa ng wika hanggang sa mas lalo pa itong mapaunlad. Marami pa rin ang
madadagdag, mababago at maiaambag sa ating wika ng mga susunod pang henerasyon.

https://dianamarieyolola.wordpress.com/2015/09/20/ang-wikang-filipino-
kaugnay-ng-globalisasyon/