CIV5304:

Design of Structural Elements III

Engr Dr Nuruddeen Muhammad Musa

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 Column Design
Columns are structural members in buildings carrying roof and floor
loads to the foundations. Columns primarily carry axial loads, but most
columns are subjected to moment as well as axial load. The column
section is generally square or rectangular, but circular and polygonal
columns are used in special cases.
• Most columns are termed short columns and fail when the material
reaches its ultimate capacity under the applied loads and moments.
• Slender columns buckle and the additional moments caused by
deflection must be taken into account in design.

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 Column Design
The code classifies columns first as
1. short columns when the ratios lex/h and ley/b are
 both less than 15 for braced columns
 and less than 10 for unbraced columns and
2. slender columns when the ratios are larger than the values given above.
• b is the width of the column cross-section,
• h is the depth of the column cross-section,
• lex is the effective height in respect of the major axis and ley is the effective height in respect of
the minor axis.
le =βlo
lo is the clear distance between the column end restraints
Β is the coefficient which depends on the degree of end restraints as specified in BS8110
• While, The code states that a column may be considered to be braced in a given plane if lateral
stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or bracing designed to resist all lateral
forces in that plane. Otherwise the column should be considered as unbraced.

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 Column Design
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
The axial force in a column at the ultimate limit state may be calculated, in the
absence of any other rigorous analysis like shear from beam calculation, on
assumption that beams and slabs transmitting force into it are simply supported.
• When a short column, braced, carries approximately symmetrical arrangement of
beams, the design axial load may be calculated from:
N=0.35fcuAc+0.7Ascfy
And for rectangular column, allowing also for Asc in the cross-section
N=0.35fcubh+(0.7fy-0.35fcu) Asc
From which
Asc = N – 0.35fcubh/(0.7fy – 0.35fcu)
Should the above results in negative values, then minimum reinforcement of
0.4%bh is required. This however should not be less than 4-12mm diameter for
rectangular columns or 6-12 diameter for round columns.

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 Column Design
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
When due to the nature of the structure, a column cannot be subjected
to moments, it may be designed so that the design ultimate axial load
does not exceed the value of N given by
N=0.4fcuAc+0.8Ascfy
And for rectangular column,
Asc = N – 0.4fcubh/(0.8fy – 0.4fcu)

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 Column Design
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

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 Column Design
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

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 Column Design
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

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 Column Design
UNIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
These are columns subjected to axial ultimate loads and bending in one
direction (major or minor axis).
The design procedure is as follows:
1. Estimate the load on the column as in axially loaded column and choose
size.
2. Estimate the imposed moment on columns. When the value of moment
is small, that is, of such a magnitude that M/N is less than 0.05h then the
column is designed for a moment M=0.05Nh.
3. Check whether column is short or slender and calculate Madd if found
slender. Add Madd to the appropriate moment or moments.
4. Calculate N/bh and M/bh2
5. Use the charts in BS8110 to pick area of steel required.
6. Provide links as appropriate and detail your design.
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 Column Design
UNIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

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 Column Design
UNIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
Example
A column having section of 300 x 400mm is subjected to an ultimate axial load of 230 kN
and an ultimate moment of 244 kN m. Determine the reinforcement required. The
concrete is grade 30 and the reinforcement is grade 460. (d=350mm).
solution
d/h=350/400=0.875
Using the chart

Provide eight 25 diameter bars to give a total area of 3927 mm2.

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 Foundation Design
Foundations transfer loads from the building or individual columns to the earth. Types of
foundations are
1. isolated bases for individual columns
2. combined bases for several columns
3. rafts for whole buildings which may incorporate basements
All the above types of foundations may bear directly on the ground or be supported on piles.
Only isolated and combined bases are considered.
The type of foundation to be used depends on a number of factors such as
1. the soil properties and conditions
2. the type of structure and loading
3. the permissible amount of differential settlement
The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often necessary to
determine the most economical type to be used. The size of a foundation bearing directly on
the ground depends on the safe bearing pressure of the soil. Values for various soil types and
conditions are given in BS8004: Code of practice for foundations. In general laboratory tests on
soil samples should be carried out to determine soil properties for foundation design.

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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