Assignment:- iConcept iof iFair iTrial

Submitted ito i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Submitted iby

Dr. iAmbika i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i kushagra
(Assistant i iProfessor iof i iLaw) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1020181923

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HIMACHAL iPRADESH iNATIONAL iLAW iUNIVERSITY

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i GHANDAL, iSHIMLA, iP.O. iSHAKRAH, iSUB-TEHSIL iDHAMI

DISTRICT iSHIMLA, iHIMACHAL iPRADESH-171014

Ph. i0177-2779802, i0177-2779803, iFax: i0177-2779802
Website:http://hpnlu.ac.in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I ihave itaken iefforts iin ithis iproject. iHowever, iit iwould inot ihave ibeen ipossible iwithout ithe ikind isupport
iand ihelp iof imany iindividuals iand iorganizations. iI iwould ilike ito iextend imy isincere ithanks ito iall iof ithem. iI

iam ihighly iindebted ito iDr. iAmbika ifor ihis iguidance iand iconstant isupervision ias iwell ias ifor iproviding

inecessary iinformation iregarding ithe iproject i& ialso ifor itheir isupport iin icompleting ithe iproject. iI iwould

ilike ito iexpress imy igratitude itowards imy iparents i& imember iof i(NLU iSHIMLA) ifor itheir ikind ico-

operation iand iencouragement iwhich ihelp ime iin icompletion iof ithis iproject. iMy ithanks iand iappreciations
ialso igo ito imy icolleague iin ideveloping ithe iproject iand ipeople iwho ihave iwillingly ihelped ime iout iwith itheir

iabilities.
INTRODUCTION

Fair itrial iis ian iintegral ipart iof iArticle i21 iof i the iConstitution iand irests ion ithe ibasic iprinciple iof
i presumption iof i innocence. iThe iresearch ipaper ifocuses ion i the iconcept iof i fair itrial iin iIndia. iInternational

iinstruments isuch ias ithe iUniversal iDeclaration iof i Human iRights, iInternational iCovenant ion i Civil iand

iPolitical iRights. iThe iright ito ia ifair itrial iis ia inorm iof i international ihuman irights ilaw iand ialso iadopted iby

i many icountries iin itheir iprocedural ilaw. iCountries ilike iU.S.A., iCanada, iU.K., iand iIndia ihave iadopted ithis

inorm iand iit iis ienshrined i iin itheir iConstitution. i iThe iright ito ia ifair itrial ihas ibeen i defined iin inumerous

iinternational iinstruments. iThe imajor ifeatures iof i fair icriminal itrial iare ipreserved iin iUniversal iDeclaration iof

iHuman iRights, i1948.

Article i10(i)- iEveryone iis ientitled iin ifull iequality ito ia ifair iand ipublic ihearing iby ian iindependent iand
iimpartial itribunal, iin ithe idetermination iof ihis irights iand iobligations iand iof iany icriminal icharge iagainst

ihim.

Article i11(ii)- i(1) iEveryone icharged iwith ia ipenal ioffence ihas ithe iright ito ibe ipresumed iinnocent iuntil
iproved iguilty iaccording ito ilaw iin ia ipublic itrial iat iwhich ihe ihas ihad iall ithe iguarantees inecessary ifor ihis

idefense. i(2) iNo i one ishall ibe iheld iguilty iof i any i penal ioffence ion i account iof i any i act ior iomission iwhich

idid inot iconstitute ia ipenal ioffence, iunder inational ior iinternational ilaw, iat ithe itime iwhen iit iwas icommitted.

iNor ishall ia iheavier ipenalty ibe iimposed ithan ithe ione ithat iwas iapplicable iat ithe itime ithe ipenal ioffence iwas

icommitted.

Article i14 iof ithe iInternational iCovenant ion iCivil iand iPolitical iRights ireaffirmed ithe iobjects iof iUDHR
iand iprovides ithat i“Everyone ishall ibe ientitled ito ia ifair iand ipublic ihearing iby ia icompetent, iindependent

iand iimpartial itribunal iestablished iby ilaw. iArticle i14(2) iprovides ifor ithe ipresumption iof iinnocence, iand

iarticle i14(3) isets iout ia ilist iof iminimum ifair itrial irights iin icriminal iproceedings. iArticle i14(5) iestablishes

ithe irights iof ia iconvicted iperson ito ihave ia ihigher icourt ireview ithe iconviction ior isentence, iand iarticle i14(7)

iprohibits idouble ijeopardy

Section i11 iof ithe iCanadian iCharter iof iRights iand iFreedoms, iprotects ia iperson’s ibasic i legal irights iin
icriminal iprosecution. i

Concept iof ithe ifair itrail

The iconcept iof ifair itrial iis ibased ion ithe ibasic iideology ithat iState iand iits iagencies ihave ithe iduty ito ibring
ithe ioffenders ibefore ithe ilaw. iIn i their ibattle iagainst icrime iand idelinquency, iState iand iits iofficers icannot ion

i any i account iforsake ithe idecency iof i State ibehavior iand ihave irecourse ito iextra- ilegal imethods ifor ithe isake

iof i detection iof i crime iand ieven icriminals. iTherefore ithe iprocedure iadopted iby i the iState imust ibe ijust, ifair

iand ireasonable. iThe iIndian icourts ihave irecognized ithat ithe iprimary iobject iof i criminal iprocedure iis ito

iensure ia ifair itrial iof i accused ipersons. iHuman ilife ishould ibe ivalued iand ia iperson iaccused iof i any i offence

ishould inot ibe ipunished iunless ihe ihas ibeen igiven ia ifair itrial iand ihis iguilt ihas ibeen iproved iin isuch itrial. iAt ithe

ipresent istage iof i civilization, iit ihas ibeen iuniversally iaccepted ias i a ihuman ivalue ithat ia iperson iaccused iof

i any i offence ishould inot ibe ipunished iunless ihe ihas ibeen igiven ia ifair i itrial iand ihis iguilt ihas ibeen i proved iin

isuch itrial. iThe inotion iof i fair itrial, ilike iall iother iconcept iincorporating ifairness ion i reasonableness icannot

ibe i explained iin iabsolute iterms. iFairness iis ia irelative iconcept iand itherefore ifairness iin icriminal itrial icould

ibe imeasured ionly iin irelation ito ithe igravity iof i the iaccusation, ithe itime iand iresources iwhich ithe isociety ican

i reasonable iafford ito ispend, ithe iquality iof iavailable iresources, ithe iprevailing isocial ivalues.
Fair iTrial i Rights
The iright ito ia ifair itrial ihas ibeen idefined iin inumerous iregional iand iinternational ihuman irights iinstruments.
iIt iis ione iof i the imost iextensive ihuman irights iand iall iinternational ihuman irights iinstruments ienshrine iit iin

imore ithan i one iarticle. iThe iright ito ia ifair itrial iis ione i iof i the i imost ilitigated ihuman irights iand isubstantial

icase ilaw ithat ihas ibeen iestablished ion i the iinterpretation iof i this ihuman iright. iDespite ivariations iin iwording

iand iplacement iof i the ivarious ifair itrial irights, iinternational ihuman irights iinstrument idefine ithe iright ito i ia i

ifair i itrial i iin i ibroadly i ithe i isame i iterms. iThe iaim iof i the iright iis ito iensure ithe iproper iadministration iof

i justice. iAs ia iminimum ithe iright ito ifair itrial iincludes ithe ifollowing ifair itrial irights iin icivil iand icriminal

iproceedings.

1. The iright ito ibe iheard iby ia icompetent, iindependent iand iimpartial i tribunal.
2. The iright ito ia ipublic i hearing
3. The iright ito ibe iheard iwithin ia ireasonable i time
4. The iright ito icounsel
5. The iright ito iinterpretation
6. The iright ito ia itrial iwithout iundue idelay

The iright ito ibe iheard iby ia icompetent

Everyone iwhose irights iare iaffected ior iwho iis iaccused iof iany iwrongdoing ihas ithe iright ito ilegal irecourse.
iSuch irecourse iis ionly iuseful iif ithe iquality iof i the iadministration iof i justice imeets iminimum irequirements.

iIn i this irespect ithe iInternational iCovenant ion i Civil iand iPolitical iRights iand ithe iAmerican iConvention ion

i Human iRights iclearly irequire ia icompetent, iindependent iand iimpartial itribunal. iThe iright ito ian

i independent iand iimpartial itribunal iestablished iby i law icontains iboth iobjective iand isubjective ielements.

iThe iobjective irequirements iare imainly iinstitutional, idemanding ithe iseparation iof i powers iwithin ithe

iconstitutional istructure iof i the icountry. iThe isubjective ielement irequires ithat iany i semblance iof

i dependence imust ibe iavoided iby i the i(members iof ithe) itribunal. iThey ishould iavoid iany i act, iattitude ior

icomment iwhich imay ilead ito i idoubts iamong ilitigants ias ito ithe iindependence iof i the itribunal. iSuch

i avoidance iis ialso ipart iof i the inecessary iimpartiality iof ithe i judiciary.

The iright ito ia ipublic ihearing

The iright ito ia ifair itrial iis ifundamental ito ithe irule iof i law iand ito idemocracy iitself. i iThe i iright iap2plies ito iboth
icriminal iand icivil icases, ialthough icertain ispecific iminimum irights iset iout iin iArticle i6 iapply ionly iin

icriminal icases. iThe iright ito ia i ifair i itrial i iis i iabsolute i iand i icannot i ibe ilimited. iIt irequires ia ifair iand ipublic

ihearing iwithin ia ireasonable itime iby i an i independent iand iimpartial itribunal iestablished iby i law. iThe

iprocedural irequirements iof i a ifair ihearing imight idiffer iaccording ito ithe icircumstances iof i the iaccused.

iArticle i14(1) iof i the iICCPR ialso iguarantees ithe iright ito ia ipublic ihearing, ias ione iof i the iessential ielements

iof i the iconcept iof i a i ifair itrial. iHowever, i iit ialso ipermits iseveral iexceptions ito ithis igeneral irule iunder ispecified

icircumstances.

The iright ito ibe iheard iwithin ia ireasonable itime

Article i14(1) iof ithe iICCPR ialso iguarantees ithe iright ito ia ipublic ihearing, ias ione iof i the iessential ielements
iof i the iconcept iof i a ifair itrial. iHowever, iit ialso ipermits iseveral iexceptions ito ithis igeneral irule iunder

ispecified icircumstances. iThe ipublicity iof i a itrial iincludes iboth ithe ipublic inature iof i the ihearings inot, iit

ishould ibe istressed, iof i other istages iin ithe iproceedings iand ithe ipublicity iof i the ijudgment ieventually

irendered iin ia icase. iIt iis ia iright ibelonging ito ithe iparties, ibut ialso ito ithe i general ipublic iin ia idemocratic
isociety. iThe iright ito ia ipublic ihearing imeans ithat i ithe ihearing ishould ias ia irule ibe iconducted iorally iand
ipublicly, iwithout ia ispecific irequest iby i the iparties ito ithat ieffect.

The iright ito icounsel

Right ito icounsel imeans ia idefendant ihas ia iright ito ihave ithe iassistance iof i counsel iand iif ithe idefendant
icannot iafford ia ilawyer, i requires ithat ithe igovernment iappoint ione ior ipay i the idefendant's ilegal iexpenses.

iThe iright ito icounsel iis igenerally iregarded ias ia iconstituent iof i the iright iof itrial.

The iright ito iinterpretation

The iIndian ijudiciary ihas itime iand itime iagain iinterpreted iarticle i21 iof ithe iIndian iconstitution iin inew iand
iinnovative iways iin iorder ito ibring i relief ito ithe ioppressed. iHowever ithe iSupreme iCourt ihas istarted ito

ideclare irights iwhich iare idifficult ito ienforce iand imay ibe ionly ibe ilaw ifor inamesake. iThe iCourt ishould itake

iinto iconsideration ithe ienforceability iof i a iright ior i else iit iwill ijust iremain ian i empty ipromise. iThe

ifundamental iright ito i life iand ipersonal iliberty ihas ibecome ia ifavorite i provision ifor ithe ijudiciary ito

iexperiment iwith, ito iredress ia ivariety iof i injustices iand isocial i iwrongs. iThis ihas iled ito isome irather

iimpractical irulings iby i the iSupreme iCourt. iGranting ia i right iwhich iis inever ienforced iis iakin ito igiving ian

iempty ipromise. iProgress imust ibe itempered iwith ireality.

The iright ito ia itrial iwithout iundue idelay

In ithe idetermination iof iany icriminal icharge iagainst ihim/her, ieveryone ishall ibe ientitled ito ibe itried iwithout
iundue idelay iArticle i14(3)(c). iThis iprovision ihas ibeen iinterpreted ito isignify ithe iright ito ia itrial ithat

iproduces ia ifinal ijudgment iand iif iappropriate ia isentence iwithout iundue idelay. iThe itime ilimit ibegins ito irun

iwhen ithe isuspect iaccused idefendant iis iinformed ithat ithe iauthorities iare itaking ispecific isteps ito iprosecute

ihim. iThe iassessment iof iwhat imay ibe iconsidered iundue idelay iwill idepend ion ithe icircumstances iof ia icase

iits icomplexity ithe iconduct iof ithe iparties iwhether ithe iaccused iis iin idetention.

Pre-Trial i Rights
The iCr. iP.C. ientitles ian iaccused iof icertain irights iduring ithe icourse iof iany iinvestigation, ienquiry ior itrial iof
ian ioffence iwith iwhich ihe iis icharged.

 Right ito iopen itrial

 Aid iof icounsel
 Expeditious i trial
 Protection iagainst iillegal iarrest
 Right ito ibail
 Right iagainst i self-incrimination

Right ito iopen itrial

Fair itrial ialso irequires ipublic ihearing iin ian iopen icourt. iThe iright ito ia ipublic ihearing imeans ithat ithe ihearing
ishould ias ia irule iis iconducted iorally iand ipublicly iwithout ia ispecific irequest iby i the iparties ito ithat ieffect. iA

ijudgment iis iconsidered ito ihave ibeen imade ipublic ieither iwhen iit iwas iorally ipronounced iin icourt ior iwhen

i it iwas ipublished, ior iwhen iit iwas i made ipublic iby i a icombination iof ithose i methods.

Section i327 iof ithe iCode imakes iprovision ifor iopen icourts ifor ipublic ihearing ibut iit ialso igives idiscretion ito
ithe ipresiding ijudge ior i magistrate ithat iif ihe ithinks ifit ihe ican ideny ithe iaccess iof i the ipublic igenerally ior iany
iparticular iperson ito ithe icourt iduring idisclosure iof iindecent imatter i ior iwhen ithere iis ilikelihood iof ia
idisturbance ior ifor iany iother ireasonable i cause.

Aid iof icounsel

The irequirement iof ifair itrial iinvolves itwo ithing

a) an iopportunity ito ithe iaccused ito isecure ia icounsel iof ihis iown ichoice,

b) the iduty iof ithe istate ito iprovide ia icounsel ito ithe iaccused iin icertain icases.

The iLaw iCommission iof i India iin iits i14th iReport ihas imentioned ithat ifree ilegal iaid ito ipersons iof i limited
imeans iis ia iservice iwhich ia iWelfare iState iowes ito iit icitizens. iIn i India iright ito icounsel iis irecognized ias

ifundamental iright iof i an i arrested iperson iunder iarticle i22(1) iwhich iprovides iinter ialia ino iperson ishall ibe

idenied ithe iright ito iconsult, iand ito ibe idefended iby i a ilegal ipractitioner iof i i his ichoice. iSections i303 iand i304

iof ithe iCode iare imanifestation iof ithis iconstitutional i mandate.

Expeditious itrial

Speedy itrial iis inecessary ito igain ithe iconfidence iof ithe ipublic iin ijudiciary. iDelayed ijustice i ileads ito
iunnecessary iharassment. iThe iconcept iof i speedy itrial iis ian i integral ipart iof i article i21 iof i the iConstitution.

iThe iright ito ispeedy itrial ibegins iwith iactual irestraint iimposed iby i arrest iand iconsequent iincarceration, iand

icontinues iat iall istages inamely, ithe istage iof i investigation, iinquiry, itrial, iappeal iand irevision. iSection

i309(1) iprovides iin ievery iinquiry ior itrial, ithe iproceedings ishall ibe iheld ias iexpeditiously ias ipossible iand iin

iparticular iwhen ithe iexamination iof i witnesses i ihas ionce ibegun ithe isame ishall ibe icontinued ifrom iday i to

iday i until iall ithe iwitnesses i iin i iattendance ihave ibeen iexamined.

Protection iagainst iillegal iarrest iSection i50 iprovides ithat iany iperson iarrested iwithout iwarrant ishall
iimmediately ibe i informed iof i the igrounds iof i his iarrest. iThe iduty iof i the ipolice iwhen ithey iarrest iwithout

iwarrant i iis ito ibe iquick ito isee ithe ipossibility iof i crime ibut i they i ought ito ibe ianxious ito iavoid imistaking ithe

iinnocent i ifor ithe iguilty. iThe iburden iis ion ithe ipolice iofficer ito isatisfy ithe icourt ibefore iwhich ithe iarrest iis

ichallenged ithat ihe ihad ireasonable igrounds iof isuspicion.

Right ito ibail

By ivirtue iof i Section i436 ithe iaccused ican iclaim ibail ias ia imatter iof iright iin icases iwhich ihave ibeen ishown
ias iboilable ioffences iin ithe iFirst ischedule ito ithe iCode. iBail iis ibasically irelease ifrom i restraint imore

iparticularly irelease ifrom icustody iof i the ipolice. iAn i order iof i bail igives iback ito ithe iaccused ifreedom iof i his

imovement ion i condition ithat ihe iwill iappear ito itake ihis itrial. iIf i the ioffence iis i boilable.

Post-Trial iRights

1. Lawful i punishment:
Article i20(1) iexplains ithat ia iperson ican ibe iconvicted iof ian ioffence ionly iif ithat iact iis imade
ipunishable iby ia ilaw iin iforce. iIt igives iconstitutional irecognition ito ithe irule ithat ino ione ican ibe

iconvicted iexcept ifor ithe iviolation iof ia ilaw iin iforce iSection i3 iof ithe iCriminal iLaw iAmendment

iAct i1952 iinserted iSection i165A iin ithe iIndian iPenal iCode i1860 ideclaring ioffering ibribe ias

ipunishable. iIt iwas iheld ithat ithe iaccused icould inot ibe ipunished iunder iSection i165A ifor ioffering

ibribe iin i1948. iArticle i20(1) iprovides ithat ino iperson ishall ibe isubjected ito ia ipenalty igreater ithan
 that iwhich imight ihave ibeen iinflicted iunder ithe ilaw iin iforce iat ithe itime iof ithe icommission iof ithe
i

ioffence. iIt iprohibits ithe ienhancement iof ipunishment ifor ian ioffence iretrospectively. iBut iarticle

i20(1) ihas ino iapplication ito icases iof ipreventive idetention.

2. Right ito ihuman itreatment:

A iprisoner idoes inot ibecome ia inon-person. iPrison ideprives iliberty. iEven iwhile idoing ithis, iprison
isystem imust iaim iat ireformation. iIn iprison itreatment imust ibe igeared ito ipsychic ihealing irelease iof

istress irestoration iof iself-respect iapart ifrom itraining ito iadapt ioneself ito ithe ilife ioutside. iEvery

iprisoner ihas ithe iright ito ia iclean iand isanitized ienvironment iin ithe ijail, iright ito ibe imedically

iexamined iby ithe imedical iofficer iright ito ivisit iand iaccess iby ifamily imembers.

3. Right ito ifile iappeal

Section i389(1) iempowers ithe iappellate icourt ito isuspend iexecution iof isentence iowhen ithe
iconvicted iperson iI iin iconfinement ito igrant ibail ipending iany i appeal ito iit. iCourt ineed inot igive inotice

ito ithe ipublic iprosecutor ibefore isuspending isentence ior ire ileasing ion i bail. iExistence iof i an i appeal

iis ia icondition iprecedent ifor igranting ibail. iBail ito i a iconvicted iperson iis inot ia imatter i iof i right

iirrespective iof i whether ithe ioffence iis iboilable ior inon-boilable iand ishould ibe iallowed ionly iwhen

iafter ireading ithe ijudgment iand ihearing ithe iaccused iit iis iconsidered ijustified.

4. Proper iexecution iof isentence

The ihanging iof i Afzal iGuru iwas icriticized iby i human irights iactivists ilegal iexperts iall iover ithe
icountry. iIn i carrying iout i Afzal iGuru’s ideath i sentence ithe igovernment ideliberately iignored ithe

iview iof i the iSupreme iCourt iand icourts iacross ithe iworld ithat ihanging ia iperson iafter i iholding ihim iin

icustody ifor iyears iis iinhuman. iMohammad iAfzal iGuru iwas iconvicted iby i Indian icourt ifor ithe

iDecember i2001 iattack ion i the iIndian iParliament iand isentenced ito ideath iin i2003 iand ihis iappeal

iwas irejected iby i the iSupreme iCourt iof i India iin i2005. iThe isentence iwas ischeduled ito ibe icarried iout

ion i 20 iOctober i2006 ibut iGuru iwas igiven ia istay i of i execution iafter iprotests iin iJammu iand iKashmir

iand iremained ion i death irow. iOn i 3 iFebruary i2013, ihis imercy ipetition iwas irejected iby i the

iPresident iof i India iPranab iMukherjee. iHe iwas isecretly ihanged iat i Delhi’s iTihar iJail iaround ion i 9

iFebruary i 2013.

Principles iOf iFair iTrial

There iare igiven iprincipal iof ifair itrial.

1. Adversary itrial isystem
The isystem iadopted iby ithe iCriminal iProcedure iCode i1973 iis ithe iadversary isystem ibased ion ithe
iaccusatorial imethod. iIn i adversarial isystem iresponsibility ifor ithe iproduction iof i evidence iis iplaced

ion ithe iprosecution iwith ithe ijudge iacting ias ia ineutral ireferee. iThis isystem iof i criminal itrial

iassumes ithat ithe istate ion i one i hand iby i using iits iinvestigative iagencies iand igovernment icounsels

iwill iprosecute ithe iwrongdoer iwho ion i the iother ihand iwill ialso itake irecourse iof i best icounsels ito

ichallenge iand icounter ithe ievidences iof ithe i prosecution.

2. Presumption iof iinnocence

Every icriminal itrial ibegins iwith ithe ipresumption iof iinnocence iin ifavor iof i the iaccused. iThe iburden
iof i proving ithe iguilt iof i the iaccused iis iupon ithe iprosecution iand iunless iit irelieves iitself iof i that

iburden ithe icourts icannot irecord ia ifinding iof ithe iguilt iof ithe iaccused.

3. Independent, iimpartial iand icompetent ijudges

 The ibasic iprinciple iof ithe iright ito ia ifair itrial iis ithat iproceedings iin iany icriminal icase iare ito ibe
iconducted iby i a icompetent iindependent iand iimpartial icourt. iIn i a icriminal itrial ias ithe istate iis ithe

iprosecuting iparty iand ithe ipolice iis ialso ian i agency iof i the istate iit iis iimportant ithat ithe ijudiciary iis

iunchained iof i all isuspicion iof i executive iinfluence iand icontrol idirect ior iindirect. iThe i iwhole

iburden iof ifair iand iimpartial itrial ithus irests ion ithe ishoulders iof ithe ijudiciary iin iIndia.

GENERAL iPRINCIPLES iAPPLICABLE iTO iALL iLEGAL iPROCEEDINGS

1. Fair iand iPublic iHearing

In ithe idetermination iof iany icriminal icharge iagainst ia iperson, ior iof ia iperson’s irights iand
iobligations, ieveryone ishall ibe ientitled ito ia ifair iand ipublic ihearing iby ia ilegally iconstituted

icompetent, iindependent iand iimpartial ijudicial ibody.

2. Fair i Hearing
The iessential ielements iof ia ifair ihearing iinclude:

a) equality iof i arms ibetween ithe iparties ito ia iproceedings, iwhether ithey ibe iadministrative, icivil,
icriminal, ior imilitary;

b) equality iof iall ipersons ibefore i any ijudicial ibody iwithout i any idistinction iwhatsoever i as i regards
irace, icolor, iethnic iorigin, isex, igender, i iage, ireligion, icreed, ilanguage, ipolitica il ior iother

iconvictions, inational ior isocial iorigin, imeans, idisability, ibirth, istatus ior iother icircumstances;

c) equality iof i access iby iwomen iand imen ito ijudicial ibodies iand iequality ibefore ithe ilaw iin iany ilegal
i proceedings;

d) respect ifor ithe iinherent idignity iof ithe ihuman ipersons, iespecially iof iwomen iwho iparticipate iin ilegal
iproceedings ias icomplainants, iwitnesses, ivictims ior i accused;

e) adequate iopportunity ito iprepare ia icase, ipresent iarguments iand ievidence iand ito ichallenge ior
irespond ito iopposing iarguments ior i evidence;

f) an ientitlement ito iconsult iand ibe irepresented iby i a ilegal irepresentative ior i other iqualified ipersons
ichosen iby ithe iparty iat iall istages iof ithe iproceedings;

g) an ientitlement ito ithe iassistance iof i an iinterpreter iif ihe ior ishe icannot iunderstand ior ispeak ithe
ilanguage iused iin ior iby ithe ijudicial i body;

h) an ientitlement ito ihave ia iparty’s irights iand iobligations iaffected ionly iby ia idecision ibased isolely ion
ievidence ipresented ito ithe ijudicial i body;

i) an ientitlement ito ia idetermination iof itheir irights iand iobligations iwithout iundue idelay iand iwith
iadequate inotice iof iand ireasons ifor ithe idecisions; iand

j) an ientitlement ito ian iappeal ito ia ihigher ijudicial i body.

Public ihearing:

a) All ithe inecessary iinformation iabout ithe isittings iof i judicial ibodies ishall ibe imade iavailable ito ithe
ipublic iby ithe ijudicial i body;

b) A ipermanent ivenue ifor iproceedings iby i judicial ibodies ishall ibe iestablished iby ithe iState iand
iwidely ipublicized. iIn i the icase iof i ad-hoc ijudicial ibodies, ithe ivenue idesignated ifor ithe iduration iof

i their iproceedings ishould ibe imade ipublic.

c) Adequate ifacilities ishall ibe iprovided ifor iattendance iby iinterested imembers iof ithe ipublic;

d) No ilimitations ishall ibe iplaced iby ithe ijudicial ibody ion ithe icategory iof i people iallowed ito iattend iits
ihearings iwhere ithe imerits iof ia icase iare ibeing iexamined;

e) Representatives iof i the imedia ishall ibe ientitled ito ibe ipresent iat iand ireport ion ijudicial iproceedings
iexcept ithat ia ijudge imay irestrict ior ilimit ithe iuse iof icameras iduring ithe i hearings;

f) The ipublic iand ithe imedia imay inot ibe iexcluded i ifrom ihearings ibefore ijudicial ibodies iexcept i iif iit iis
idetermined ito i be

1. in ithe iinterest iof i justice ifor ithe iprotection iof i children, iwitnesses ior ithe iidentity iof ivictims iof
i sexual i violence

2. for ireasons iof i public iorder ior inational isecurity iin ian iopen iand idemocratic isociety ithat irespects
ihuman irights iand ithe irule iof i law.

a) Judicial ibodies imay itake isteps ior i order imeasures ito ibe itaken ito iprotect ithe iidentity iand idignity iof
i victims iof isexual iviolence, iand ithe i identity iof iwitnesses iand i comp ilainants iwho i may ibe iput iat irisk

iby ireason iof itheir iparticipation iin ijudicial i proceedings.

b) Judicial ibodies imay itake isteps ito iprotect ithe iidentity iof iaccused ipersons, iwitnesses ior
icomplainants iwhere iit iis iin ithe ibest iinterest iof ia ichild.

c) Nothing iin ithese iGuidelines ishall ipermit ithe iuse iof ianonymous iwitnesses, iwhere ithe ijudge iand ithe
idefense iis iunaware iof ithe iwitness’ iidentity iat itrial.

d) Any ijudgment irendered iin ilegal iproceedings, iwhether icivil ior icriminal, ishall ibe ipronounced iin
i public.

Independent itribunal

a) The iindependence iof i judicial ibodies iand ijudicial iofficers ishall ibe iguaranteed iby i the iconstitution
iand ilaws iof i the icountry iand irespected iby i the igovernment, iits iagencies iand iauthorities.

b) Judicial ibodies ishall ibe iestablished iby i law ito ihave iadjudicative ifunctions ito i idetermine imatters
iwithin itheir icompetence ion i the ibasis iof i the irule iof i law iand iin iaccordance iwith iproceedings

iconducted iin ithe iprescribed i manner.

c) The ijudiciary ishall ihave ijurisdiction iover iall iissues iof ia ijudicial inature iand ishall ihave iexclusive
iauthority ito idecide iwhether ian i issue isubmitted ifor idecision iis iwithin ithe icompetence iof i a ijudicial

ibody ias idefined iby i law. i

d) A ijudicial ibody’s ijurisdiction imay ibe idetermined, iinter ialia, iby i considering iwhere ithe ievents
iinvolved iin ithe idispute ior ioffence itook iplace, iwhere ithe iproperty iin idispute i iis i ilocated, i ithe iplace iof

iresidence ior idomicile iof ithe iparties iand ithe iconsent iof ithe i parties.

e) Military ior iother ispecial itribunals ithat ido inot iuse ithe iduly iestablished iprocedure iof i the ilegal
iprocess ishall inot ibe icreated ito idisplace ithe ijurisdiction ibelonging ito ithe iordinary ijudicial i bodies.

f) There ishall inot ibe iany iinappropriate ior i unwarranted iinterference iwith ithe ijudicial iprocess inor
ishall idecisions iby i judicial ibodies ibe isubject ito irevision iexcept ithrough ijudicial ireview, ior i the

imitigation ior icommutation iof isentence iby icompetent iauthorities, iin iaccordance iwith ithe ilaw

g) All ijudicial ibodies ishall ibe iindependent ifrom ithe iexecutive ibranch.

h) The iprocess ifor iappointments ito ijudicial ibodies ishall ibe itransparent iand iaccountable iand ithe
iestablishment iof i an i independent ibody i for ithis ipurpose iis iencouraged. iAny imethod iof i judicial

iselection ishall isafeguard ithe iindependence iand iimpartiality iof ithe ijudiciary.

i) The isole icriteria ifor iappointment ito ijudicial ioffice ishall ibe ithe isuitability iof i a icandidate ifor isuch
ioffice iby ireason iof iintegrity, iappropriate itraining ior ilearning iand iability.

j) Any iperson iwho imeets ithe icriteria ishall ibe ientitled ito ibe iconsidered ifor ijudicial ioffice iwithout
idiscrimination ion i any i grounds isuch ias irace, icolor, iethnic iorigin, ilanguage, isex, igender, ipolitical

ior iother iopinion, ireligion, icreed, idisability, inational ior isocial iorigin, ibirth, ieconomic ior iother

istatus. iHowever, iit ishall inot ibe idiscriminatory ifor istates ito:

1. prescribe ia iminimum iage ior iexperience ifor icandidates ifor ijudicial ioffice;

2. prescribe ia imaximum ior iretirement iage ior iduration iof iservice ifor ijudicial iofficers;

3. prescribe ithat isuch imaximum ior iretirement iage ior iduration iof i service imay ivary iwith idifferent ilevel
iof ijudges, imagistrates ior iother iofficers iin ithe ijudiciary;

4. require ithat ionly inationals iof ithe istate iconcerned ishall ibe ieligible ifor iappointment ito ijudicial ioffice.

a) No iperson ishall ibe iappointed ito ijudicial ioffice iunless ithey ihave ithe iappropriate itraining ior ilearning
ithat ienables ithem ito iadequately ifulfill itheir i functions.

b) Judges ior imembers iof i judicial ibodies ishall ihave isecurity iof i tenure iuntil ia imandatory iretirement iage
ior ithe iexpiry iof itheir iterm iof ioffice.

c) The itenure, iadequate iremuneration, ipension, ihousing, itransport, iconditions iof i physical iand isocial
isecurity, iage iof i retirement, idisciplinary iand irecourse imechanisms iand iother iconditions iof i service

iof ijudicial iofficers ishall ibe iprescribed iand iguaranteed iby ilaw.

d) Judicial iofficers ishall inot i be:

a) liable iin icivil ior icriminal iproceedings ifor iimproper iacts ior iomissions iin ithe iexercise iof i their ijudicial
ifunctions;

b) removed ifrom ioffice ior isubject ito iother idisciplinary ior i administrative iprocedures iby i reason ionly
ithat itheir idecision ihas ibeen ioverturned ion iappeal ior ireview iby ia ihigher ijudicial i body;

c) appointed iunder ia icontract ifor ia ifixed iterm.

d) Promotion iof ijudicial iofficials ishall ibe ibased ion iobjective ifactors, iin iparticular iability, iintegrity
iand i experience.

e) Judicial iofficials imay ionly ibe iremoved ior isuspended ifrom ioffice ifor igross imisconduct
iincompatible iwith ijudicial ioffice, ior ifor iphysical ior i mental iincapacity ithat iprevents ithem ifrom

iundertaking itheir ijudicial i duties.

f) Judicial iofficials ifacing idisciplinary, isuspension ior iremoval iproceedings ishall ibe ientitled ito
iguarantees iof i a ifair ihearing iincluding ithe iright ito ibe i represented iby i a ilegal irepresentative iof i their

ichoice iand ito i an i independent ireview iof i decisions iof i disciplinary, isuspension ior iremoval

iproceedings.

g) The iprocedures ifor icomplaints iagainst iand idiscipline iof ijudicial iofficials ishall ibe iprescribed iby
ilaw. iComplaints iagainst ijudicial iofficers ishall ibe iprocessed ipromptly, iexpeditiously i iand ifairly.

h) Judicial iofficers iare ientitled ito ifreedom iof iexpression, ibelief, iassociation iand iassembly. iIn
i exercising ithese irights, ithey ishall ialways iconduct ithemselves iin iaccordance iwith ithe ilaw iand ithe

irecognized istandards iand iethics iof itheir iprofession.

i) Judicial iofficers ishall ibe ifree ito iform iand ijoin iprofessional iassociations ior i other iorganizations ito
irepresent itheir iinterests, ito ipromote itheir iprofessional itraining iand ito iprotect itheir istatus.

j) States imay iestablish iindependent ior iadministrative imechanisms ifor imonitoring ithe iperformance
iof i judicial iofficers iand ipublic ireaction ito ithe ijustice idelivery iprocesses iof i judicial ibodies. iSuch

imechanisms, iwhich ishall ibe iconstituted iin iequal ipart iof i members ithe ijudiciary iand

irepresentatives iof i the iMinistry iresponsible ifor ijudicial iaffairs, imay iinclude iprocesses ifor ijudicial

ibodies ireceiving iand iprocessing icomplaints iagainst iits iofficers.

k) States ishall iendow ijudicial ibodies iwith iadequate iresources ifor ithe iperformance iof iits itheir
ifunctions. iThe ijudiciary ishall ibe iconsulted iregarding ithe ipreparation iof i budget iand iits

iimplementation.
Impartial iTribunal

a) A ijudicial ibody ishall ibase iits idecision ionly ion iobjective ievidence, iarguments iand ifacts ipresented
ibefore iit. iJudicial iofficers ishall idecide imatters ibefore ithem iwithout iany i restrictions, iimproper

iinfluence, iinducements, ipressure, ithreats ior i interference, idirect ior iindirect, ifrom iany i quarter ior ifor

iany i reason.

b) Any iparty ito iproceedings ibefore ia ijudicial ibody ishall ibe ientitled ito ichallenge iits iimpartiality ion
ithe ibasis iof i ascertainable ifacts ithat ithe ifairness iof i the ijudge ior ijudicial ibody i appears ito ibe iin

i doubt.

Reference
1. https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/concept-fair-trial/
2. http://lawtimesjournal.in/fair-trial-and-its-principles/
3. http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1759/Fair-Trial-under-Section-304-of-Crpc.html