Polytechnic University of The Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND Satellite CAMPUSES
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Course Title: The Life and Works of Rizal
Number of Units: 3 Units
Course Description: As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course covers the life and works of the
national hero, Jose Rizal. Among the topics covered are Rizal’s biography and
his writings, particularly the novels Noli Metangere and El Filibusterismo, some
of his essays, and various correspondence.
Course Outcome:
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life the context of 19th century Philippines

2. Analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novel Noli Metangere and El
Filibusterismo
3. Organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes
4. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources
5. Interpret the values that can be derived from studying Rizal’s life and works
6. Display an appreciation for education and love for the country
Course Outline:
Module 1. The Republic Act 1425

Module 2. The Philippines in the 19th Century as Rizal’s Context
Module 3. Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood, and Early Education
Module 4. Higher Education of Rizal and Life Abroad
Module 5. Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death
Module 6. Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
Module 7. Noli Me Tangere
Module 8. El Filibustetismo
Module 9. The Philippines: A Century Hence (Letter to the Women of Malolos/ The
Indolence of the Filipinos)
Module 10. Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism (Bayani and Kabayanihan)
Module 11. Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism-National Symbol
Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Prepared by: Jose M. Barlis, Jr., EdD
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Module 4: Higher Education of Rizal and Life Abroad
Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the principle of assimilation advocated by the Propaganda Movement

2. Appraise Rizal’s relationship with other Propagandists
3. Analyze Rizal’s growth as a Propagandist and disavowal of assimilation
Content Discussion:
Higher Education of Rizal
Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila

- Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
- Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila
which was established by the city government 1817.
- June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila.
- Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college registrar, who refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo
for two reason: a) he was late or registration b) he was sickly and undersized for his age.
- Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was
reluctantly admitted Ateneo.
- He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the Spanish authorities.
- Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster
named Titay who owed the family the amount of 300 pesos.
Jesuits System of Education

- It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious instructions.
- Students were divided into two groups:
- Roman Empire – consisting of internos (boarders); red banner.
- Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner.
- Intelligence distribution:
- Emperor – 1st
- Tribune – 2nd
- Decurion - 3rd
- Centurion – 4th
- Stand – 5th
- The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton
coat”. The coat material was called ravadillo.
First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)

- Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo who he described as “tall thin man, with a
body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, smell deep-

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sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell
toward the chin”.
- A Religious picture – a Rizal’s first prize for being brightest pupil in the whole class.
- To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon recesses.
He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons.
- At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba for summer vacation.
- When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second-year term in
Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was
an old widow name Doña Pepay.
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

- At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
- The Count of Monte Cristo – (Alexander Dumas) – the first favorite novel of Rizal which made
a deep impression on him.
- Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical
work that was a great aid in his studies.
- Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines 1859-1860 who
wrote Travels in the Philippines. He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor’s keen
observation of the defects of Spanish colonization, and, 2) his prophecy that someday Spain
would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer.
Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874- 1876)

- Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but he won only one medal – Latin.
- At the end of the school year, Rizal’s returned to Calamba for the vacation. He himself was not
impressed by his scholastic work.
- June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo.
- Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors
who inspired him to study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit professor as
“model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils”.
- Rizal’s topped all his classmates in all subjects and on five medals at the end of the school
term.
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)

- Rizal’s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the excelled in all subjects. The
most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
- March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old, received from his Alma
Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honour.
- Marian Congregation – a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later
became the secretary.
- Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez.
- Father Jose Vilaclara – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse and pay more attention
to more practical studies.
- Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture under
omualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor.

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- Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
- Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal’s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an
image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Poems in Ateneo
- It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it also she who
first encourage him to write poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to take
full of his God-given gift in poetry.
- Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal probably wrote during days in
Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote he was 14 years old.
- 1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
1. Felicitacion
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
3. Y Es Español:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief ode.
Poems in Ateneo 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war)

- Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – honor for his hometown Calamba.
- Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion
and Good Education) – shows the importance of religion and education.
- Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light) –
education plays in the progress and welfare a nation.
- El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and capture of
Boabdil, the last Sultan of Granada.
- La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic
Monarchs into Granada) – victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to
Granada. 6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace.
Poems in Ateneo 1877

- El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – poem praises Columbus.
- Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – relates how King John II of Spain missed fame and
riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.
- Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a legend relates to
the tragic life of Columbus.
- Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) –
farewell to his classmates in Ateneo.
- A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – another religious poem which doesn’t have exact
date when it was written.
Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

- After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred
to the medical course.

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- April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his father like
it, 2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”.
- Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him his student’s days in that
college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately, he was in Mindanao.
- During Rizal’s first school term in the UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the
vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor).
- Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography. He passed all the subject but the title was no issued to him
because he was only 17 years- old, underage. The title was issued to him on November 25,
1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying course.
- Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men and
artists held a literary contest in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the Spanish
Literature in Ateneo.
- While at UST, he fell in love with three women. During his first year, he fell in love with a
woman simply called “Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive eyes. The
romance dead a natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda
Katigbak was still fresh to in his memory a and, (2) Rizal’s father did not like the family of
Miss L.
- During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal
sent her love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped visiting her.
- During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor
was a pretty girl and a student of La Concordia College. Both Rizal and Leonor were engaged,
he used the sign name ―Taimis‖ to cover their relationship from their parents.
- Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very
good, 8 good, and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in UST College of
Medicine were not as impressive as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the
hostility of the Dominican professors. Accordingly, laboratory equipment's are just for display
and racial discrimination against the Filipino students.
- A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at 18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem of
flawless form. This poem won as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great
poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities, 2) expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not
the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board of Judges, composed of
Spaniards was impressed by Rizal’s poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of
a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
- A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this
sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring the Ateneo Patroness.
- Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had
been so kind and helpful to him.
- Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado
home, whom Rizal was infatuated.
- Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in UST
1880.

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- Galicano Apacible – Rizal’s cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society.
Unhappy Days in UST

- Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at
this Dominican institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican professors were
hostile to him 2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the
method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
- In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and
insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was,
especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in
Physics).
Life Abroad of Rizal

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Rizal’s Departure for Spain (1882)

- After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST, Rizal decided to complete his studies in
Spain. - Aside from his studies in Spain, Rizal has his ―secret mission‖ a). To observe keenly
the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and the government
laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
- Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a farewell letter to his parents and sweetheart
Leonor Rivera which was delivered to them – after he sailed away.
- May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal departed for Spain using Jose Mercado,
on his travel documents. His main reason in leaving the Philippines was to transfer at the
Universidad Central De Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine course.
- May 8, 1882 – they have two-day stopover in Singapore. He reached the island considered by
him as ―Talim Isand with the Susong Dalaga‖. The following day, May 9, Rizal registered at
Hotel de la Paz and spent two-day sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the Botanical
Garden, the Famous Buddhist Temple and the founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford
Raffles.
- May 11, 1882 – he was board on the steamer Djemnah, a French steamer, much larger and
cleaner than the Salvadora. On board the vessel were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards,
Malays, Siamese and Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the board.
- May 17,1882 – he arrived at the Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is
lovely, quiet and sad at the sometime according to him.
- May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart, elegant than
Singapore, Point Galle and Manila.
- May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he
reached the Cape of Guardafin, Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but famous. Then,
he reached Aden, according to him it was a city hotter than in Manila –for the first time he
saw camels.
- June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to travel Suez. He disembarked for
sightseeing and he was fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants speaking a babel of
tongues – Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and Spanish.
- June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal was
fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of the city.
The city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and panoramic beauty.
- June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbour of Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to
visit the famous Chateau d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of Monte Cristo was
jailed. He stayed at Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel Noailles for 3 days.

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- June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles by on its last trip Spain. The steamer reached
Pyrenees and stopped for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the indifference accorded
to tourists in comparison to the courtesy accorded by the French immigration officers.
- June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip for the last lap by train for Spain and
finally reaching his destination – Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de España and in
Sitges Street with Tomas Cabangis and boarded a house in San Severo Street. He visited
Ronda de la Universidad of Barcelona – ugly, dirty little inns, inhospitable people – because
he happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy inn. Later, he changed his mind and came to
like the city – as a great city with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and the people
were open- hearted, hospitable and courageous. He enjoyed promenading along Las Rambles,
the famous Barcelona Street.
Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)

- Rizal was welcome by the Filipinos by the in Barcelona, some of who were his classmates in
Ateneo. They gave him a party at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina. They exchanged
toast and they Rizal of the attractions and customs of the people in Barcelona. Rizal, in turn,
gave news and gossips in the Philippines. While in Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1.
the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter of
Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due to the
absence of a loved one.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)

- On November 3, 1882 – upon the advice of Paciano to Rizal to finish the medical course in
Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid. - He enrolled in the
Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. - In Madrid, he
lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883.
- On October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la Vega
Street.
- He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, took
tutoring lessons in French, German and English and practiced fencing and sharpshooting in the
Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
- Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his money wisely. Although he used to buy ticket in
every draw of the Madrid Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling, wine and women.
Rizal spent his leisure time by reading books, fencing, and shooting.
- He also visited his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno brothers. He also fraternized with
other students at the Antigua Café d Cevantes. Every Saturday evenings he visited the home of
Don Pablo Ortega y Rey.
- During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times occurred in Calamba such as harvest of
rice and sugarcane failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the hacienda
cultivated by the Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal’s pony to send him money.
- June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine with a rating of “Fair” by the
Universidad Central de Madrid after completing 5th and 6th year term.
- Legal Medicine (excellent)
- Obstetrical Clinic (fair)

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- Other subjects (good and very good)

- 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In his three
subjects he got “fair” in History of Medical Science, “good” in Surgical Analysis and
“excellent” in Normal Histology. However, he didn‘t conferred Doctor of Medicine because of
the failure to present a thesis required for graduation and pay for the corresponding fee.
- Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, the became a full-fledged physician and
qualified to practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the post-degree of Degree of
Medicine because such a degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he knew that no friar-
owned university in the Philippines would accept him for a position because of his brown
complexion.
- June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With empty stomach, he attended his classes at the
University, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal.
- November 20, 1884 – student demonstrations started to explode at the Universidad Central de
Madrid due to the expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr. Morayta was also
excommunicated by the Catholic church because of his liberal idealism. All the professor
fought for his side was forced to resign from the university.
- June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal received his degree on Licentiate in Philosophy
and Letters (sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a professor of humanities in any
Spanish University.
- June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in an banquet to celebrate the double victory of two
artists; Juan Luna (Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and Felix Hidalgo (Virgenes
Christianas Expuestas el Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
Madrid. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their artistic achievements.
- October 1885 – Rizal decided to went to Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his way to
Paris. He visited his friend MaximoViola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also
befriended Eusebio Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publisidad.
Life in Paris, France (1885-1886)
- November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris and lived there for 4 mos., where he worked as assistant
to Dr. Louis de Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He rapidly improved his
knowledge of ophthalmology. Outside of his working hours, he relaxed by visiting his friends.
He also went to Luna’s studio. He helped Luna by posing as a model in several artworks. Rizal
posed as Egyptian priest in Luna’s canvass ―The Death of Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna in ―The
Blood Compact‖.
- After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany.
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)

- He lived for a short time in with a German law student in a boarding house but later on, he
transferred to a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He became a member of the
Chess Player’s Club. He became a popular friend to the German so that the German students
joined him in beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games.
- He worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He also
attended the lectures of Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. During

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weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic
Neckar River, and old church).
- He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good friend of
Dr. Karl Ullmer (Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to
Heidelberg carrying with him the memories of the Ullmer friendship and hospitality. - July 3,
1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian
ethnologist)- he became the best friend of Rizal.
- August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg.
- August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train, visited other cities of Germany and
arrived at Leipzig. -
Tour in Germany (1886)

- August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He attended some lectures at the University of
Leipzig in history and psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr. Hans
Meyer anthropologist.
- He translated Scheler’s “William Tell” and Hans Christian Anderson “Fairy Tale” in
Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for two and half months.
- October 29, 1886 – he arrived as Dresden, Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of
the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed two days in this city.
Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)

- November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for
the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous personalities Dr.
Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and Dr. Ernest Schweigger.
- He also worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and
Dr. Meyer he became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and
Geographical Society.
- He was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of racial race.
He lived in Berlin in a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the University of Berlin.
- He took private lessons under French professor Madame Lucie Cerdale. He observed keenly
the customs, dresses, homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of the things
he saw.
- During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat broke. Because was unable to pay
his landlord and because he didn’t had a money arrived from Calamba, he pawned the diamond
ring that was given to him by his sister Saturnina. He had to eat only one meal a day, and a
daily meal consisted of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup. He washed his clothes
because he could not afford to pay the laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the necessary
funds, Rizal‘s health broke down. He began to cough and feared that he was going to be sick
with tuberculosis.
- After several months, Rizal received Paciano‘s remittance of P1000, which was forwarded by
Juan Luna form Paris. Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted to Rizal for the printing
of Noli Me Tangere.
- He went to Berlin for the following reasons:
1.To increase his knowledge in ophthalmology

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2.To broaden his studies of sciences and languages

3.To observe political and economic conditions of Germany
4.To associate with famous German scientist and scholars
5.To publish his novel
Grand Tour in Europe

- May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer.
While strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to
meet Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert
Klutschak.
- May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried
recommendation letters of Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in
the University of Prague.
- May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting
scenic places like churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings,
and religious images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
- May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river.
The river voyage ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there
Munich. In Munich, they had a short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in
Germany).
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their impressed by the
manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm
particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola
felt dizzy and tried.
- All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and
they cross to the lake of Geneva.
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news
from his friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887
Madrid Exposition, some of the natives died.
- June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow- out with a sumptuous meal.
He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola
returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued his tour to Italy.
- June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
- June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings.
- June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the
magnificent edifice like St. Peter’s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter’s

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Square, and the colorful Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the
Philippines.
Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)
Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming

 As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
 Financial difficulties in Calamba
 Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
 Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home.
 His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocent.
Decision to return home

 After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
 However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli
Me Tangere angered the friars:
- Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser and only brother.
- Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in law; husband of Olimpia.
- Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one of Rizal’s closest friends.
 Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
- To operate his mother’s eyes – To serve his people who had long been oppressed by
Spanish tyrants.
- To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were
affecting Filipinos and Spaniards.
- To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
Rizal arrives in Manila

 Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer
that brought him to Europe five years ago.
 There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen,
and 1 Filipino (Rizal)
 When the ship reached Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal’s book got wet.
 In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought
him to Manila.
Happy Homecoming
 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a:
- German spy
- An agent of Otto Von Bismarck
- the liberator of Germany.
- A Protestant
- A Mason
- A soul halfway to damnation

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 Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any enemy
assault.
 Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone
In Calamba
 Rizal established a medical clinic.
 Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
 Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her
cataracts were not yet ripe.
 He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.
 He translated German poems of Von Wildernath in Tagalog.
 Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name because he came from Germany.
- He earned P900 in a few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines.
 Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the young people
 He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from
cockfighting and gambling.
Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba

 Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go
because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in- law.
 Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth.
Rizal visited the Jesuits

 Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel.
 He was gladly welcomed by the following friars:
- Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
- Fr. Jose Bech
- Fr. Federico Faura – told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and
warned him that he may lose his head because of it.
 Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s
life was in jeopardy because the friars were powerful.
- Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.
Agrarian Problem in Calamba

 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government
investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present
in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations.
 One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order
since 1883.

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 Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal
to gather facts and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain
agrarian reforms.
Findings submitted by Rizal

 The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba,
but the whole town of Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary
increase of he rentals paid by the tenants.
 The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town
fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands
for flimsy reasons • High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for
delayed payment of rentals • When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda
management confiscated the work animals, tools, and farm implements of the tenants.
Friars Reaction
 Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars.
 The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal.
 They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of
charges against Rizal in court.
 Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his
bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country.
Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines

 His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
 He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater
efficacy by writing in foreign countries.
Himno Al Trabajo
 A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a
poem in commemoration of the town’s cityhood.
 Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of the poem dedicated to the industrious
people of Lipa.
Farewell Philippines
 On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.
 But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends.
Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)

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 February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to
leave his country for a second time. Rizal left Manila for Hongkong on board the
Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave Calamba.
 February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the ship
he was not feeling well and that the city was dirty.
 February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong. He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly,
it was a small but very clean city. He was welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose
Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in
Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle and timid. He observed the noisy
celebration of the Chinese New Year due to the continuous explosions of firecrackers,
the noisy audience and music in a Chinese theatre.
 February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer,
Ku-Kiang. The city was small,low and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but
few steamers. The city looked sad and dead. They stayed at the house of Don Juan
Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the theatre, casino, cathedral, churches, pagodas,
botanical gardens and bazaars.
 February 20, 1888 – after their two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to
Hongkong on board again on the steamer Ku-Kiang.
 February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong
for almost two weeks. While in Hongkong, Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
Japan
 February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the Oceanic, American
steamer to Japan his next destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and
efficiently managed but did not like the meals on board. Other passengers of the ship
were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British and an American woman Protestant
missionary. His cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who lived in China for
27 years.
 February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the Grand
Hotel.
 February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he
stayed for 6 days. Japan was to him the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its
natural beauty and the charming manners of the Japanese people.
 He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish legation. He wrote a letter
to Ferdinand Blumentritt, sharing his observation in Japan.
 During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he didn’t know
the Japanese language. To avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the
Japanese language and a few days, he was able to speak the language.
 He also studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art galleries and shrines, and
villages. He was impressed by the beauty of Tokyo, but he was not impressed with the
mode of transportation because the rickshaws were drawn by men, which made Rizal
disgusted because human were working like horses.

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 He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as they
visited interesting spots of the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library,
the city parks and picturesque shrines. She served as his guide, interpreter and tutor.
 April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer bound for the United
States. He left Japan very sad because he would never see again the beautiful land and
his beloved O-Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days was one of the happiest
interludes in Rizal’s life.
 On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese newspaperman
who was jailed in his country for his articles and principles and was exiled. The ship
carried 643 Chinese people and other nationalities.
Across the Atlantic

 USA
 April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of
April 28. All passengers were not allowed to land because the ship was placed on a
quarantine on the ground that it came form the Far East where cholera epidemic was
alleged to be raging.
 He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine was prompted by politics. •
After a week of quarantine, all first-class passengers, including Rizal were permitted to
land but the Chinese and Japanese passengers of the second and third class
accommodations was remained on board.
 May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and other passengers were permitted to land.
Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel.
 May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took
his supper at Sacramento for 75 cents and slept in his coach.
 May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the continent. • Reno, Nevada
(May 7); Utah, Ogden, Denver (May 8); • Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10); •
Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12); • Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City.
 May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as “The
Big Town”. He visited the memorial George Washington, and other scenic and historic
places.
 May 16, 1888 – he left New York for Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He also
visited the Colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island. Rizal’s Impressions of America
1. Progressive nation 2. People were energetic and hard-working 3. Better opportunities
for immigrants 4. Racial prejudice 5. Freedom and democracy were only in words, not
practiced 6. No true liberty
 London, England
 May 25, 1888 – he went to London and stayed there for a short time as a guest at the
home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (lawyer).
 He boarded at Becket family, and being close to Gertrude Becket.
 He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. Rost
son.

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 He also spent much of his time in the British Museum annotating Morga’s book,
Sucesos de los Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands).
 For 10 months, he was deeply immersed in his historical studies in London.
 He received news:
- Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition addressed to the
Queen Regent of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines.
- Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and
Wenceslao Retana.
- Persecution of the Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to
petition the government for agrarian.
 Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process.
 Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend – Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli found in his
house.
 September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited his Juan Luna and his wife
Paz Pardo de Tavera with their son Andres.
 December 11, 1888 – he went again to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He
went to visit his compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They
exchanged ideas and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
 December 24, 1888 – he returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year with
the Becket family.
 December 31, 1888 – the Associacion de La Solidaridad was inaugurated, Rizal served
as the Honorary President; Galicano Apacible (President); Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP);
Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer); Jose Ma. Panganiban
(Accountant).
 January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to establish the
“Inauguration Association of the Filipinologist” and have its inauguration in the French
capital. Blumentritt gladly supported him.
 January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter addressed to the members of the Associacion de La
Solidaridad recognizing his position as Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed
that the individual should give way to the welfare of society and he should not expect
rewards/honors for what he does.
 February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Mariano Ponce was founded
newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in Barcelona – the official organ of the Propaganda
Movement.
Collaboration with Other Heroes
ANTONIO LUNA
- He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo (1881), afterwards he studied literature, chemistry, and
pharmacy at the UST. He also obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and
doctorate (at Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.
- He collaborated with other Filipino expatriates like Rizal in working for the Propaganda
Movement. Writing for La Solidaridad, he once contributed the article “Impressions” which

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discussed Spanish unique traditions and customs under the penname “Taga-ilog”. He also
managed the paper La Independencia. - Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords and military
ability.
- Rizal challenged him for a duel for the chance to court Nellie Boustead, eventually Luna
surrendered and Rizal formally courted Boustead.
- He turned down the invitation of the Katipunan, believing that reform was better than
revolution. But when the Spanish authorities had known about the Katipunan and its plans, the
Luna brothers were arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for supposed involvement in the
society.
- He studied various aspects of military science like guerrilla warfare, management, and field
fortifications. Eventually, he joined Aguinaldo’s cause in the Philippine-American war.
Assigned by Aguinaldo as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, Luna founded
the country’s first military academy, formed professional guerrilla soldiers which was later
known as the “Luna sharpshooters”, and designed the three-tier defense (Luna Defense Line)
which gave the opponents a hard campaign in Central Luzon.
- He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino captain Pedro Janolino and other elements of the
Kawit troop.
MARIANO PONCE
- The overpowering feeling of patriotism got the better of Ponce that he quit his studies to
join the Filipino Movement in Spain. He co- founded the “La Solidaridad”, served as
secretary of the Propaganda Movement, and became head of the Literary Section of the
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.
- He used various aliases like Naning Kalipulako and “Tigbalang”. Through his writings, he
disclosed the sad condition of Filipinos under Spanish government, attacked the rulers‘
abuses, and fought for reforms and equality.
- In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce to represent the newly- founded First Philippine
Republic and commissioned him to design a framework of the revolutionary government.
Assigned later as a representative of the First Republic to Japan, Ponce went to Japan to
seek aid.
- In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and became a close friend of Sun Yat-Sen, the founder
and First President of the Chinese Republic. Through Dr. Sun‘s assistance, Ponce had
procured weapons for the Philippine revolution, though the shipment failed to reach the
Philippines because of a typhoon off the coast of Formosa.
- In 1917, he published his “Ang Wika at Lahi”, a discussion on the significance of a having
a national language. He was most likely influenced by Rizal’s interest in having a distinct
Filipino language. In Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he informed Ponce, “The new Tagalog
orthography” (a system of spelling) that we are using is perfectly in accord with the ancient
writing and with the Sanskrit origin of many Tagalog words as I have found out through
my research in the British Museum.
- He died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong on May 23, 1918.
GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA

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- At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a satire, “Fray Botod (Big Bellied Friar)” which
revealed the friars greed, immorality, cruelty, and false piety. This incensed the Spanish clergy
and authorities but they could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its author. He got into deep
trouble, however, when he refused to testify that some prisoners died of natural causes for he
knew that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. When threats were made on his
life, he left for Spain in 1880.
- He took medical courses at the University of Valencia. His thirst for reforms nonetheless took
him away from medical studies into writing for patriotic cause and establishing the genesis of
the Propaganda Movement two years ahead of Rizal and nine years before Marcelo Del Pilar.
Rizal once reproved Graciano for not finishing his medical studies
- He became known as a great orator in socio-political clubs and thus became a member of the
Progressive Republican Party. Deputized by the party to go on speaking engagements, Jaena
became popular for his fiery and eloquent speeches espousing liberal ideas. - With a round of
drinks, he would artistically craft very impressive patriotic articles.
- Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club in Paris, France, through a mail, saying the
appreciation of them to him.
- He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39 (January 20, 1896).
JOSE ALEJANDRINO
- He came from a rich family which was originally from Arayat, Pampanga. pursued further
studies in Spain and in Belgium where he had outstanding academic performance. Eventually,
he finished his degree in chemical engineering in July 1895.
- Alejandrino joined the Propaganda Movement and served as an editorial staff of La
Solidaridad. He supported Rizal in the Pilaristas- Rizalistas rivalry.
- Being Rizal’s roommate in Belgium, Alejandrino was the one who canvassed printing press for
El Fili. For his assistance, Rizal gave him the El Fili’s corrected proofs and the pen used in
doing the corrections. Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were either lost or destroyed during
the revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might have
been the first person to read the novel aside from the author.
- Philippine Revolution - he served as an engineer and general in the revolutionary army under
Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to Hong Kong to procure guns, ammunitions, and dynamites which
would be used in the Filipino revolutionary movement.
- Filipino – American War – he led the construction of trenches in areas like Caloocan and
Bulacan. He later served as acting secretary of war, appointed as Central Luzon’s commanding
general of the military operations, and assigned as Pampanga‘s military governor .
- At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1, 1951, some 55 years after his former roommate’s
martyrdom.
EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
- He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz, Manila and he had to work hard to have an
education. To get further education in Europe, he worked first as a cattle dealer, tobacco
merchant, teacher, and later a contractor of public works.
- Rizal counselled him to take engineering in Belgium. Upon the suggestion proved fruitful as
Evangelista finished civil engineering and architecture with highest honors. Some European

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companies offered him rewarding positions but he turned them down for wanting to serve his
country instead.
- He was asked to draft a constitution by the Magdalo and Magdiwang—two rival factions in the
Katipunan on which he remained neutral. His composed constitution was accepted at the Imus
Assembly on December 31, 1896.
- He was described as either brave or just relaxed and stoic. He would draw trenches on the
ground even while the Spanish forces were firing bombs at them. When a shell dropped near
him one time, he did not bother to wince or run away, instead he simply brushed the dirt off his
clothes and proceeded drawing.
- He nonetheless “ran out of luck” when he was soon killed during the Battle of Zapote Bridge
on February 17, 1897. His military post was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the hero who could
have been listed as the second Philippine President for taking over the revolutionary
government after Aguinaldo’s arrest in 1901.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
- He joined Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, being one of the 20 attendees in the meeting administered
by Rizal at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892.
- He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, when Rizal was to be deported to Dapitan.
Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they elected him as honorary president and the
Katipuneros used his name as one of their passwords.
- Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of letter ‘c’ for the name of the society, Bonifacio
preferred the Tagalog spelling of ‘k’, as suggested by Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad article
as a way of promoting nationalism.
- He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in the society. the Katipunan created its organ,
Kalayaan (Freedom) in which Bonifacio wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa (Love for One´s Homeland) under the penname Agapito Bagumbayan.
- Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo Masangkay had entered the pier where Rizal’s
ship was docked. Jacinto personally met with Rizal but the physician refused the suggestion to
escape and join Katipunan’s imminent uprising.
- He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi Ultimo Adios entitled Pahimakas.
- He was first married to Monica who died of leprosy; then in 1893 to Gregoria de Jesus of
Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one son named Andres (Junior) who died of smallpox at
young age.
Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar

COLLABORATION:
- He fought against clerical abuses, like the unfair collection of tax for the Church‘s financial
gain, and once worked for the establishment of a school for Filipinos.
- He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Ponce saying that Rizal was impressed to his work as
Plaridel. One of his great work was the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and Teasing
game) - a mock-prayer book and satire on the friars’ greediness, presence, and extravagance.
- He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian trouble in Calamba, when he was trying to seek
justice for his family.
RIVALRY:

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- Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar became the owner of La Solidaridad and had
taken the place of Jaena as editor- in-chief. His political views was different to Rizal. Jose
Rizal and his close friends objected to the periodical’s editorial policy which was occasionally
contrary to his political views.
- To solve the issue, the Filipino community in Madrid, decided to have an election for the
Responsible – a leader. The faction divided into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
- Jose Rizal won the election because of the vote of Mariano Ponce, however, he declined the
position and decided to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid. Rizal also stopped his
contribution to La Solidaridad.
- Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his reasons for stopping to write for La Solidaridad:
- I need time to work on my book
- I wanted other Filipinos to work also
- I considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work
- He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896 (46yo.) Del Pilar had seven children by his wife
Marciana, but only two of whom (Sofia and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building that houses
the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Graduate School was named after Marcelo H. Del
Pilar.
Connection to Aguinaldo
- Three days after the execution of Rizal, his common-law wife immediately joined the
Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially hesitant to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
nonetheless even provided Josephine with lessons in shooting and horseback riding. Bracken
helped Aguinaldo’s group in taking care of the sick and wounded.
- Two years after Rizal’s martyrdom, Aguinaldo as head of the Philippine Revolutionary
Government issued a decree proclaiming December 30 of every year a national day of
mourning in honor of Jose Rizal.
- He died because of coronary thrombosis at age 94.
Assessment 4:
1. With regards to your unforgettable experience/s, during your school years, describe that
experience/s to you as an individual. Had the experience/s brought out the best in you in
collaborating with other people?
2. Among the countries visited by Rizal, which of these countries had significant effect to Rizal?
Write a short reflection.
3. Which do you think has more influence in an individual’s adult life, the nature or the nurture?
Defend your answer.
4. Do you think Rizal has a very good relationship with other propagandists or he just used them
achieve his goals? Defend your answer.

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Module 5: Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death
Learning Outcomes:
1. Analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution
2. Analyze the effects of Rizal’s execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine
Revolution
Content discussion
Rizal the Student Activist

- Miguel De Morayta – Rizal’s favorite teacher.
- Nicanor Reyes- founder of FEU.
Paris to Berlin
 Rizal enhance his skills in medicine.
Six months’ Sojourn in the Philippines
- Plans to go back in the Philippines to rind out for himself how the Noli was affecting his
compatriots & Spaniards.
- To operate on his mother’s eyes.
- A special committee was created by the religious authorities to review the Noli Me Tangere.
- Rizal received threats
 Governor Emilio Ferrero provided him a personal body guard.
 He got involved also in the Calamba Agrarian Affai
 Jose T. de Andrade- Rizal’s bodyguard
As an Active Propagandist
- While annotating Succesos de las Islas Filipinas. He wrote the sequel to the Noli offered
financial-Valenteen.
- September 18, 1891- published El Filibusterismo
Rizal’s Exile to Dapitan
- June 26, 1892
 Arrived in the Philippines despite the advice of his family
- July 6, 1892
 Summoned to Malacañang Palace.
Jose Rizal was charged of the following:
- Bringing w/him from HK probes frailes.
- Dedicating the El Filibusterismo in memory of GomBurZa.
- Advocating separatist ideas
- Undermining Spanish authorities.
- Uprooting from loyal Filipinos their Faith
July 14, 1892
- Jose Rizal was escorted for exile to Dapitan.
Jose Rizal in Dapitan
- As a Farmer
 Purchased 16 hectares of agricultural land

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 Built a house, school and medical clinic.

 Helped by his pupils in planting various crops/ plants
 Introduced modern farm methods used in Europe
 Imported several agricultural equipment from the U.S
- As a Business Man
 Engaged in copra and abaca trading together w/ Ramon Carreon.
 Also engaged in Fishing Business
 Requested the assistance of Manuel Hidalgo
 Most Profitable Business > Abaca Trading
 Established Farmer’s Cooperative Association (FCA)
 To curb Chinese control of business in locality.
- As an Engineer
 Provided the town with a water system
 Directed a mountain stream kl away to supply water the town.
 Planned new street layouts
 w/c provided lighting system
 made a relief map of Mindanao in the main plaza of Dapitan
 Drained marshes.
- As a Scientist and Inventor
 Built a collection of shells
 Discovered rare specimens
 Explored Dapitan and sent Ateneo Museum and Dresden Various
 Specimen
- As a Pharmacologist
 Researched the medical values of plants
 Studied the tuber “Nami”
- As a Botanist
 Established a herbarium
 Invented a brick-making machine
 Introduced a hemp-stripping machine
- Species named after Rizal
 Draco Rizali – Flying Lizard
 Rachophorous Rizali – Frog
 Apogonia Rizali- Beetle
- As a Doctor
 Practiced Ophthalmology
 Performed second operation on his
mother’s eye.
 Payment for his Service
 Rich - proportionate to their capacity to pay
 Poor – free medical services
 His fame as eye doctor spread far even from distant Hong Kong

BATAAN BRANCH
 George Taufer came for treatment accompanied by Josephine Bracken

 Built small lodging houses
 “Casitas de Salud”
- As a Teacher
 Built a School
 Taught academic and vocational training
 Integrated learning toward home and community development
 Charged NO tuition fee.
 Academic Training
 Taught 3R’S – reading, ‘riting and rithmetic
 Geometry, Geography, History, Languages
 Physical components of his curriculum
 Boxing, swimming, wrestling and arnis
Rizal and the Katipunan

 June 21, 1896
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Jose Rizal in Dapitan
 Jose Rizal disapproved the plan of the Katipunan to rescue him from exile
 He promised not to escape from Dapitan.
 He has a pending application to be a volunteer doctor for Spanish troops fighting in
the Cuban Revolution.
The End of His Exile

 July 30, 1896
 Governor General Ramon Blanco approved his petition to go to Cuba.
 July 31 – to Manila
 September 3- off to Barcelona
 September 30- Nearing Malta
 October 6 – arrived in Barcelona then off to Manila
 November 3- arrived in Manila
Trial and Execution of Jose Rizal

 Charges against Jose Rizal
 Founding illegal association
 Promoting and inducing rebellion.
 Luis Taviel de Andrade
 Defended Jose Rizal in the Military Court
 Captain Francisco de Olive
 Gathered evidences of guilt against Jose Rizal
 Colonel Rafael Dominguez
 Conducted the preliminary investigation
 Jose Rizal was subjected to continuous interrogation for two days
WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF HIS COUNSEL.

BATAAN BRANCH
 Participation in various political activities

 Membership in Masonic lodges
 Appointment as honorary President of the Katipunan
 Pio Valenzuela’s meeting with him at Dapitan
 Implicating of arrested Katipuneros implicating him.
 Paciano (brother of Jose Rizal)
 Tortured almost to dead
 Brought home in stretcher, paralyzed and speechless
 Rafael Dominguez
 Despite inconclusive evidences, recommended speedy trial
 Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela Peña
 Approved a trial by a military court.
Trial Proper
 Lieutenant Enrique de Alcocer
 Opened with the description of the bloody revolutions in the Philippines and Cuba.
 Showed that Rizal’s writings were designed to incite anti-friar, anti-Spanish and
separatist sentiments
 Exposed Rizal as the “soul of the rebellion, a dedicated agitator of the native masses.”
 Directed the supreme council of the Katipunan
 Ask for the death penalty be imposed on Rizal.
 Luis Taviel de Andrade
 Incidences and circumstances against Rizal
 Occurred several years before the revolution broke out.
 Cited some technicalities of the Law.
 Rizal’s guilt had not been proven by reliable witness, nor by expert testimony or
documentary or official evidences.
 On the charges of founding illegal association
 The constitution of the Liga did not specify any illegal objective
 The Liga was short-lived.
Jose Rizal
 “I had nothing to do whatsoever with political affairs from July 6, 1892- June 1, 1896.”
 Valenzuela’s meeting in dapitan
 Argued:
 If he had known, the date and time of Revolution he would have avoided arrest.
 Disapproved the prosecutor’s allegation that he was the leader of the revolutionists.
 “What kind of chief is he whose followers say ‘yes’ and he says ‘no’.?” – J.Rizal
 December 28,1896
 Gov. General Camilo Polavieja
 Signed and affirm the death warrant
 December 29, 1896
 Rizal was notified of the decision of the court.

BATAAN BRANCH
 Verdict – death by musketry (firing squad)

 At first, he refused to sign the death warrant
The Last Day (Before the Execution)

 Received a letter of execution: members of the family, priests, a newspaper man and his
defense counsel
 Jose Rizal wrote a letter to his brother Paciano.
 His mother arrived at 4 o’clock pm.
 One by one his family members came
 Narcisa- received a reclining wicker chair and pen from J.Rizal
 Angelica- received a handkerchief from J.Rizal.
 Mauricio- received a watch and belt from J.Rizal.
 Trinidad- received an alcohol burner from J.Rizal.
 Wrote a letter to his family
 Asking for forgiveness
 Giving thanks to God
 Asking them to love one another specially their parents
 How he will be buried and what to put on his tomb
 Take care of Josephine Bracken (Josephine live with the family of Jose Rizal after his
death but after a year went back to Hong Kong)
The Execution (Last Hours of Rizal)
DECEMBER 29, 1896
 6:00am
- Captain Rafael Dominguez, who was designated by Governor General Camilo
Polavieja to take charge of all arrangements for the execution of the condemned
prisoner, read the death sentence to Rizal—to be s December 15, 1896 shot at the back
by a firing squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan (Luneta)
 •7:00am
- Rizal was moved to the prison chapel, where he spent his last moments. His first
visitors were Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector of Ateneo Municipal), and Father
Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher
 7:15am
- Rizal, in a jovial mood, reminded Fr. Viza of the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
which he had carved with his pen knife as an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the statuette
from his pocket and gave it to Rizal. The hero happily received it and placed it on his
writing table
 8:00am

BATAAN BRANCH
- Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited him to join him at
breakfats, which he did. After breakfast, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade (Rizal’s defense
counsel) came, and Rizal thanked him for his gallant services
 9:00am
- Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he said that (Rizal) would someday
lose his head for writing the Noli. “Father”, Rizal remarked, “You are indeed a
prophet.”
 10:00am
- Father Jose Vilaclara (Rizal’s teachet at the Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit
missionary in Dapitan who had befriended Rizal during the latter’s exile) visited the
hero. After them came Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix, who interviewed Rizal for
his newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid
 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm
- Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took lunch after which he was busy writing. It was
probably during this time when he finished his farewell poem and hid it inside his
alcohol cooking stove which was given to him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera (wife of
Juan Luna) during his visit to Paris in 1890. at the same time, he wrote his last letter to
Professor Blumentritt in German
 3:30pm
- Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed with Rizal about his retraction
of the anti-Catholic ideas in his writings and membership in Masonry
 4:00pm
- Rizal’s mother arrived. Rizal knelt down before her and kissed her hands, begging her
to forgive him. Trinidad entered the cell to fetch her mother. As they were leaving,
Rizal gave to Trinidad the alcohol cooking stove, whispering to her in English; “There
is something inside” This “something” was Rizal’s farewell poem. After the departure
of Doña Teodora and Trinidad, Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March entered the cell,
followed by Father Rosell
 6:00pm
- Rizal received a new visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon, the Dean of the Manila
Cathedral. Fathers Balaguer and March left, leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don
SIlvino
 8:00pm
- Rizal had his last supper. He informed Captain Dominguez who was with him that he
forgave his enemies, including the military judges who condemned him to death
 9:30pm
- Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila.
As a gracious host, Rizal offered him the best chair in the cell. After a pleasant
conversation, the fiscal left with a good impression of Rizal’s intelligence and noble
character
 10:00pm

BATAAN BRANCH
- The draft of the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
(1890-1903) was submitted by Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero
rejected it because it was too long and he did not like it.
DECEMBER 30, 1896
 3:00am
- Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and took Holy Communion
 5:30am
- Rizal took his last breakfast on earth. After this, he wrote two letters, the first addressed
to his family and the second to his older brother Paciano.
- Josephine Bracken, accompanied by a sister of Rizal (Josefa), arrived. Josephine, with
tears in her eyes, bade him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time and before she
left, Rizal gave her a last gift—a religious book, Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas a
Kempis
 6:00am
- As the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his
last letter to his beloved parents.
 About 6:30am
- a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to Bagumbayan,
the designated place for the execution
- Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and
black tie. His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow. But the rope was quite loose
to give his arms freedom of movement
- Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo- a Spanish military physician, asked Rizal permission to feel
his pulse and was amazed to find it normal showing that Rizal was not afraid to die
 7:03am
- Rizal died in the bloom of manhood—aged 35 years, five months and 11 days
- Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell)- farewell poem of Rizal that originally was without
title and was unsigned.
- Father Mariano Dacanay- a Filipino priest-patriot, who gave the title Ultimo Adios
(Last Farewell) and under such title the poem was published for the first time in La
Independencia (General Antonio Luna’s newspaper) on September 25, 1898
- Immediately after Rizal’s execution the Spanish spectators shouted “Viva España!”
“Muerte a los Traidores’ (“Long Live Spain! “Death to the Traitors!”) and the Spanish
Military Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal’s death, played the gay Marcha de
Cadiz

BATAAN BRANCH
- By Rizal’s writings, which awakened Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the
Philippine Revolution, he proved that “pen is mightier than the sword”
Rizal’s sacrifice of his life, on the Luneta, Manila, December 30th, 1896. He is now
buried, in the imposing Rizal Mausoleum, near the scene of his execution.
Source: Rizal's own story of his life
Assessment 5:
1. What do you think is the most significant factor that led to Rizal’s execution? Explain
2. In our present situation where the inequality and discrimination are very rampant, do you
think Rizal’s actions is still applicable? Why?
3. Would you agree that Rizal’s execution sparked the end of Spanish colonial rule and led to
Philippine revolution? Defend your answer
Module 6: Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
Learning Outcome:
1. Analyze Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine history
2. Compare and contrast Rizal and Morga’s different view about Filipinos and Philippine
culture

BATAAN BRANCH
Content Discussion:
Important Points
 Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the first book to tackle the Philippine history.
 The book discusses the political, social and economic aspects of a colonizer and the colonized
country.
 The book that describes the events inside and outside of the country from 1493 to 1603,
including the history of the Philippines.
 The pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative system
 Spanish missionaries put an end to the baybayin written system of the Philippines to translate
their goals
 Our ancestors possessed a complex society and culture filled with arts and literature
 Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890 of his annotated editions
of Morga’s Sucesos, which he wrote in the British Museum. It was printed by Garnier Freres.
The prologue was written by Professor Blumentritt upon the request of Rizal
 Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know of
their glorious past
 The title page of Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga reads: “Paris, Liberia de Garnier
Hermanos, 1890”
 The Philippines Within a Century-article written by Rizal which he expressed his views on the
Spanish colonization in the Philippines and predicted with amazing accuracy the tragic end of
Spain’s sovereignty in Asia
 The Indolence of the Filipinos- other essay of Rizal is also a prestigious work of historical
scholarship. It is an able defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos
- Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work hard during the
Spanish regime. His main thesis was that the Filipinos are not by nature indolent
 International Association of Filipinologists-association proposed by Rizal to establish taking

advantage of world attention which was then focused at the Universal Exposition in 1889 in
Paris and have its inaugural convention in the French capital
 Project for Filipino College in Hong Kong- another magnificent project of Rizal in Paris which
also fizzled out was his plan to establish a modern college in Hong Kong
 Por Telefono-another satirical work as a reply to another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font, who
masterminded the banning of his Noli, in the fall of 1889
- it was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889, this satirical pamphlet under the
authorship of “Dimas Alang” is a witty satire which ridicules Father Font
 Shortly after New Year, Rizal made a brief visit to London. It may be due to two reasons: (1)
to check up his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy in the British
Museum (2) to see Gertrude Beckett for the last time
Comparison of Rizal’s Annotation vs Morga’s Sucesos

BATAAN BRANCH
Rizal’s Annotation Morga’s Sucesos

Philippines was NOT DESERTED and was Philippines was deserted and inhabitable
actually HABITABLE
Spaniard, like the other nation, treat food to Beef and fish they know it best when it starter to
which they are not accustomed or is unknown to rot and stink
them with disgust. This fish that Morga
mentioned is bagoong (salted and fermented
fish)
Rizal’s 3 Propositions
1. The people of the Philippines have a culture on their own, before the coming of the Spaniards
2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited, and ruined by the Spanish colonization
3. The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past
Importance of Rizal’s Annotations to the present generation

 To awaken in the Filipinos the consciousness of our past
 To devote ourselves to studying the future
 To first lay bare the past, in order to better judge the present and to survey the road trodden
during three centuries
 To prove Filipinos had a culture of their own, prior to colonization, that the Filipinos were
NOT inferior to the white man
 To shatter the myth of the so-called “Indolence of the Filipinos”
 To reduce those Filipinos who denied their native tongue into rotten fish
 To seriously study Tagalog and produce a comprehensive Tagalog dictionary
 To embrace the generic term “Indio”, or in today’s case, Filipino, with all its negative
connotations, and turn it into one of dignity and nobility
Assessment 6.
1. Cite other ideas of Rizal on how to rewrite Philippine history. Please specify.
2. Compare and contrast Rizal and Morga’s different view about Filipinos and Philippine culture
References:
1. http://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/Writings/Other/malolos_english.htm

BATAAN BRANCH
2. Summary and Analysis: http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/to-young-women-

of-malolos-summary-and.html
3. http://www.slideshare.net/ferdzxtoots/a-letter-to-the-women-on-malolos
4. http://kwentongebabuhayrizal.blogspot.com/2013/07/to-young-women-of-malolos-full-
copy.html
5. https://filipiknow.net/life-in-pre-colonial-philippines
6. / 2. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p3ol5 23/o-RIZALS-ANNOTATION-OF-MOR GAS-
SUCESOS-DE-LAS-ISLAS-FILI PINAS-Three-purposes-for/
7. 3. https://www.slideshare.net/abbieelaine kuhonta/sucesos-39902918 4.
https://prezi.com/qawe8nczviaq/rizals- annotation-of-sucesos-de-las-islas-filip inas/ Team 1
RIZAL103
8. https://www.slideshare.net/anandawisely/dr-antonio-de-morgas-sucesos-de-las-islas-filipinas
9. https://docs.google.com/viewer?
a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzcHVwb2NwfGd4OjcwMWNkOTZjMjI0
NTAzY2M
10. https://www.slideshare.net/mylenealmario/rizals-life-works-and-writing
11. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Life-and-Works-of-Jose-Rizal.pdf
12. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48438/48438-h/48438-h.htm


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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Course Title: The Life and Works of Rizal

Number of Units: 3 Units

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life the context of 19th century Philippines

Module 1. The Republic Act 1425

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Module 4: Higher Education of Rizal and Life Abroad

1. Explain the principle of assimilation advocated by the Propaganda Movement

Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila

Jesuits System of Education

First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874- 1876)

Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Poems in Ateneo 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war)

Poems in Ateneo 1877

Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Unhappy Days in UST

Life Abroad of Rizal

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Rizal’s Departure for Spain (1882)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)

Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

- Other subjects (good and very good)

Life in Paris, France (1885-1886)

Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Tour in Germany (1886)

Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

2.To broaden his studies of sciences and languages

Grand Tour in Europe

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)

Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming

Decision to return home

Rizal arrives in Manila

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba

Rizal visited the Jesuits

Agrarian Problem in Calamba

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Findings submitted by Rizal

Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines

Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Across the Atlantic

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Collaboration with Other Heroes

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Course: The Life and Works of Rizal

Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar