MICROWAVE

NETWORK
ANALYSIS

Prepared By:
DR. Namrata V. Langhnoja
Assistant PRofessor (E. C.)
Government Engineering College, Rajkot
 Equivalent Voltages and
Current of Non – TEM line
• Waveguide is a hollow metallic
conductor.
• When it is excited, the signal
propagates through it.
• The electric field component which is
tangential to the surface of waveguide
(i.e conductor wall) is absorbed by
conductor.
• The component of electric field apart
from tangential will propagate through
it. Along its path of propagation it
strikes on wall of conductor.
 Equivalent Voltages and • The component of electric field
Currents for Non – TEM line apart from tangential will
propagate through it. Along its
path of propagation it strikes on
wall of conductor.
• This component of field when
strikes on the wall of conductor,
it gets reflected from it.
• Thus signal propagates through
waveguide in zigzag manner by
continuous reflection from wall of
the waveguide.
• Thus E – field and H – Field and
direction of propagation are not
perpendicular to each other.
Thus TEM mode does not
exists in waveguide.
 Equivalent Circuit Representation of
Non – TEM Microwave Transmission
line
• Consider a parallel wire transmission
line, having two parallel conductors
separated by dielectric material.
• Now our aim is to represent
transmission line by its equivalent
circuit.
 Equivalent Circuit
Representation of Non – TEM
Microwave Transmission line
• Let us follow the following steps:
• Since each conductor has of
transmission line has certain
dimensions such as its length
and its diameter, it will have
resistance and inductance.
• These two parallel wires are
very close to each other and
are separated by dielectric
material, we can represent it by
its capacitance.
• Leakage in the dielectric
material is represented by
parallel conductance.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION
OF NON – TEM MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION LINE
Network • Any system consists of
parameters for various passive and active
devices for signal
microwave circuit conditioning.
• Mostly electronic system
consists of source and load
connected to each other by
various signal conidtioning
devices such as amplifier,
filter, mixer and many
more. Thus electronic
systems are treated as two
port network.
Network Parameters for Microwave
Circuits
• To characterize the behavior of two port network, its transfer
function and impedance functions must be obtained.
• At low frequencies Z, Y, h or ABCD parameters are used to
characterize the network.
• The characterization of two port network using these
parameters includes either opening or short circuiting of any
one port.
Network Parameters for
Microwave Circuits : S - Parameters
• The low frequency circuits can be represented in two port
networks and characterized by their parameters i.e.
impedances, admittances, voltage gain, current gain, etc. All
these parameters relate total voltages and currents at the two
ports.
• But as operational frequency increases, it is very hard to find
correct voltage and current at any point, due to rapid fluctuation
of voltage and current.
 So at microwave frequency the logical variables used,
are travelling waves with associated powers, rather
than total voltages and total currents. These logical
variables are called as S- parameters.

So in microwave analysis, the power relationship

between the various ports of microwave junction is
defined in terms of parameters, called as S-
SCATTERING parameters or scattering parameters.
PARAMETERS
As the microwave junction is a multiport junction, the
power relationship between the various ports are
defined in terms of matrix form, and called as S-
matrix, which a square matrix giving all the power
combinations between the input port and output ports.
SCATTERING
PARAMETERS
• an is the amplitude of voltage wave
incident on port n
• bn is the amplitude of the reflected
voltage wave from port n.
SCATTERING
MATRIX
• The scattering matrix or [S]
matrix is defined in relation
to these incident and
reflected voltage waves as:
SCATTERING MATRIX
• The specific element of S-matrix is

• i.e. scattering coefficient due to input at ith port and output taken
from jth port.
 SCATTERING MATRIX:
Properties

Scattering matrix is always a square matrix of order of n x n

IDENTITY RPOPERTY: [S][S]* = [I]

SYMMETRY PROPERTY: SijSji

Sum of the products between any row and column with complex conjugate of any
other row or column is zero. Σni= 1 SijSik* = 0, for j ≠ k.

If any port moved away from the junction by a distance of βd, then coefficients of Sij
involving that particular port will be multiplied by the factor of e-jβd
 ADVANTAGES: S - PARAMETERS

At RF microwave
frequencies, S –
parameters provide a
Easy to measure.
complete
characterization of a
network.
 DISADVANTAGES: S - PARAMETERS

Measurement of S –
Parameters involves Also heavy reflections
use of open and short from open or short
impedances. Due to this impedances may
they are not useful for damage the device.
device characterization.
 Why TEM mode does not exist in Rectangular
Waveguide?

Which components are used in an equivalent

circuit of non – TEM line and where?

Which parameters are used to characterize

the two-port network?
Exercise: Which parameters are used to characterize
the network at low – frequencies?

Which parameters are used to characterize

the network at high – frequencies and why?

List down the properties of S – Parameters.